Most view articles
2009(1):16-19.
Abstract:
There are integral relations between the change of forms and contemporary architecture aesthetics. The appearance of fractal geometry has extended the category of the study on natural forms greatly. And the beauty of fractal expands the scope of the traditional formal aesthetics, which has changed people's understanding on the formal beauty. As a new method that has broadened the extent and depth of architecture design, the thought of fractal can pro-vide a totally new way for architectural design, as well as a short cut for people to achieve their pur-pose being harmonious with the nature.
There are integral relations between the change of forms and contemporary architecture aesthetics. The appearance of fractal geometry has extended the category of the study on natural forms greatly. And the beauty of fractal expands the scope of the traditional formal aesthetics, which has changed people's understanding on the formal beauty. As a new method that has broadened the extent and depth of architecture design, the thought of fractal can pro-vide a totally new way for architectural design, as well as a short cut for people to achieve their pur-pose being harmonious with the nature.
2020(1):1-6.
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20200101
Abstract:
Since the reform and opening up, China’s economic development has made remarkable achievements. However, the spatial problems have become increasingly prominent, such as the destruction of resources and environment, the disorder of spatial development, and the imbalance of regional development. In order to promote the coordination of urbanization development and environment protection and balanced development of regions, the idea of major function zone was established. The major function zone is an important policy tool of the system implement for developing and protecting territorial space. How to understand the major function zone and planning? It has become an important issue that cannot be bypassed in the construction of the territorial spatial planning system in the new era. This paper starts with the cognition of territorial space, discusses the connotation and existing problems of the major function zone. On these grounds, the article puts forward relevant suggestions for the future optimization of the major function zone. Based on the “region” and “element” characteristics of territorial space, this paper reviews the cognition and planning practice of major function zone. The major function zone is closely centered on the feature of the regional territorial space. 1) The ideology of the major function zone comes from the idea that “region” has dominant territorial function. In view of the macro characteristic and functional diversity of the regional territorial space, the division principle of major function zone is comprehensive. It highlights the major functions of the region and has auxiliary functions. 2) The major function zone takes “regional” territorial space as the division object. The optimized, prioritized and restricted zones basically adopt county-level administrative units as basic units to interface with the governmental responsibilities. And the prohibited zones are some special regional territorial space on a macro scale. 3) The implementation measures of major function zone planning are policy management tools targeted at “region”. Focusing on comprehensive management, the major function zone planning puts forward diversified supporting policies, and clarifies the key points of performance evaluation for different major function zones. From the perspective of “region-element” coordination, some problems are found in the planning implementation process. 1) In the transmission of “region-region”, there is a deviation between the two-level planning schemes. In the game between central and local governments, local governments hope to bring more administrative regions into prioritized zones, in order to obtain more development opportunities. In addition, the provincial planning may have incomplete understanding of indicators and policy connotations, which will lead to an inadequate implementation of superior planning. 2) In the transmission of “region-element”, a use-oriented regulation system has not yet been formed. Most of the indicators in the major function zone planning come from other planning that have been approved and promulgated. The supporting policies for regional territorial space are closely linked to the development planning rather than using control of elemental territorial space. 3) In the coordination of “region-element”, organic synergy with other spatial planning has not been achieved. In terms of content, the major function zone planning refers more to other existing spatial planning. In terms of implementation, the major function zone planning does not leave corresponding interfaces to other spatial planning. In terms of authority, the major function zone planning has not obtained corresponding legal basis and lacks mandatory binding force. Facing the requirements of the ecological civilization construction and the national space governance in the new era, this article points out that from the perspective of “region-element” coordination, it is necessary to further improve the major function zone system from the following three aspects. 1) Effectively incorporating into the territorial space planning system. This paper believes that the government should adhere to the legalization of space governance and strengthen the position of the major function zone strategy. Combine major function zone with the index decomposition, spatial regulation and other control measures apply to elemental territorial space. 2) Optimizing the existing major function zoning. In terms of function adjustment, the positioning and development direction of provincial major function zoning should be consistent with national planning. In addition, the proportion of each major function zone should be strictly controlled. When optimizing the major functional zones of coastal counties, the planning should take spatial protection and sea area development into account, with the principle of land-sea coordination. 3) Implementing the performance evaluation mechanism. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the connection with other types of assessments. The government should appropriately adjust the existing assessment and evaluation indicators according to the major functions. On the other hand, the application of the assessment results should be strengthened. It brings the construction of the major functional zones into the comprehensive performance evaluation.
Since the reform and opening up, China’s economic development has made remarkable achievements. However, the spatial problems have become increasingly prominent, such as the destruction of resources and environment, the disorder of spatial development, and the imbalance of regional development. In order to promote the coordination of urbanization development and environment protection and balanced development of regions, the idea of major function zone was established. The major function zone is an important policy tool of the system implement for developing and protecting territorial space. How to understand the major function zone and planning? It has become an important issue that cannot be bypassed in the construction of the territorial spatial planning system in the new era. This paper starts with the cognition of territorial space, discusses the connotation and existing problems of the major function zone. On these grounds, the article puts forward relevant suggestions for the future optimization of the major function zone. Based on the “region” and “element” characteristics of territorial space, this paper reviews the cognition and planning practice of major function zone. The major function zone is closely centered on the feature of the regional territorial space. 1) The ideology of the major function zone comes from the idea that “region” has dominant territorial function. In view of the macro characteristic and functional diversity of the regional territorial space, the division principle of major function zone is comprehensive. It highlights the major functions of the region and has auxiliary functions. 2) The major function zone takes “regional” territorial space as the division object. The optimized, prioritized and restricted zones basically adopt county-level administrative units as basic units to interface with the governmental responsibilities. And the prohibited zones are some special regional territorial space on a macro scale. 3) The implementation measures of major function zone planning are policy management tools targeted at “region”. Focusing on comprehensive management, the major function zone planning puts forward diversified supporting policies, and clarifies the key points of performance evaluation for different major function zones. From the perspective of “region-element” coordination, some problems are found in the planning implementation process. 1) In the transmission of “region-region”, there is a deviation between the two-level planning schemes. In the game between central and local governments, local governments hope to bring more administrative regions into prioritized zones, in order to obtain more development opportunities. In addition, the provincial planning may have incomplete understanding of indicators and policy connotations, which will lead to an inadequate implementation of superior planning. 2) In the transmission of “region-element”, a use-oriented regulation system has not yet been formed. Most of the indicators in the major function zone planning come from other planning that have been approved and promulgated. The supporting policies for regional territorial space are closely linked to the development planning rather than using control of elemental territorial space. 3) In the coordination of “region-element”, organic synergy with other spatial planning has not been achieved. In terms of content, the major function zone planning refers more to other existing spatial planning. In terms of implementation, the major function zone planning does not leave corresponding interfaces to other spatial planning. In terms of authority, the major function zone planning has not obtained corresponding legal basis and lacks mandatory binding force. Facing the requirements of the ecological civilization construction and the national space governance in the new era, this article points out that from the perspective of “region-element” coordination, it is necessary to further improve the major function zone system from the following three aspects. 1) Effectively incorporating into the territorial space planning system. This paper believes that the government should adhere to the legalization of space governance and strengthen the position of the major function zone strategy. Combine major function zone with the index decomposition, spatial regulation and other control measures apply to elemental territorial space. 2) Optimizing the existing major function zoning. In terms of function adjustment, the positioning and development direction of provincial major function zoning should be consistent with national planning. In addition, the proportion of each major function zone should be strictly controlled. When optimizing the major functional zones of coastal counties, the planning should take spatial protection and sea area development into account, with the principle of land-sea coordination. 3) Implementing the performance evaluation mechanism. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the connection with other types of assessments. The government should appropriately adjust the existing assessment and evaluation indicators according to the major functions. On the other hand, the application of the assessment results should be strengthened. It brings the construction of the major functional zones into the comprehensive performance evaluation.
2013, 28(4):118-126.
Abstract:
Guotai Art Center as a brand new city sculpture in Jiefangbei district of Chongqing, is guided under the local design theory put forward by Cui Kai academician. The design of Guotai Art Center takes local cultural features and site characteristics into full account. For eight years, Guotai Art Center has integrated into the life of local people, and become the important cultural facility of Yuzhong peninsula as well as an important place of promoting international cultural exchange in southwest area of China.
Guotai Art Center as a brand new city sculpture in Jiefangbei district of Chongqing, is guided under the local design theory put forward by Cui Kai academician. The design of Guotai Art Center takes local cultural features and site characteristics into full account. For eight years, Guotai Art Center has integrated into the life of local people, and become the important cultural facility of Yuzhong peninsula as well as an important place of promoting international cultural exchange in southwest area of China.
2013, 28(4):44-48.
Abstract:
Eight Sights, as a cultural phenomenon, represents the features of city landscape and reflects the collective consciousness of region and recognition of the natural environment. Eight Sights is also an important part of the regional cultural landscape. This paper takes the case of the Eight Sights in Chongqing as a research subject, and illustrates the relationship between Eight Sights and regional cultural landscape. Four developmental stages of Eight Sights are described by employing the method of literature and historical reconstruction. And it summarizes the main evolutionary characteristics of Eight Sights: the homogenization of object selection, the scientification of evaluation method, the democratization of selection process, the times of aesthetic ideal and the inheritance of evolution process.
Eight Sights, as a cultural phenomenon, represents the features of city landscape and reflects the collective consciousness of region and recognition of the natural environment. Eight Sights is also an important part of the regional cultural landscape. This paper takes the case of the Eight Sights in Chongqing as a research subject, and illustrates the relationship between Eight Sights and regional cultural landscape. Four developmental stages of Eight Sights are described by employing the method of literature and historical reconstruction. And it summarizes the main evolutionary characteristics of Eight Sights: the homogenization of object selection, the scientification of evaluation method, the democratization of selection process, the times of aesthetic ideal and the inheritance of evolution process.
2013, 28(5):102-109.
Abstract:
Professor Tang Pu is a famous architect and architectural educator in China. On the basis of reading the academic works of Prof. Tang and mastering the oral historical data about the Prof. Tang Pu, firstly, this paper reviews his growth environment, learning experience and work experience systematically. Secondly, through research and analysis, the paper expounds his view of nature, society, philosophy in architectural creation thought and his thoughts of heuristic teaching, practical teaching, three-in-one combination teaching. Finally, the paper concludes his academic achievements in the field of mountainous region construction, solar energy utilization, cellular architecture, architectural acoustics and architectural education, etc. The purpose of this paper is to understand and summarize Prof. Tang Pu’s academic thoughts, with a view to providing professional guidelines for architectural students.
Professor Tang Pu is a famous architect and architectural educator in China. On the basis of reading the academic works of Prof. Tang and mastering the oral historical data about the Prof. Tang Pu, firstly, this paper reviews his growth environment, learning experience and work experience systematically. Secondly, through research and analysis, the paper expounds his view of nature, society, philosophy in architectural creation thought and his thoughts of heuristic teaching, practical teaching, three-in-one combination teaching. Finally, the paper concludes his academic achievements in the field of mountainous region construction, solar energy utilization, cellular architecture, architectural acoustics and architectural education, etc. The purpose of this paper is to understand and summarize Prof. Tang Pu’s academic thoughts, with a view to providing professional guidelines for architectural students.
2018(2):77-84.
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20180213
Abstract:
As the constant global warming, high temperature calamity in cities has affected human settlements and threatened human health. In order to summarize the research progress of how urban planning deals with the high temperature disasters, the paper searched related literatures based on China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science, and extracted by utilizing the method of Meta-analysis and the software of Citespace. The results show that urban high temperature disaster study originates from the urban heat island, and then developes in the aspect of climate change, and finally becomes a research on urban high temperature disasters. Under the two main themes of mitigation strategy and adaptive strategy, the main approaches in urban planning are land use, spatial structure, traffics, landscape and architecture, and each approach is divided into a number of strategies. There are obvious deficiencies in urban planning system, special planning and effectiveness evaluation. In theory, we should strengthen the construction of urban planning system and building evaluation systems. In practice, we should formulate the planning standards for dealing with high temperature disasters, and establish urban planning and design methods for climate-friendly cities, so as to provide references for the building of resilient cities.
As the constant global warming, high temperature calamity in cities has affected human settlements and threatened human health. In order to summarize the research progress of how urban planning deals with the high temperature disasters, the paper searched related literatures based on China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science, and extracted by utilizing the method of Meta-analysis and the software of Citespace. The results show that urban high temperature disaster study originates from the urban heat island, and then developes in the aspect of climate change, and finally becomes a research on urban high temperature disasters. Under the two main themes of mitigation strategy and adaptive strategy, the main approaches in urban planning are land use, spatial structure, traffics, landscape and architecture, and each approach is divided into a number of strategies. There are obvious deficiencies in urban planning system, special planning and effectiveness evaluation. In theory, we should strengthen the construction of urban planning system and building evaluation systems. In practice, we should formulate the planning standards for dealing with high temperature disasters, and establish urban planning and design methods for climate-friendly cities, so as to provide references for the building of resilient cities.
2012, 93(1):62-64.
Abstract:
This paper is based on the author's st udy and exchange exper ience in France. It compares and analyzes various aspects between China and France, such as educational system, teaching methods, teaching concepts and so on, summarizing the advantages and the experiences of architectural education in France. Meanwhile, taking Tong ji Universit y as an example, this paper introduces the reforms and exploration of architectural education in domestic first-class colleges and universities. Hopefully, it will serve as a valuable reference for domestic architectural education reform and promote the improvement a nd s cie nt i f ic d evelo p me nt of a r ch it e c t u r e discipline.
This paper is based on the author's st udy and exchange exper ience in France. It compares and analyzes various aspects between China and France, such as educational system, teaching methods, teaching concepts and so on, summarizing the advantages and the experiences of architectural education in France. Meanwhile, taking Tong ji Universit y as an example, this paper introduces the reforms and exploration of architectural education in domestic first-class colleges and universities. Hopefully, it will serve as a valuable reference for domestic architectural education reform and promote the improvement a nd s cie nt i f ic d evelo p me nt of a r ch it e c t u r e discipline.
8 Review of Research on Technology of Framework of Hsien-shan Roof Before Chinese Song and Jin
Dynasty
2017(5):9-13.
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20170502
Abstract:
Hsien-shan roof (gable-and-hip roof) is one of the most important roof forms of traditional Chinese building for its high grade, versatility and typical technology, and thus the hsien-shan roof is one of the most important research objects in the history of Chinese architecture, especially in the history of technology of traditional Chinese timber structure. The period before the Song amd Jin Dynasty (before AD 1279) is a critical period that the technology of hsien-shan roof went through a process from embryo to maturity, and thus it is an unavoidable important stage to understand the traditional technology of hsien-shan roof. The study reviews the researches from 1931 on the traditional technology of the buildings with hsien-shan roof before the Chinese Dynasty of Song and Jin from the perspective of technical essentials, and provides an outlook for future relative researches.
Hsien-shan roof (gable-and-hip roof) is one of the most important roof forms of traditional Chinese building for its high grade, versatility and typical technology, and thus the hsien-shan roof is one of the most important research objects in the history of Chinese architecture, especially in the history of technology of traditional Chinese timber structure. The period before the Song amd Jin Dynasty (before AD 1279) is a critical period that the technology of hsien-shan roof went through a process from embryo to maturity, and thus it is an unavoidable important stage to understand the traditional technology of hsien-shan roof. The study reviews the researches from 1931 on the traditional technology of the buildings with hsien-shan roof before the Chinese Dynasty of Song and Jin from the perspective of technical essentials, and provides an outlook for future relative researches.
2012, 93(6):3-6.
Abstract:
Sharper conflict between land and population has become the main factor of restricting mountain cities’ development and influencing ecological environment. Based on the existing problems facing mountain cities, this paper makes a brief review of the research context and achievements of related research in terms of mountain cities design. It also proposes the main objective and connotation of future research orientations in the aspect of mountain cities design by applying eco-city and compact city theory.
Sharper conflict between land and population has become the main factor of restricting mountain cities’ development and influencing ecological environment. Based on the existing problems facing mountain cities, this paper makes a brief review of the research context and achievements of related research in terms of mountain cities design. It also proposes the main objective and connotation of future research orientations in the aspect of mountain cities design by applying eco-city and compact city theory.
2015(1):81-86.
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20150114
Abstract:
With the accelerated development of urbanization in China, a new phenomenon of “town village” gradually emerges. The physical form of settlements in “town village” is changing, and the rural collective memory is gradually vague affected by cities and towns owing to the characteristics of “town village”. The problems brought about by the fact that “town village” is neither town nor village have strong impacts on the renewal and development of rural area. Basing on the practical needs of village development and continuing the trend of local history and culture, the paper takes the research of Zhongcun Village in Moganshan Town as an example, and puts forwards the reconstruction and build strategy of remodeling the rural collective memory of “town village”, hoping to stimulate the vitality and motivation of settlement renewal, and promote its sustainable development in the aspects of material, ecology, culture, social, etc.
With the accelerated development of urbanization in China, a new phenomenon of “town village” gradually emerges. The physical form of settlements in “town village” is changing, and the rural collective memory is gradually vague affected by cities and towns owing to the characteristics of “town village”. The problems brought about by the fact that “town village” is neither town nor village have strong impacts on the renewal and development of rural area. Basing on the practical needs of village development and continuing the trend of local history and culture, the paper takes the research of Zhongcun Village in Moganshan Town as an example, and puts forwards the reconstruction and build strategy of remodeling the rural collective memory of “town village”, hoping to stimulate the vitality and motivation of settlement renewal, and promote its sustainable development in the aspects of material, ecology, culture, social, etc.
2014(1):46-52.
Abstract:
With the conversion of the faster pace of urbanization and its interior features, mountainous industrial heritage which was originally in the edge of the city are facing the problem of transformation and renewal. This paper firstly summarizes the domestic and foreign industrial heritage update and reuse of the cognization and practice; and then analyzes the characteristics of mountainous industrial heritage and the mountain range of issues faced by updating and re-use, that is to achieve sustainable development on the basis of feature updates recombinant, make full use and re-shape the various elements of the landscape update and protect industrial and cultural heritage, history and culture mountain style update; Finally, the Industrial heritage protection planning of Chaoyang Factory in Mianyang City, for example, with the design strategies of overall protection, dynamic protection and the integration of landscape and architecture , explore the update and reuse roads of the industrial heritage in Mountainous area.
With the conversion of the faster pace of urbanization and its interior features, mountainous industrial heritage which was originally in the edge of the city are facing the problem of transformation and renewal. This paper firstly summarizes the domestic and foreign industrial heritage update and reuse of the cognization and practice; and then analyzes the characteristics of mountainous industrial heritage and the mountain range of issues faced by updating and re-use, that is to achieve sustainable development on the basis of feature updates recombinant, make full use and re-shape the various elements of the landscape update and protect industrial and cultural heritage, history and culture mountain style update; Finally, the Industrial heritage protection planning of Chaoyang Factory in Mianyang City, for example, with the design strategies of overall protection, dynamic protection and the integration of landscape and architecture , explore the update and reuse roads of the industrial heritage in Mountainous area.
2016(4):34-40.
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20160406
Abstract:
Relationship and linkage path between rural housing and farmlands have been the core issues of rural space. From the perspective of rural households, this paper uses the technology platform of ArcGIS to make a pilot study on Huangmei town, Hubei province. By the means of the transportation network construction, it puts forward the linkage model of rural housing and farmlands to identify the relation between them, and obtains the frequency of optimum traffic by simulating and evaluating their linkage path. Then, it summarizs three linkage models between rural houses and farmlands, namely External Stray Mode, Internal Cross Mode and Intersection Mode, to describe the space logic of the walking paths between rural housing and farmlands. It’s expected that it will provide references for relevant studies on the relationship between living and working space in new socialist countryside.
Relationship and linkage path between rural housing and farmlands have been the core issues of rural space. From the perspective of rural households, this paper uses the technology platform of ArcGIS to make a pilot study on Huangmei town, Hubei province. By the means of the transportation network construction, it puts forward the linkage model of rural housing and farmlands to identify the relation between them, and obtains the frequency of optimum traffic by simulating and evaluating their linkage path. Then, it summarizs three linkage models between rural houses and farmlands, namely External Stray Mode, Internal Cross Mode and Intersection Mode, to describe the space logic of the walking paths between rural housing and farmlands. It’s expected that it will provide references for relevant studies on the relationship between living and working space in new socialist countryside.
2012, 93(3):50-54.
Abstract:
The theme of the 3rd international Symposium on Human Settlements Science in Mountainous Regions focuses on the security and sustainable development of human settlements science in mountainous regions. It mainly involves four topics: enriched tripartite theory of ‘city-architecture-landscape’ in contemporary mountainous regions, resource utilization and development protection of mountainous regions, disaster prevention and reduction and engineering technology for human settlements in mountainous regions, and historical, human and social approach to human settlements research in mountainous regions. It has broadened the width and depth of research on sustainable development of human settlements.
The theme of the 3rd international Symposium on Human Settlements Science in Mountainous Regions focuses on the security and sustainable development of human settlements science in mountainous regions. It mainly involves four topics: enriched tripartite theory of ‘city-architecture-landscape’ in contemporary mountainous regions, resource utilization and development protection of mountainous regions, disaster prevention and reduction and engineering technology for human settlements in mountainous regions, and historical, human and social approach to human settlements research in mountainous regions. It has broadened the width and depth of research on sustainable development of human settlements.
2019(1):81-86.
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20190110
Abstract:
The aesthetics of literati gardens is an important issue in the study of classical gardens. Under the influence of traditional Chinese culture, we praise the beauty of literati gardens and imitate the shape of classical gardens for landscape design, but seldom study the aesthetic nature of gardens. Gestalt psychology holds that people tend to organize pieces of empirical material into meaningful whole in a certain form, that is to say, perception has a gestalt tendency. For example, when we see a semicircle, we can use our imagination to fi ll in the missing parts and “see” a complete circle. Chinese classical literati gardens are famous for their implicit beauty. Many sceneries are not entirely present in front of the audience, but half hidden. However, the scenery people feel is still complete. This aesthetic process is very similar to the gestalt trend, so with the help of Gestalt Psychological Principle, we can fi nd the aesthetic law of literati gardens. Taking the Master of Nets Garden as an example, this paper analyzes the theme of gardens, gardening techniques, and the art of naming the landscape from the viewpoints of Gestalt Psychological Holism and Homogeneity. The establishment and disappearance of the theme of the garden indicates the change of aesthetic psychophysical fi eld. For literati gardens, the name of the garden represents the theme of the garden, and the scenery in the garden is the refl ection of the theme. The Master of Nets Garden was named by song Zongyuan. At that time, there was a large area of water in the garden, thus setting the theme of “To live in seclusion like a fi sherman”. QU Yuancun uses the original name. Although he has made some renovations to the buildings and plants in the garden, he has not changed the overall layout. They live in a similar era background, social stability and harmony. LI Hongyi not only reduced the water surface, built more tall buildings, but also changed the name of the garden. During this period, social unrest and lack of aesthetic interest of the owners led to the gradual disappearance of “To live in seclusion like a fi sherman”. The principle of perceptual organization is applied in the gardening techniques. The gardening process of literati gardens is like painting. For example, the decorative open work windows in the Peony Study looks like a landscape painting. This design uses the group principle of perception, blurs the dividing line between interior space and garden space, and connects interior and outdoor space into a whole. Creating space by overlapping is a unique technique of Chinese landscape painting. By building curved roads, running water and bridges, overlappingspaces in gardens can be created. For example, curved bridges stationary on the water surface can enrich the water landscape and provide a variety of viewing points. Bending streams disappear behind stones, giving people an endless feeling. The square doorway in front of the corridor is like a picture frame. Winding path leads to a secluded quiet place. From the perspective of Gestalt Psychology, overlapping designs make people confuse graphics and backgrounds, and create rich illusions and prolong tour time. The art of naming the landscape give rise to the homotype of “mind” and “object”, thus creating a rich landscape image and promoting the gestalt of aesthetic experience. Ancient scholars often thought about life when they appreciated gardens. They not only see the beauty of the scenery, but also feel artistic conception. For example, the meaning of the name of Netmaster Garden is very far-reaching. It not only summarizes the scenery in the garden, but also reflects the literati’s reflection on the social status quo. Watching the moon in the pavilion can not only see the moon, but also associate the scene of family reunion. With the changes of the times, the layout of classical literati gardens has changed repeatedly, and the theme of “live in seclusion” has gradually disappeared. However, its critical, innovative literati interest and love for the beauty of nature are still the inspiration source for contemporary landscape architecture. It is believed that Gestalt Psychology is helpful to analyze the artistic conception of literati gardens. However, it unilaterally emphasizes the role of intuition, ignores the influence of personal experience and social environment, and there are great deficiencies in the analysis of aesthetic perception differences between individuals and groups, which needs to be supplemented by the study of history, culture and social psychology.
The aesthetics of literati gardens is an important issue in the study of classical gardens. Under the influence of traditional Chinese culture, we praise the beauty of literati gardens and imitate the shape of classical gardens for landscape design, but seldom study the aesthetic nature of gardens. Gestalt psychology holds that people tend to organize pieces of empirical material into meaningful whole in a certain form, that is to say, perception has a gestalt tendency. For example, when we see a semicircle, we can use our imagination to fi ll in the missing parts and “see” a complete circle. Chinese classical literati gardens are famous for their implicit beauty. Many sceneries are not entirely present in front of the audience, but half hidden. However, the scenery people feel is still complete. This aesthetic process is very similar to the gestalt trend, so with the help of Gestalt Psychological Principle, we can fi nd the aesthetic law of literati gardens. Taking the Master of Nets Garden as an example, this paper analyzes the theme of gardens, gardening techniques, and the art of naming the landscape from the viewpoints of Gestalt Psychological Holism and Homogeneity. The establishment and disappearance of the theme of the garden indicates the change of aesthetic psychophysical fi eld. For literati gardens, the name of the garden represents the theme of the garden, and the scenery in the garden is the refl ection of the theme. The Master of Nets Garden was named by song Zongyuan. At that time, there was a large area of water in the garden, thus setting the theme of “To live in seclusion like a fi sherman”. QU Yuancun uses the original name. Although he has made some renovations to the buildings and plants in the garden, he has not changed the overall layout. They live in a similar era background, social stability and harmony. LI Hongyi not only reduced the water surface, built more tall buildings, but also changed the name of the garden. During this period, social unrest and lack of aesthetic interest of the owners led to the gradual disappearance of “To live in seclusion like a fi sherman”. The principle of perceptual organization is applied in the gardening techniques. The gardening process of literati gardens is like painting. For example, the decorative open work windows in the Peony Study looks like a landscape painting. This design uses the group principle of perception, blurs the dividing line between interior space and garden space, and connects interior and outdoor space into a whole. Creating space by overlapping is a unique technique of Chinese landscape painting. By building curved roads, running water and bridges, overlappingspaces in gardens can be created. For example, curved bridges stationary on the water surface can enrich the water landscape and provide a variety of viewing points. Bending streams disappear behind stones, giving people an endless feeling. The square doorway in front of the corridor is like a picture frame. Winding path leads to a secluded quiet place. From the perspective of Gestalt Psychology, overlapping designs make people confuse graphics and backgrounds, and create rich illusions and prolong tour time. The art of naming the landscape give rise to the homotype of “mind” and “object”, thus creating a rich landscape image and promoting the gestalt of aesthetic experience. Ancient scholars often thought about life when they appreciated gardens. They not only see the beauty of the scenery, but also feel artistic conception. For example, the meaning of the name of Netmaster Garden is very far-reaching. It not only summarizes the scenery in the garden, but also reflects the literati’s reflection on the social status quo. Watching the moon in the pavilion can not only see the moon, but also associate the scene of family reunion. With the changes of the times, the layout of classical literati gardens has changed repeatedly, and the theme of “live in seclusion” has gradually disappeared. However, its critical, innovative literati interest and love for the beauty of nature are still the inspiration source for contemporary landscape architecture. It is believed that Gestalt Psychology is helpful to analyze the artistic conception of literati gardens. However, it unilaterally emphasizes the role of intuition, ignores the influence of personal experience and social environment, and there are great deficiencies in the analysis of aesthetic perception differences between individuals and groups, which needs to be supplemented by the study of history, culture and social psychology.
2020(2):43-51.
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20200206
Abstract:
Across the globe, the rapid urbanization process has caused a series of urban problems, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, heat island effect, resource shortage and degradation of human settlements environment, which many countries and cities have to face in their development. In the middle and later stages of urbanization, cities no longer regard economic interests as the first demand, but advocate creating better living environment and higher quality of life. In 1984, the World Health Organization (WHO) first proposed the concept of “Healthy City”, and then more and more health-oriented urban projects began to be implemented. People realized that in order to build a healthy city, it was necessary to restore their dominant position in the city and control the growth of vehicles and the spread of lanes. Therefore, the planning session gradually puts forward the concepts of "Reclaim the Right-of-Way" and "Pedestrians First". The Superilles in Barcelona, Spain is such a block repair plan aimed at reshaping street space, restoring street vitality and building healthy blocks. Since the 1990s, Barcelona has faced increasingly serious urban problems, including air and noise pollution, green space reduction, frequent traffic accidents, and degradation of human settlements. In order to solve such urban problems and improve the living environment, the Barcelona authorities have proposed a super block plan-Superilles-aimed to give fresh air and street space back to urban residents. This article firstly reviews the implementation background and development process of the plan. The Superblock Plan is based on the urban pattern and road network laid by the Cerdà Plan. The core of the Cerdà Plan is the urban breathing theory, which advocates reducing the building density and providing green space. However, as the population continues to increase and the building density increases, a large amount of green space is occupied, and the leisure and entertainment functions of the streets are disappearing. Since then, Barcelona has begun to explore the construction of pedestrian blocks, and has put forward “Street Plan”, “Mobility Plan” and “Urban Mobility Plan”. Based on the previous practical experiences, Barcelona proposed the Superblock Plan in 2016. In this plan, the original urban streets are redefined as public spaces, livable places, community spaces and entertainment venues, rather than pure vehicles and pedestrian roads. It combines the original 130 m * 130 m block unit into a 3 * 3 unit network and becomes a 400 m * 400 m super block. The original traffic flow direction is adjusted, which is only used for residential traffic services within the block, emergency vehicles and loading and unloading vehicles. The speed of the vehicle is controlled within 10 km/h to reduce transit traffic. In December, 2019, the Superblock Plan has established implementation pilot in 8 blocks of 6 regions. According to its completion, the author selects the Poblenou block to conduct field research. It is found that the implementation of superblock is conducive to the decrease of temperature, the increase of humidity, the improvement of microclimate and the increase of human comfort in the neighborhood. It can also reduce traffic flow and noise, and improve the safety of the block. At the same time, it can increase the area of public space and green space, improve the comprehensive environment of the block and promote the health of residents. Through the analysis of its update strategy, the author summarizes its implementation experiences into four points. Firstly, it should give priority to pedestrians. Secondly, it should restrict private transportation and provide convenient public transportation. Thirdly, it should adopt a phased and progressive implementation mechanism. Fourthly, it should emphasize public participation. In the process of urbanization, China is also faced with similar "urban disease" problems. Drawing on the successful experience of Barcelona Superblock Plan, this paper puts forward several suggestions on building a healthy city and repairing block space in China. First, it should determine the humanist-oriented space governance method, transform the street to pedestrian priority moderately, elaborate the street space and facilities, and pay attention to the safety of the streets and the diversity of street activities. Second, it should improve the current status of traffic congestion, promote green commute, improve the bus line network and bicycle network, reduce bus waiting time and reduce road parking. Third, it should transform the planning and management mode, promote restoration from the part of whole, and pay attention to the coordination and cooperation among multiple departments. Fourth, it should promote the social inclusive planning, pay attention to “bottom-up” public participation, encourage the community residents, social institutions and civil groups to participate in the planning and action of street reconstruction management, and protect the public’s right to know and supervision.
Across the globe, the rapid urbanization process has caused a series of urban problems, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, heat island effect, resource shortage and degradation of human settlements environment, which many countries and cities have to face in their development. In the middle and later stages of urbanization, cities no longer regard economic interests as the first demand, but advocate creating better living environment and higher quality of life. In 1984, the World Health Organization (WHO) first proposed the concept of “Healthy City”, and then more and more health-oriented urban projects began to be implemented. People realized that in order to build a healthy city, it was necessary to restore their dominant position in the city and control the growth of vehicles and the spread of lanes. Therefore, the planning session gradually puts forward the concepts of "Reclaim the Right-of-Way" and "Pedestrians First". The Superilles in Barcelona, Spain is such a block repair plan aimed at reshaping street space, restoring street vitality and building healthy blocks. Since the 1990s, Barcelona has faced increasingly serious urban problems, including air and noise pollution, green space reduction, frequent traffic accidents, and degradation of human settlements. In order to solve such urban problems and improve the living environment, the Barcelona authorities have proposed a super block plan-Superilles-aimed to give fresh air and street space back to urban residents. This article firstly reviews the implementation background and development process of the plan. The Superblock Plan is based on the urban pattern and road network laid by the Cerdà Plan. The core of the Cerdà Plan is the urban breathing theory, which advocates reducing the building density and providing green space. However, as the population continues to increase and the building density increases, a large amount of green space is occupied, and the leisure and entertainment functions of the streets are disappearing. Since then, Barcelona has begun to explore the construction of pedestrian blocks, and has put forward “Street Plan”, “Mobility Plan” and “Urban Mobility Plan”. Based on the previous practical experiences, Barcelona proposed the Superblock Plan in 2016. In this plan, the original urban streets are redefined as public spaces, livable places, community spaces and entertainment venues, rather than pure vehicles and pedestrian roads. It combines the original 130 m * 130 m block unit into a 3 * 3 unit network and becomes a 400 m * 400 m super block. The original traffic flow direction is adjusted, which is only used for residential traffic services within the block, emergency vehicles and loading and unloading vehicles. The speed of the vehicle is controlled within 10 km/h to reduce transit traffic. In December, 2019, the Superblock Plan has established implementation pilot in 8 blocks of 6 regions. According to its completion, the author selects the Poblenou block to conduct field research. It is found that the implementation of superblock is conducive to the decrease of temperature, the increase of humidity, the improvement of microclimate and the increase of human comfort in the neighborhood. It can also reduce traffic flow and noise, and improve the safety of the block. At the same time, it can increase the area of public space and green space, improve the comprehensive environment of the block and promote the health of residents. Through the analysis of its update strategy, the author summarizes its implementation experiences into four points. Firstly, it should give priority to pedestrians. Secondly, it should restrict private transportation and provide convenient public transportation. Thirdly, it should adopt a phased and progressive implementation mechanism. Fourthly, it should emphasize public participation. In the process of urbanization, China is also faced with similar "urban disease" problems. Drawing on the successful experience of Barcelona Superblock Plan, this paper puts forward several suggestions on building a healthy city and repairing block space in China. First, it should determine the humanist-oriented space governance method, transform the street to pedestrian priority moderately, elaborate the street space and facilities, and pay attention to the safety of the streets and the diversity of street activities. Second, it should improve the current status of traffic congestion, promote green commute, improve the bus line network and bicycle network, reduce bus waiting time and reduce road parking. Third, it should transform the planning and management mode, promote restoration from the part of whole, and pay attention to the coordination and cooperation among multiple departments. Fourth, it should promote the social inclusive planning, pay attention to “bottom-up” public participation, encourage the community residents, social institutions and civil groups to participate in the planning and action of street reconstruction management, and protect the public’s right to know and supervision.
2021(4):134-140.
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20210417
Abstract:
Chinese traditional villages and dwellings have a long history and a wide range of distribution. In the long-term development process, affected by the regional environment, climate characteristics, human history and other factors, they have formed a variety of residential types. Dongyang City, in the middle of Zhejiang Province, has been the hometown of architecture since ancient times, with many construction craftsmen and excellent construction skills. The traditional villages are often composed of “thirteen rooms” as a typical unit, emphasizing the integration of the village with the surrounding environment and natural scenery. At the same time, Dongyang is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with high temperature and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter. Measures such as heat protection, rain protection, moisture protection, ventilation, and wind protection are taken to prevent the indoor temperature from being too high and humid, which will affect the living environment quality of residents. Taking Hengtang Village, Liushi Street, a typical traditional village in Jinyang City as an example, this study restored the layout mode of the village by consulting historical data and field mapping, and established envi-met calculation model to simulate the wind speed, temperature and humidity of the important nodes of the village. In this paper, a typical type of three-section compound residential building, “thirteen rooms”, is selected to establish a Phenix calculation model to simulate the actual indoor ventilation of traditional residential houses. The wind speed, temperature and humidity of the village lane and important public space were recorded by on-site instrument measurements. Based on the measured, simulated and measured data, this paper discusses the climate adaptability strategy of the traditional construction methods of Dongyang residential buildings from aspects of the village planning and residential houses. First of all, through the research and analysis of the location and orientation, roadway and vents, water system and vegetation of traditional villages, it is found that in the overall planning level, Dongyang traditional houses pay attention to the optimal location, and use the surrounding natural environment to improve the microclimate of villages. The overall layout pays attention to the group optimization effect, and the residential buildings adopt the construction mode of high-density on the ground floor to form a good mutual shading effect. It also pays attention to the construction of village node space and roadway space, and uses the enlarged opening of the roadway to introduce the dominant wind in summer. The north-south lanes are narrow and deep, and properly reverse and block the north wind in winter. In addition, to meeting the spiritual needs, the village landscape also pays attention to the reasonable collocation of water system, greening, square and other landscape elements to form the temperature and humidity difference as well as strengthen the effect of stack-ventilation. Then, the spatial form and building materials of the single residential buildings are studied. It is found that in terms of the construction of single residential houses, Dongyang residential buildings form a vertical space of stack-ventilation through the bright hall and the courtyard to promote the air circulation. The veranda, open hall and attic are used as thermal buffer space to isolate the heat in summer, so as to achieve good heat insulation and self-shading effect. Take advantage of the east-west lanes and the veranda around the bright hall to form a cold lane to improve natural ventilation. The building interface adopts the combination of external solid and internal virtual, and the hollow brick wall and the wood internal wall are organically combined to form the internal environment with the bright hall as the heat conversion center. In the process of modern residential buildings, most of them consider to solve the problem of thermal comfort through the thermal control measures of a single building, which can bring higher energy consumption and not necessarily achieve better thermal comfort effect. The traditional residential buildings in Hengtang Village pursue systematic climate adaptive design strategy in the aspects of village group planning and individual residential buildings. Through the comprehensive utilization of space and materials, the optimization effect of group combination is formed, which makes up for the disadvantage of poor thermal performance of individual materials. Its ecological wisdom and technical strategy are worthy of in-depth study and reference. This study mainly analyzes the thermal environment in summer. In the future, it can further explore the wind environment, thermal environment, air tightness of building doors and windows, thermal insulation performance of materials and other issues in transition season and winter, and provide valuable methods and ideas for modern green rural planning and architectural design.
Chinese traditional villages and dwellings have a long history and a wide range of distribution. In the long-term development process, affected by the regional environment, climate characteristics, human history and other factors, they have formed a variety of residential types. Dongyang City, in the middle of Zhejiang Province, has been the hometown of architecture since ancient times, with many construction craftsmen and excellent construction skills. The traditional villages are often composed of “thirteen rooms” as a typical unit, emphasizing the integration of the village with the surrounding environment and natural scenery. At the same time, Dongyang is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with high temperature and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter. Measures such as heat protection, rain protection, moisture protection, ventilation, and wind protection are taken to prevent the indoor temperature from being too high and humid, which will affect the living environment quality of residents. Taking Hengtang Village, Liushi Street, a typical traditional village in Jinyang City as an example, this study restored the layout mode of the village by consulting historical data and field mapping, and established envi-met calculation model to simulate the wind speed, temperature and humidity of the important nodes of the village. In this paper, a typical type of three-section compound residential building, “thirteen rooms”, is selected to establish a Phenix calculation model to simulate the actual indoor ventilation of traditional residential houses. The wind speed, temperature and humidity of the village lane and important public space were recorded by on-site instrument measurements. Based on the measured, simulated and measured data, this paper discusses the climate adaptability strategy of the traditional construction methods of Dongyang residential buildings from aspects of the village planning and residential houses. First of all, through the research and analysis of the location and orientation, roadway and vents, water system and vegetation of traditional villages, it is found that in the overall planning level, Dongyang traditional houses pay attention to the optimal location, and use the surrounding natural environment to improve the microclimate of villages. The overall layout pays attention to the group optimization effect, and the residential buildings adopt the construction mode of high-density on the ground floor to form a good mutual shading effect. It also pays attention to the construction of village node space and roadway space, and uses the enlarged opening of the roadway to introduce the dominant wind in summer. The north-south lanes are narrow and deep, and properly reverse and block the north wind in winter. In addition, to meeting the spiritual needs, the village landscape also pays attention to the reasonable collocation of water system, greening, square and other landscape elements to form the temperature and humidity difference as well as strengthen the effect of stack-ventilation. Then, the spatial form and building materials of the single residential buildings are studied. It is found that in terms of the construction of single residential houses, Dongyang residential buildings form a vertical space of stack-ventilation through the bright hall and the courtyard to promote the air circulation. The veranda, open hall and attic are used as thermal buffer space to isolate the heat in summer, so as to achieve good heat insulation and self-shading effect. Take advantage of the east-west lanes and the veranda around the bright hall to form a cold lane to improve natural ventilation. The building interface adopts the combination of external solid and internal virtual, and the hollow brick wall and the wood internal wall are organically combined to form the internal environment with the bright hall as the heat conversion center. In the process of modern residential buildings, most of them consider to solve the problem of thermal comfort through the thermal control measures of a single building, which can bring higher energy consumption and not necessarily achieve better thermal comfort effect. The traditional residential buildings in Hengtang Village pursue systematic climate adaptive design strategy in the aspects of village group planning and individual residential buildings. Through the comprehensive utilization of space and materials, the optimization effect of group combination is formed, which makes up for the disadvantage of poor thermal performance of individual materials. Its ecological wisdom and technical strategy are worthy of in-depth study and reference. This study mainly analyzes the thermal environment in summer. In the future, it can further explore the wind environment, thermal environment, air tightness of building doors and windows, thermal insulation performance of materials and other issues in transition season and winter, and provide valuable methods and ideas for modern green rural planning and architectural design.
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Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.