Prof. Wanmin Zhao
Prof. Wei Zeng
ISSN: 2095-6304
Journal of Human Settlements in West China is formerly known as Interior Design founded in 1986, which officially changed its name in 2013. Journal of Human Settlements in West China, as the first comprehensive academic journal in China under the name of human settlements, will pay extensive attention to the major scientific problems faced by urban and rural human settlements from a global perspective based on the western regions and oriented to both domestic and international authors and readers.
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2024(3),1-7
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240301
Abstract:
China’s urban development is transformed from rapid growth to optimization of built area, paying more attention to the improvement of spatial quality. Accordingly, urban design work also needs to be more refined and high-quality. The form of urban blocks is closely related to the spatial quality. Block morphological design is a process of creating urban space at block scale. Compared with macro-scale studies, block-scale morphological studies have the characteristics of scale, diverse and discrete, which not only highlight the subtle relationship of urban spatial forms, but also reflect the characteristics and styles of design, which brings challenges to generative models based on preset rules. In the traditional design method, the design of urban form is realized by the designer according to the aesthetics rules and experiences. On the one hand, it is limited by subjective cognition, and on the other hand, it is difficult to define the subtle relationship of spatial form. The development of new data environment and artificial intelligence technology has brought a new vision for the form generation of block scale. In urban design, the generation of block form with the help of intelligent tools is a typical application to assist design decisions, which provides a basis for creating reasonable space forms and enables designers to propose more effective design strategies. The existing intelligent generation methods mainly have three approaches: 1) parametric modeling, generating results according to morphological rules; 2) form-flow reasoning, through the establishment of form-flow mechanism, according to the flow elements to deduce specific forms; 3) image generation algorithm, which directly generates design schemes based on image samples through deep learning. However, due to the lack of learning process of block-scale morphological law, it is difficult to deal with complex and precise spatial morphological relations and generate satisfactory morphological results. On the basis of the existing generative methods, this study draws on the embedded system theory, and proposes a comprehensive method to optimize the block form generation results by embedding machine learning training modules (referred to as “embedded machine learning method”). The proposed method is based on the demand analysis for block form design, and is explained from three aspects: morphological knowledge extraction, gain innovation and elastic generation. It is deduced that multiple optimized machine learning m灯瑤極浬楥穳愠瑮楥潥湤?灴敯爠晢潥爠浩慮湴捥敧?楡湴?瑤栠敩?瘊楴敨睥?潥晭?瑥桤敤?牤椠癦敯牲獭椠摯敮?汴慨湥搠獥捸慩灳整??睧栠楧捥桮?扲牡楴湩杯獮?扳敹湳整晥業挬椠慳汯?整湨污楴朠桴瑨敥渠浳敹湳瑴?晭漠牣?摮攠獭楥来湴攠牴獨??呲桥敱?灩慲灥敭牥?灴牳攊獯敦渠瑴獨?琠桧敥?晥畲瑡畴物敶?搠敡癬敧汯潲灩浴敨湭琠?灯潲琠敢湬瑯楣慫氠?潯晲?攠浤扥敳摩摧敮搮?浉慮捣桲楥湡敳?氠整慨牥渠楦湬来??楢湩捬汩畴摹椠湡杮?洠畡汤瑡楰?浡潢摩慬汩?摹愠瑯慦?晴畨獥椠潭湯?浥慬挠桡楮湤攠?汲敯慭牯湴楥渠杴??映汭敡确椭扭污散?慩湮摥?摣楯癬敬牡獢敯?捡潴浩扶楥渠慤瑥楳潩湧?漠晰?慯汣来潳牳椮琠桔浨?浳漠摭略汴敨獯??慩湮摣?桵楤来桳敦物?煥甠慥汬楥瑭祥?浴慳渺?浨慩捧桨椭湱敵?捬潩汴汹愠扴潲牡慩瑮楩癮敧?摤敡獴楡本渠?灡牬潡据散獥獤攠獭??呥桬攠?慩畴瑨栠潣牯?扰敬汥楸敩癴敹猠?瑮桤愠瑰?捲潦浯扲業湡楮湣来?琠桦敥?慴摵癲慥渠瑥慮杧敩獮?潥晲?慮牧琠楡普楤挠業慯汤?楬渠瑯数汴汩業杩敺湡捴敩?睮椠瑣桡?瑡桢敩?捩汴慩獥獳椬挊慩汮?略牰扥慮湤?浮潴摬敹氠?瑵潮?捩牮敧愠瑬敥?慲?湩敮睧?晭汯敤硵楬扥汳攬?楡湮瑤攠杳牵慰瑰敯摲?洠潦摯敲氠?瑰潥?挠潩灮整?睲楦瑡档?琠桡敮?挠潤浥灰汬敯硹?慥湮摴?搠楴癯攠牡獣敨?摥敶獥椠条湮?敡湲癴楩牦潩湣浩敡湬琠?捥慵湲?灬爠潮癥楴摷敯?湫攠睷?楴摨攠慩獮?慲湥摡?灥潤猠獦楬扥楸汩楢瑩楬敩獴?昊潡牮?琠档敯?灴牲潯扬汬敡浢?潬晩?晹漠物浮?捴牲敡慤瑩楴潩湯?楡湬?执汥潮捥歲?潴物?畮爠扲慵湬?摳攮猠楔杲湡??慩湮摧?桳潡灭数獬?瑳漠?灮牤漠浭潯瑤敥?浳漠牣敡?搠楢獥挠畦獲獥楥潬湹猠?慯湭摢?灮牥慤挠瑡楣捣敯獲?潩湮?攠浴扯攠摤摥敳摩?浮愠捲桥楱湵敩?汥敭慥牮湴楳渮朠?浨敥琠桧潥摮獥?慡湴摩?敮渊牥楦捦桥?瑴栠敯?琠桴敨潥爠祥?慩湳摴?瑮敧挠桡湬潧汯潲杩祴?業渠?畳爠扩慭湰?摯敶獥楤朮渠?灨物慳挠瑭楥捴敨?d also increases the flexibility of the design process. Designers can configure appropriate training datasets according to the needs of the site, and embed the results into the generative system through pre-training method, so as to realize fast and convenient three-dimensional form generation and assist the block form design process. In this paper, an exploratory practice case is presented, which integrates the learning module of the architectural texture characteristics of the riverfront area in the city into the block form generation model. The research process of this case is described from the aspects of model objectives, data and training process. The morphological data of waterfront urban areas of the same type are taken as samples, and the machine learning and image transfer learning models are embedded into the generative algorithm of block morphology. By comparing the generated results, the improvement of this method over the traditional generative method is discussed. The results show that the embedded machine learning method can effectively improve the feature details of the three-dimensional form, generate a design scheme that is more suitable for the characteristics of the site, and has excellent o
China’s urban development is transformed from rapid growth to optimization of built area, paying more attention to the improvement of spatial quality. Accordingly, urban design work also needs to be more refined and high-quality. The form of urban blocks is closely related to the spatial quality. Block morphological design is a process of creating urban space at block scale. Compared with macro-scale studies, block-scale morphological studies have the characteristics of scale, diverse and discrete, which not only highlight the subtle relationship of urban spatial forms, but also reflect the characteristics and styles of design, which brings challenges to generative models based on preset rules. In the traditional design method, the design of urban form is realized by the designer according to the aesthetics rules and experiences. On the one hand, it is limited by subjective cognition, and on the other hand, it is difficult to define the subtle relationship of spatial form. The development of new data environment and artificial intelligence technology has brought a new vision for the form generation of block scale. In urban design, the generation of block form with the help of intelligent tools is a typical application to assist design decisions, which provides a basis for creating reasonable space forms and enables designers to propose more effective design strategies. The existing intelligent generation methods mainly have three approaches: 1) parametric modeling, generating results according to morphological rules; 2) form-flow reasoning, through the establishment of form-flow mechanism, according to the flow elements to deduce specific forms; 3) image generation algorithm, which directly generates design schemes based on image samples through deep learning. However, due to the lack of learning process of block-scale morphological law, it is difficult to deal with complex and precise spatial morphological relations and generate satisfactory morphological results. On the basis of the existing generative methods, this study draws on the embedded system theory, and proposes a comprehensive method to optimize the block form generation results by embedding machine learning training modules (referred to as “embedded machine learning method”). The proposed method is based on the demand analysis for block form design, and is explained from three aspects: morphological knowledge extraction, gain innovation and elastic generation. It is deduced that multiple optimized machine learning m灯瑤極浬楥穳愠瑮楥潥湤?灴敯爠晢潥爠浩慮湴捥敧?楡湴?瑤栠敩?瘊楴敨睥?潥晭?瑥桤敤?牤椠癦敯牲獭椠摯敮?汴慨湥搠獥捸慩灳整??睧栠楧捥桮?扲牡楴湩杯獮?扳敹湳整晥業挬椠慳汯?整湨污楴朠桴瑨敥渠浳敹湳瑴?晭漠牣?摮攠獭楥来湴攠牴獨??呲桥敱?灩慲灥敭牥?灴牳攊獯敦渠瑴獨?琠桧敥?晥畲瑡畴物敶?搠敡癬敧汯潲灩浴敨湭琠?灯潲琠敢湬瑯楣慫氠?潯晲?攠浤扥敳摩摧敮搮?浉慮捣桲楥湡敳?氠整慨牥渠楦湬来??楢湩捬汩畴摹椠湡杮?洠畡汤瑡楰?浡潢摩慬汩?摹愠瑯慦?晴畨獥椠潭湯?浥慬挠桡楮湤攠?汲敯慭牯湴楥渠杴??映汭敡确椭扭污散?慩湮摥?摣楯癬敬牡獢敯?捡潴浩扶楥渠慤瑥楳潩湧?漠晰?慯汣来潳牳椮琠桔浨?浳漠摭略汴敨獯??慩湮摣?桵楤来桳敦物?煥甠慥汬楥瑭祥?浴慳渺?浨慩捧桨椭湱敵?捬潩汴汹愠扴潲牡慩瑮楩癮敧?摤敡獴楡本渠?灡牬潡据散獥獤攠獭??呥桬攠?慩畴瑨栠潣牯?扰敬汥楸敩癴敹猠?瑮桤愠瑰?捲潦浯扲業湡楮湣来?琠桦敥?慴摵癲慥渠瑥慮杧敩獮?潥晲?慮牧琠楡普楤挠業慯汤?楬渠瑯数汴汩業杩敺湡捴敩?睮椠瑣桡?瑡桢敩?捩汴慩獥獳椬挊慩汮?略牰扥慮湤?浮潴摬敹氠?瑵潮?捩牮敧愠瑬敥?慲?湩敮睧?晭汯敤硵楬扥汳攬?楡湮瑤攠杳牵慰瑰敯摲?洠潦摯敲氠?瑰潥?挠潩灮整?睲楦瑡档?琠桡敮?挠潤浥灰汬敯硹?慥湮摴?搠楴癯攠牡獣敨?摥敶獥椠条湮?敡湲癴楩牦潩湣浩敡湬琠?捥慵湲?灬爠潮癥楴摷敯?湫攠睷?楴摨攠慩獮?慲湥摡?灥潤猠獦楬扥楸汩楢瑩楬敩獴?昊潡牮?琠档敯?灴牲潯扬汬敡浢?潬晩?晹漠物浮?捴牲敡慤瑩楴潩湯?楡湬?执汥潮捥歲?潴物?畮爠扲慵湬?摳攮猠楔杲湡??慩湮摧?桳潡灭数獬?瑳漠?灮牤漠浭潯瑤敥?浳漠牣敡?搠楢獥挠畦獲獥楥潬湹猠?慯湭摢?灮牥慤挠瑡楣捣敯獲?潩湮?攠浴扯攠摤摥敳摩?浮愠捲桥楱湵敩?汥敭慥牮湴楳渮朠?浨敥琠桧潥摮獥?慡湴摩?敮渊牥楦捦桥?瑴栠敯?琠桴敨潥爠祥?慩湳摴?瑮敧挠桡湬潧汯潲杩祴?業渠?畳爠扩慭湰?摯敶獥楤朮渠?灨物慳挠瑭楥捴敨?d also increases the flexibility of the design process. Designers can configure appropriate training datasets according to the needs of the site, and embed the results into the generative system through pre-training method, so as to realize fast and convenient three-dimensional form generation and assist the block form design process. In this paper, an exploratory practice case is presented, which integrates the learning module of the architectural texture characteristics of the riverfront area in the city into the block form generation model. The research process of this case is described from the aspects of model objectives, data and training process. The morphological data of waterfront urban areas of the same type are taken as samples, and the machine learning and image transfer learning models are embedded into the generative algorithm of block morphology. By comparing the generated results, the improvement of this method over the traditional generative method is discussed. The results show that the embedded machine learning method can effectively improve the feature details of the three-dimensional form, generate a design scheme that is more suitable for the characteristics of the site, and has excellent o
2024(3),8-13
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240302
Abstract:
Urban landmark refers to the iconic structures or landscapes in the city, which are the imagery elements in the city with the significance of direction guidance, form unification, value symbolization, historical remembrance and other spatial significance. Cities have paid great attention to the sightline protection and control of landmarks in the hope of highlighting the city’s iconic image. Existing research on landmark building sightline protection and control focuses on two directions, one is the method of landmark building sightline protection planning, such as landscape view corridor control, sightline zoning control, fuselage overlook landscape control, etc., basically adopting the “overlook” method of sightline control, i.e., a number of viewpoints are selected by the planner or the local government in the city, and it is required that the viewpoints are located at a certain point of view. The planner or local government selects a number of viewpoints in the city, and requires that the landmark buildings can be viewed from the viewpoints without being negatively affected by the neighboring buildings or environmental elements on the overall scene of the landmark buildings. However, the early landmark line of sight analysis is in plan view, delineating the relatively regular sectors and spindle shapes for control, which is more idealized and lacks the refined line of sight simulation analysis. Therefore, with the development of geographic information technology, there is a second major research direction, which is the visual domain simulation analysis of technical methods, such as GIS visual domain analysis, WebGL three-dimensional visual domain analysis, Cesium three-dimensional visual domain analysis, etc., these methods are from the threedimensional space to start, through the geographic information data simulation analysis, improve the fineness of the line of sight analysis. However, the method’s data quality requirements can’t always be fulfilled, according to the current commonly used data accuracy is difficult to meet the demand for visuality analysis, such as building height often can not be obtained directly, often with a floor height of 3 meters projected, such as terrain elevation accuracy of 10 meters as a unit loaded into the system for the remittance of the analysis. In addition, the data of greening, utility poles and other structures are difficult to obtain, as these mentioned above are not loaded into the system such as GIS as an influence factor, resulting in the accuracy of the visuality analysis is limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a technology that reflects the visuality of landmark buildings from a real perspective and assists in landmark sightline protection planning and control. Artificial intelligence-based streetscape recognition technology expands the methods of urban environment analysis and provides a new opportunity for landmark visuality analysis. With the advantages of wide coverage, high data refinement, low data collection cost, and intuitive and real scenes, streetscape images have become an important data source for urban environment evaluationresearch. On the other hand, the continuous breakthroughs in artificial intelligence technology have greatly improved the efficiency of identification and evaluation of urban built environment based on streetscape images on a wide range of spatial scales, and the authenticity and fineness of environmental evaluation have also been improved. However, in general, there is a lack of research on the visuality of specific landmark buildings in streetscape using artificial intelligence, and the main difficulty lies in the accurate identification of specific landmark buildings of different sizes in streetscape images, and the construction of methods and training of models still need to be further explored. On the basis of existing research, this paper proposes a landmark building visuality analysis method based on migration learning and intelligent pattern recognition. Taking the Nanjing landmark building Zifeng Tower as an example, more than 6200 street scene images of Nanjing Gulou District are acquired by panoramic camera, and the GLDv2 (Google Landmark Datasets Version 2.0, GLDv2) is utilized to calibrate the size and construct the training set to realize the recognition of different sizes of the Zifeng Tower in each image, and the model learning process is carried out through migration learning method and deep neural network (DNN). The model is loaded into the artificial intelligence body to perform pattern recognition of different sizes of Zifeng Tower appearing in the images, and obtain the visuality of Zifeng Tower on all roads in Gulou District. Compared with traditional geographic information methods such as GIS, street view is closer to the real perspective of individuals, and can provide a real scene of “seeing is believing”. Comparative study found that the artificial intelligence analysis method of streetscape images, based on the GIS method, further identifies the influence factors such as greening and structure shading, micro-topography, etc., and significantly improves the identification accuracy, correcting 40% of the GIS analysis results. Applying the AI analysis results to urban planning and design can identify streets with potential for enhancement and suggest street enhancement for landmark landscape effects.
Urban landmark refers to the iconic structures or landscapes in the city, which are the imagery elements in the city with the significance of direction guidance, form unification, value symbolization, historical remembrance and other spatial significance. Cities have paid great attention to the sightline protection and control of landmarks in the hope of highlighting the city’s iconic image. Existing research on landmark building sightline protection and control focuses on two directions, one is the method of landmark building sightline protection planning, such as landscape view corridor control, sightline zoning control, fuselage overlook landscape control, etc., basically adopting the “overlook” method of sightline control, i.e., a number of viewpoints are selected by the planner or the local government in the city, and it is required that the viewpoints are located at a certain point of view. The planner or local government selects a number of viewpoints in the city, and requires that the landmark buildings can be viewed from the viewpoints without being negatively affected by the neighboring buildings or environmental elements on the overall scene of the landmark buildings. However, the early landmark line of sight analysis is in plan view, delineating the relatively regular sectors and spindle shapes for control, which is more idealized and lacks the refined line of sight simulation analysis. Therefore, with the development of geographic information technology, there is a second major research direction, which is the visual domain simulation analysis of technical methods, such as GIS visual domain analysis, WebGL three-dimensional visual domain analysis, Cesium three-dimensional visual domain analysis, etc., these methods are from the threedimensional space to start, through the geographic information data simulation analysis, improve the fineness of the line of sight analysis. However, the method’s data quality requirements can’t always be fulfilled, according to the current commonly used data accuracy is difficult to meet the demand for visuality analysis, such as building height often can not be obtained directly, often with a floor height of 3 meters projected, such as terrain elevation accuracy of 10 meters as a unit loaded into the system for the remittance of the analysis. In addition, the data of greening, utility poles and other structures are difficult to obtain, as these mentioned above are not loaded into the system such as GIS as an influence factor, resulting in the accuracy of the visuality analysis is limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a technology that reflects the visuality of landmark buildings from a real perspective and assists in landmark sightline protection planning and control. Artificial intelligence-based streetscape recognition technology expands the methods of urban environment analysis and provides a new opportunity for landmark visuality analysis. With the advantages of wide coverage, high data refinement, low data collection cost, and intuitive and real scenes, streetscape images have become an important data source for urban environment evaluationresearch. On the other hand, the continuous breakthroughs in artificial intelligence technology have greatly improved the efficiency of identification and evaluation of urban built environment based on streetscape images on a wide range of spatial scales, and the authenticity and fineness of environmental evaluation have also been improved. However, in general, there is a lack of research on the visuality of specific landmark buildings in streetscape using artificial intelligence, and the main difficulty lies in the accurate identification of specific landmark buildings of different sizes in streetscape images, and the construction of methods and training of models still need to be further explored. On the basis of existing research, this paper proposes a landmark building visuality analysis method based on migration learning and intelligent pattern recognition. Taking the Nanjing landmark building Zifeng Tower as an example, more than 6200 street scene images of Nanjing Gulou District are acquired by panoramic camera, and the GLDv2 (Google Landmark Datasets Version 2.0, GLDv2) is utilized to calibrate the size and construct the training set to realize the recognition of different sizes of the Zifeng Tower in each image, and the model learning process is carried out through migration learning method and deep neural network (DNN). The model is loaded into the artificial intelligence body to perform pattern recognition of different sizes of Zifeng Tower appearing in the images, and obtain the visuality of Zifeng Tower on all roads in Gulou District. Compared with traditional geographic information methods such as GIS, street view is closer to the real perspective of individuals, and can provide a real scene of “seeing is believing”. Comparative study found that the artificial intelligence analysis method of streetscape images, based on the GIS method, further identifies the influence factors such as greening and structure shading, micro-topography, etc., and significantly improves the identification accuracy, correcting 40% of the GIS analysis results. Applying the AI analysis results to urban planning and design can identify streets with potential for enhancement and suggest street enhancement for landmark landscape effects.
2024(3),14-20
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240303
Abstract:
With the increasingly perfect transportation and communication facilities and rapid economic development, various factor flows more frequently between cities and form a city network, promoting the analysis of urban dynamic "flow" data to become a new paradigm for regional spatial structure research. Compared with single factor flow, multi-dimensional factor flows can depict the network connection and identify the spatial structure characteristics of the urban agglomeration from a more comprehensive perspective. This paper establishes networks of people flow, logistics flow, information flow, capital flow, technology flow, and comprehensive flow in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration by integrating multi-dimensional geographic flow data such as Baidu Migration, express logistics routes, Baidu Index, headquarters-branches of enterprises, and paper cooperation. By using social network analysis to identify network node characteristics and combining rank-size rules to evaluate the scale structure of the urban system, and using kernel density analysis method to identify the main corridors of multi-dimensional factor flows, and combining advantage flow and density-based spatial Clustering of application with noise clustering analysis to analyze the spatial clustering characteristics of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration. The results show that: In the multi-dimensional factor flow network, the hierarchical differentiation of each node is obvious. Chengdu and Chongqing are the central node cities, with prominent agglomeration and diffusion capabilities of multi-dimensional factor flow, while other cities are generally under developed. The interval between Chongqing and Chengdu has the strongest connection strength, followed by the interval of Chengdu, Chongqing, and 14 prefect ure-level cities, and the interval of 14 prefecturelevel cities is the lowest. The main corridors of factor flow are the Chengdu-Chongqing development axis and the Chengdu-Deyang-Mianyang-Leshan urban belt. Under the constraint of the advantage flow, five spatial clusters are formed within the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, including Chengdu-Deyang-Meishan, Chongqing-Guangan, Nanchong-Suining, Neijiang-Zigong-Yibin- Luzhou, and Leshan-Ya’an. Among them, Nanchong-Suining and Neijiang-Zigong-Yibin-Luzhou have the potential to develop into metropolitan areas. Based on the analysis results and existing plans, this paper suggests that Mianyang, Nanchong, and Yibin, which have relatively high centralityin the multi-dimensional element flow network, be cultivated as secondary central cities. While focusing on the development of the Cheng du metropolitan area and the Chongqing metropolitan area, efforts should be made to cultivate the two metropolitan areas of Nanchong-Suining and Neijiang-Zigong-Yibin- Luzhou, promote differentiated and characteristic development of urban gaps such as Mian yang, Ya’an, Leshan, and Dazhou, strengthen the development axis of Yibin-Luzhou-Chongqing along the Yangtze River, and gradually optimize the spatial structure of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, forming a new pattern of coordinated regional development.
With the increasingly perfect transportation and communication facilities and rapid economic development, various factor flows more frequently between cities and form a city network, promoting the analysis of urban dynamic "flow" data to become a new paradigm for regional spatial structure research. Compared with single factor flow, multi-dimensional factor flows can depict the network connection and identify the spatial structure characteristics of the urban agglomeration from a more comprehensive perspective. This paper establishes networks of people flow, logistics flow, information flow, capital flow, technology flow, and comprehensive flow in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration by integrating multi-dimensional geographic flow data such as Baidu Migration, express logistics routes, Baidu Index, headquarters-branches of enterprises, and paper cooperation. By using social network analysis to identify network node characteristics and combining rank-size rules to evaluate the scale structure of the urban system, and using kernel density analysis method to identify the main corridors of multi-dimensional factor flows, and combining advantage flow and density-based spatial Clustering of application with noise clustering analysis to analyze the spatial clustering characteristics of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration. The results show that: In the multi-dimensional factor flow network, the hierarchical differentiation of each node is obvious. Chengdu and Chongqing are the central node cities, with prominent agglomeration and diffusion capabilities of multi-dimensional factor flow, while other cities are generally under developed. The interval between Chongqing and Chengdu has the strongest connection strength, followed by the interval of Chengdu, Chongqing, and 14 prefect ure-level cities, and the interval of 14 prefecturelevel cities is the lowest. The main corridors of factor flow are the Chengdu-Chongqing development axis and the Chengdu-Deyang-Mianyang-Leshan urban belt. Under the constraint of the advantage flow, five spatial clusters are formed within the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, including Chengdu-Deyang-Meishan, Chongqing-Guangan, Nanchong-Suining, Neijiang-Zigong-Yibin- Luzhou, and Leshan-Ya’an. Among them, Nanchong-Suining and Neijiang-Zigong-Yibin-Luzhou have the potential to develop into metropolitan areas. Based on the analysis results and existing plans, this paper suggests that Mianyang, Nanchong, and Yibin, which have relatively high centralityin the multi-dimensional element flow network, be cultivated as secondary central cities. While focusing on the development of the Cheng du metropolitan area and the Chongqing metropolitan area, efforts should be made to cultivate the two metropolitan areas of Nanchong-Suining and Neijiang-Zigong-Yibin- Luzhou, promote differentiated and characteristic development of urban gaps such as Mian yang, Ya’an, Leshan, and Dazhou, strengthen the development axis of Yibin-Luzhou-Chongqing along the Yangtze River, and gradually optimize the spatial structure of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, forming a new pattern of coordinated regional development.
2024(3),21-27
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240304
Abstract:
The rapid development of information technology has profoundly impacted people’s lifestyles, leading to the emergence of virtual spaces. As consumers’ methods for obtaining information about specific goods and services have evolved, the research scope of physical commercial centers has expanded from traditional physical spaces to virtual spaces. This shift has significantly altered the actual services provided by physical commercial centers and the factors influencing consumer travel behavior. Existing studies indicate that electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), as a critical indicator of the popularity of virtual spaces, is closely linked to the built environment. However, the planning of urban commercial centers needs to focus on the characteristics and influencing factors of commercial spaces from a physical space perspective. Existing studies have not yet fully addressed the factors influencing physical commercial centers in the context of the coexistence of virtual and physical spaces. The availability of emerging internet location big data and eWOM data offers the potential to explore how virtual spaces impact physical spaces. By using the results of these two types of big data in correspondence, this study reveals the impact of virtual spaces on consumers' actual consumption and travel behavior at commercial centers, providing new opportunities for investigating the influencing factors of urban commercial centers in the coexistence of virtual and physical spaces. Therefore, this study selected 29 different physical commercial centers in the Main Urban Area of Shanghai as the research objects, with electronic word-of-mouth representing the attributes of virtual space, built environment representing the attributes of physical space, and competitive effectiveness representing the actual utility of the competition of service area of physical commercial centers. The role of eWOM and the built environment on physical commercial centers is explored utilizing internet location big data and eWOM data. It aims to identify the influencing factors of virtual space eWOM and physical space built environment in the service area of commercial centers from a competitive perspective. The competition intensity and effectiveness of commercial centers in the main urban area are first measured using internet location big data, exploring the competitive characteristics of their service areas. Secondly, using electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) data, it extracted two indicators, network composite rating and the quantity of high-quality word-of-mouth, through principalcomponent analysis. These indicators reflect the relationship between the position of commercial centers in the virtual space represented by eWOM and their actual competitive effectiveness, measuring the impact of virtual space on physical commercial centers. Finally, regression analysis is employed to explore the influence of physical space factors such as building scale, land area, diversity of POI (points of interest), POI quantity, the number of subway lines, and the number of parking spaces; and virtual space factors such as network composite rating and the quantity of high-quality word-of-mouth on the competitive effectiveness of commercial centers. It is found that, in the current socio-economic context, the service area of physical commercial centers is influenced by both the built environment of physical spaces and the virtual spaces represented by eWOM. Among the virtual space attributes represented by eWOM, high-quality word-of-mouth focused on stores that receive widespread acclaim. When a commercial center contains several specific stores with numerous positive online reviews and recommendations, the influence on consumer decision-making is more direct and significant. Therefore, among virtual space attributes, the number of highquality word-of-mouth can significantly enhance the competitive effectiveness of a commercial center. In contrast, the overall network composite rating does not have a direct influence. Regarding the built environment attributes of physical spaces, commercial centers with a higher diversity of commercial formats often provide a richer and more convenient selection of services and goods. The number of parking spaces also reflects the quality of service to some extent. Thus, the diversity of commercial formats and the number of parking spaces play important roles among the built environment factors. In contrast, traditional factors such as building scale and land area no longer significantly influence on physical commercial centers. Therefore, to adapt to the current coexistence of virtual and physical commercial spaces, urban planning must further explore the dual effects of virtual and physical space attributes on physical commercial centers, constructing an urban commercial space structure that accommodates the interaction between virtual spaces and physical commercial centers. Additionally, the application of spatiotemporal big data to explore the mutual influence of virtual and physical space attributes supports enhancing the scientific and effective decision-making in urban commercial space planning in the current coexistence of virtual and physical spaces.
The rapid development of information technology has profoundly impacted people’s lifestyles, leading to the emergence of virtual spaces. As consumers’ methods for obtaining information about specific goods and services have evolved, the research scope of physical commercial centers has expanded from traditional physical spaces to virtual spaces. This shift has significantly altered the actual services provided by physical commercial centers and the factors influencing consumer travel behavior. Existing studies indicate that electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), as a critical indicator of the popularity of virtual spaces, is closely linked to the built environment. However, the planning of urban commercial centers needs to focus on the characteristics and influencing factors of commercial spaces from a physical space perspective. Existing studies have not yet fully addressed the factors influencing physical commercial centers in the context of the coexistence of virtual and physical spaces. The availability of emerging internet location big data and eWOM data offers the potential to explore how virtual spaces impact physical spaces. By using the results of these two types of big data in correspondence, this study reveals the impact of virtual spaces on consumers' actual consumption and travel behavior at commercial centers, providing new opportunities for investigating the influencing factors of urban commercial centers in the coexistence of virtual and physical spaces. Therefore, this study selected 29 different physical commercial centers in the Main Urban Area of Shanghai as the research objects, with electronic word-of-mouth representing the attributes of virtual space, built environment representing the attributes of physical space, and competitive effectiveness representing the actual utility of the competition of service area of physical commercial centers. The role of eWOM and the built environment on physical commercial centers is explored utilizing internet location big data and eWOM data. It aims to identify the influencing factors of virtual space eWOM and physical space built environment in the service area of commercial centers from a competitive perspective. The competition intensity and effectiveness of commercial centers in the main urban area are first measured using internet location big data, exploring the competitive characteristics of their service areas. Secondly, using electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) data, it extracted two indicators, network composite rating and the quantity of high-quality word-of-mouth, through principalcomponent analysis. These indicators reflect the relationship between the position of commercial centers in the virtual space represented by eWOM and their actual competitive effectiveness, measuring the impact of virtual space on physical commercial centers. Finally, regression analysis is employed to explore the influence of physical space factors such as building scale, land area, diversity of POI (points of interest), POI quantity, the number of subway lines, and the number of parking spaces; and virtual space factors such as network composite rating and the quantity of high-quality word-of-mouth on the competitive effectiveness of commercial centers. It is found that, in the current socio-economic context, the service area of physical commercial centers is influenced by both the built environment of physical spaces and the virtual spaces represented by eWOM. Among the virtual space attributes represented by eWOM, high-quality word-of-mouth focused on stores that receive widespread acclaim. When a commercial center contains several specific stores with numerous positive online reviews and recommendations, the influence on consumer decision-making is more direct and significant. Therefore, among virtual space attributes, the number of highquality word-of-mouth can significantly enhance the competitive effectiveness of a commercial center. In contrast, the overall network composite rating does not have a direct influence. Regarding the built environment attributes of physical spaces, commercial centers with a higher diversity of commercial formats often provide a richer and more convenient selection of services and goods. The number of parking spaces also reflects the quality of service to some extent. Thus, the diversity of commercial formats and the number of parking spaces play important roles among the built environment factors. In contrast, traditional factors such as building scale and land area no longer significantly influence on physical commercial centers. Therefore, to adapt to the current coexistence of virtual and physical commercial spaces, urban planning must further explore the dual effects of virtual and physical space attributes on physical commercial centers, constructing an urban commercial space structure that accommodates the interaction between virtual spaces and physical commercial centers. Additionally, the application of spatiotemporal big data to explore the mutual influence of virtual and physical space attributes supports enhancing the scientific and effective decision-making in urban commercial space planning in the current coexistence of virtual and physical spaces.
2024(3),28-34
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240305
Abstract:
In recent years, with the rapid advancement of urbanization in China, the expansion and extension of urban spatial scope have led to a significant increase in the number of motor vehicles within cities. Consequently, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy consumption have become increasingly severe challenges faced by large cities. In order to address the challenges posed by rapid urbanization, the construction of rail transit has entered a period of rapid development, and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has gradually become an important form of organizing urban spatial structures in major cities. The TOD model refers to the planning and construction of mixed-use communities within the spatial scope of rail transit stations (i.e., within walking distance of rail transit stations and surrounding core commercial areas), integrating residential, commercial, office, and public activity functions. Traditional TOD development focuses on the functions surrounding individual stations and can be understood from the perspective of “place space”. However, the TOD development approach based solely on the “place space” perspective of individual station areas overlooks the spatial connections of urban rail transit, resulting in lower levels of functional connectivity between station areas. This leads to issues such as inadequate passenger aggregation and convenience of services, uneven distribution of daily passenger flows around rail transit stations, and insufficient passenger sources.Therefore, analyzing the functional structure of urban rail transit systems is crucial for establishing urban spatial structures centered around rail transit. This aids in optimizing urban spatial layout, promoting the integration of transportation and land use, and thereby driving sustainable urban development. Currently, with the rise of urban spatiotemporal big data research, we have access to smart card data from rail transit systems. This data records the entry and exit swipe times and station information for each rail transit passenger, offering advantages such as large sample size, high precision, and detailed spatiotemporal information. Utilizing smart card swipe data, it can not only statistically analyze the hourly passenger flow time series for each rail transit station, characterizing the “place space” of rail transit station areas, but also track the spatiotemporal connections of passengers boarding and alighting between stations, establishing passenger origin-destination (OD) relationships between stations, thus representing the spatial interaction “flow space” of rail transit station areas. The similarity of passenger flow time series between stations can be used to classify and infer the functional attributes of station areas, while passenger flow connections betweenstations are important reflections of spatial interaction relationships between station areas. The functional attributes and spatial interactions of rail transit station areas enable the formation of hierarchical functional structures among TODs with different characteristics. Therefore, integrating the perspectives of “place space” and “flow space” to analyze the hierarchical functional structure characteristics of urban rail transit systems has become a key issue in the planning and development of urban rail transit. This study proposes a hierarchical functional structure analysis method termed “station area-station clusterstation group”, utilizing traffic card data and emphasizing the functional similarity and adjacency of rail transit station areas. Using the Shanghai rail transit system as an example, the research methodology includes: (1) constructing continuous passenger flow time series to represent the land use functions of individual station areas and classifying station area functional types based on time series characteristics; (2) delineating adjacent station areas with similar travel patterns and land use functions as station clusters; (3) employing community detection algorithms to analyze passenger flow interaction networks between station clusters and identify station groups. The research findings indicate that this method integrates perspectives from both spatial and flow space, which is significant for understanding the functional structure characteristics of large-scale urban rail transit systems and providing multi-level spatial optimization recommendations for their development. Based on the functional attributes of urban station areas and the spatial interaction between them, this paper proposes a hierarchical analysis of the functional structure of rail transit systems, termed “station-site-group”. This provides a new approach and method for the hierarchical and systematic analysis of the functional structure of urban rail transit systems. The research methodology facilitates the transition of TOD planning from “individual station area planning” to “station group integrated planning”, effectively enhancing the integration level of urban rail transit and land use development.
In recent years, with the rapid advancement of urbanization in China, the expansion and extension of urban spatial scope have led to a significant increase in the number of motor vehicles within cities. Consequently, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy consumption have become increasingly severe challenges faced by large cities. In order to address the challenges posed by rapid urbanization, the construction of rail transit has entered a period of rapid development, and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has gradually become an important form of organizing urban spatial structures in major cities. The TOD model refers to the planning and construction of mixed-use communities within the spatial scope of rail transit stations (i.e., within walking distance of rail transit stations and surrounding core commercial areas), integrating residential, commercial, office, and public activity functions. Traditional TOD development focuses on the functions surrounding individual stations and can be understood from the perspective of “place space”. However, the TOD development approach based solely on the “place space” perspective of individual station areas overlooks the spatial connections of urban rail transit, resulting in lower levels of functional connectivity between station areas. This leads to issues such as inadequate passenger aggregation and convenience of services, uneven distribution of daily passenger flows around rail transit stations, and insufficient passenger sources.Therefore, analyzing the functional structure of urban rail transit systems is crucial for establishing urban spatial structures centered around rail transit. This aids in optimizing urban spatial layout, promoting the integration of transportation and land use, and thereby driving sustainable urban development. Currently, with the rise of urban spatiotemporal big data research, we have access to smart card data from rail transit systems. This data records the entry and exit swipe times and station information for each rail transit passenger, offering advantages such as large sample size, high precision, and detailed spatiotemporal information. Utilizing smart card swipe data, it can not only statistically analyze the hourly passenger flow time series for each rail transit station, characterizing the “place space” of rail transit station areas, but also track the spatiotemporal connections of passengers boarding and alighting between stations, establishing passenger origin-destination (OD) relationships between stations, thus representing the spatial interaction “flow space” of rail transit station areas. The similarity of passenger flow time series between stations can be used to classify and infer the functional attributes of station areas, while passenger flow connections betweenstations are important reflections of spatial interaction relationships between station areas. The functional attributes and spatial interactions of rail transit station areas enable the formation of hierarchical functional structures among TODs with different characteristics. Therefore, integrating the perspectives of “place space” and “flow space” to analyze the hierarchical functional structure characteristics of urban rail transit systems has become a key issue in the planning and development of urban rail transit. This study proposes a hierarchical functional structure analysis method termed “station area-station clusterstation group”, utilizing traffic card data and emphasizing the functional similarity and adjacency of rail transit station areas. Using the Shanghai rail transit system as an example, the research methodology includes: (1) constructing continuous passenger flow time series to represent the land use functions of individual station areas and classifying station area functional types based on time series characteristics; (2) delineating adjacent station areas with similar travel patterns and land use functions as station clusters; (3) employing community detection algorithms to analyze passenger flow interaction networks between station clusters and identify station groups. The research findings indicate that this method integrates perspectives from both spatial and flow space, which is significant for understanding the functional structure characteristics of large-scale urban rail transit systems and providing multi-level spatial optimization recommendations for their development. Based on the functional attributes of urban station areas and the spatial interaction between them, this paper proposes a hierarchical analysis of the functional structure of rail transit systems, termed “station-site-group”. This provides a new approach and method for the hierarchical and systematic analysis of the functional structure of urban rail transit systems. The research methodology facilitates the transition of TOD planning from “individual station area planning” to “station group integrated planning”, effectively enhancing the integration level of urban rail transit and land use development.
2024(3),35-42
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240306
Abstract:
T he u rban c heckup, a s a c omprehensive a ssessment t ool f or u rban d evelopment and planning, has become increasingly significant in the context of urban renewal and refined governance. However, the limitations of current urban checkup methodologies are becoming increasingly evident. The primary issues include a lack of people orientation in the top-down analysis, which leads to a limited quantity and quality of indicators, as well as insufficient spatial and temporal accuracy. Additionally, the conventional static analysis methods are not equipped to handle the dynamic, standardized, and interactive demands of the digital era. To tackle these challenges, this study presents a dual-pronged approach. Firstly, it expands upon the urban checkup indicator system established by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development in 2022. Utilizing multi-source spatio-temporal big data, the study enhances the existing system with a people-oriented perspective, thereby improving the spatial and temporal precision of the indicators to better align with the urban checkup’s people orientation requirements. The integration of new data sources such as Location-Based Services (LBS), user profiles, Points of Interest (PoIs), and built environment data allows for a more nuanced understanding of urban characteristics and citizen needs. Secondly, the study introduces a digitized urban checkup Software as a Service (SaaS) cloud platform. This platform is designed to fulfill the needs for dynamic monitoring, standard calibration, and real-time interaction, thereby facilitating innovation in urban checkup methodologies across perspectives, technologies, and governance approaches. Initially, the platform leverages dynamic Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to access a vast array of spatial-temporal behavioral and built environment data in real-time. This enables continuous and dynamic monitoring of urban conditions, addressing the limitations of static analysis and manual data collection. Meantime, the SaaS cloud platform integrates the standardization of urban checkup calculations through the development of automated and standardized indicator operators. These operators unify the calculation methods, units, and evaluation criteria across different cities, enhancing the comparability and interpretability of the results. The platform supports a comprehensive range of analyses, from facility accessibility assessments to space quality evaluations, all while maintaining a standardized framework that allows for regional customization. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of real-time interaction through the SaaS cloud platform. This approach transforms the static nature of traditional urban checkups into a dynamic and interactive process. Users can customize their analysis scopes, select different time periods, adjust indicator weights, and generatetailored urban checkup reports that reflect the unique characteristics and developmental goals of their regions. To demonstrate the application of this platform, a case study of a district in Xuhui Riverside is presented. The case study showcases how the platform can be utilized to assess a variety of indicators across different spatial scales, from neighborhoods to individual buildings. The platform’s ability to analyze real-time data provides a granular understanding of urban conditions, enabling decision-makers and planners to identify areas for improvement and develop targeted strategies for urban governance. The study concludes by highlighting the theoretical, technological, and governance innovations brought about by the digitized urban checkup approach. The people-oriented expansion and optimization of the urban checkup indicator system represent a significant theoretical advancement. Technologically, the study harnesses the power of big data and digital technologies to enhance the human-centric aspects of urban checkups. Governance-wise, the digitized platform offers a standardized yet flexible framework that can accommodate diverse urban contexts and needs. In summary, this study offers a novel approach to digitized urban checkups under the people-oriented city concept. It represents a beneficial attempt by digital technology to promote paradigm innovation in urban checkups, providing a valuable contribution to the field of urban planning and governance. The digitized urban checkup platform developed in this study stands as a testament to the potential of digital tools in enhancing the human-centric nature of urban assessments and fostering more effective and responsive urban management practices.
T he u rban c heckup, a s a c omprehensive a ssessment t ool f or u rban d evelopment and planning, has become increasingly significant in the context of urban renewal and refined governance. However, the limitations of current urban checkup methodologies are becoming increasingly evident. The primary issues include a lack of people orientation in the top-down analysis, which leads to a limited quantity and quality of indicators, as well as insufficient spatial and temporal accuracy. Additionally, the conventional static analysis methods are not equipped to handle the dynamic, standardized, and interactive demands of the digital era. To tackle these challenges, this study presents a dual-pronged approach. Firstly, it expands upon the urban checkup indicator system established by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development in 2022. Utilizing multi-source spatio-temporal big data, the study enhances the existing system with a people-oriented perspective, thereby improving the spatial and temporal precision of the indicators to better align with the urban checkup’s people orientation requirements. The integration of new data sources such as Location-Based Services (LBS), user profiles, Points of Interest (PoIs), and built environment data allows for a more nuanced understanding of urban characteristics and citizen needs. Secondly, the study introduces a digitized urban checkup Software as a Service (SaaS) cloud platform. This platform is designed to fulfill the needs for dynamic monitoring, standard calibration, and real-time interaction, thereby facilitating innovation in urban checkup methodologies across perspectives, technologies, and governance approaches. Initially, the platform leverages dynamic Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to access a vast array of spatial-temporal behavioral and built environment data in real-time. This enables continuous and dynamic monitoring of urban conditions, addressing the limitations of static analysis and manual data collection. Meantime, the SaaS cloud platform integrates the standardization of urban checkup calculations through the development of automated and standardized indicator operators. These operators unify the calculation methods, units, and evaluation criteria across different cities, enhancing the comparability and interpretability of the results. The platform supports a comprehensive range of analyses, from facility accessibility assessments to space quality evaluations, all while maintaining a standardized framework that allows for regional customization. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of real-time interaction through the SaaS cloud platform. This approach transforms the static nature of traditional urban checkups into a dynamic and interactive process. Users can customize their analysis scopes, select different time periods, adjust indicator weights, and generatetailored urban checkup reports that reflect the unique characteristics and developmental goals of their regions. To demonstrate the application of this platform, a case study of a district in Xuhui Riverside is presented. The case study showcases how the platform can be utilized to assess a variety of indicators across different spatial scales, from neighborhoods to individual buildings. The platform’s ability to analyze real-time data provides a granular understanding of urban conditions, enabling decision-makers and planners to identify areas for improvement and develop targeted strategies for urban governance. The study concludes by highlighting the theoretical, technological, and governance innovations brought about by the digitized urban checkup approach. The people-oriented expansion and optimization of the urban checkup indicator system represent a significant theoretical advancement. Technologically, the study harnesses the power of big data and digital technologies to enhance the human-centric aspects of urban checkups. Governance-wise, the digitized platform offers a standardized yet flexible framework that can accommodate diverse urban contexts and needs. In summary, this study offers a novel approach to digitized urban checkups under the people-oriented city concept. It represents a beneficial attempt by digital technology to promote paradigm innovation in urban checkups, providing a valuable contribution to the field of urban planning and governance. The digitized urban checkup platform developed in this study stands as a testament to the potential of digital tools in enhancing the human-centric nature of urban assessments and fostering more effective and responsive urban management practices.
2024(3),43-48
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240307
Abstract:
Health impact assessment can elucidate the potential health impacts of changes in the urban built environment, providing a framework for predicting the health benefits of urban development, planning schemes, and projects. Health impact assessment can be incorporated into the compilation and review processes of urban planning to assess and forecast the potential health benefits of these plans and projects. This paper systematically analyzes the challenges and difficulties faced by the theory, methods, and practice of health impact assessment in China. In conjunction with the characteristics of urban planning in China, it constructs a theoretical framework for health impact assessment oriented towards urban planning. This framework clarifies the content system, technical process, model system, and working methods of health impact assessment to provide theoretical, methodological, and mechanistic guidance for the comprehensive integration of health impact assessment into urban planning. Currently, health impact assessment in urban planning faces challenges such as unclear content systems, ambiguous technical processes, unestablished model systems, and lack of working methods, which hinder the full integration of health impact assessment into urban planning. Specifically, urban planning involves the coordinated arrangement of multiple spatial scales and elements, but the content system for conducting health impact assessment in this context has yet to be established, and the assessment elements and their pathways need to be clarified. Although existing health impact assessment projects generally follow the WHO’s “screening, scoping, impact assessment, and recommendations” process, the choice of assessment models is often based on project characteristics, data availability, and budget constraints. This reduces the generality of assessment models, the standardization of the assessment process, and the comparability of assessment results. Moreover, key technical aspects of “scoping” and “conducting the assessment” in this process remain vague, limiting their practical guidance. Internationally, the models used in health impact assessment are dispersed across urban planning, environmental science, and medicine, showing strong heterogeneity. Due to the lack of a unified model system, the principles for selecting health impact assessment models and directions for future optimization are unclear. Lastly, although health impact assessment is advocated as part of urban planning scheme formulation, its high demands for objectivity and professionalism mean it is mostly conducted by independent teams and often intervenes only after the planning scheme is formed, serving primarily to verify the planning scheme. In response to these issues and challenges, this paper constructs a theoretical framework for health impact assessment in urban planning, systematically clarifying the content system, technical process, model system, and working methods for health impact assessment. The content system aims to clarify the elements and pathways of health impact assessment and can be carried out from three aspects: health risk control impact assessment, health resource support guarantee assessment, and health behavior promotion benefit assessment. The technical process aims to clarify the specific steps and technical points for conducting a health impact assessment from a practical perspective, including five steps: determining the reference object, defining the assessment scope, constructing the assessment framework, selecting the assessment methods, and conducting the assessment. The model system aims to clarify the models that can be used in health impact assessment and the relationships between models. It consists of coremodels, related models, and peripheral models, which can be used to calculate the changes in health risk factors or health outcome indicators corresponding to changes in each planning element indicator. The working methods aim to clarify the mechanism for integrating health impact assessment into planning compilation, where planning compilation teams and health impact assessment teams can collaboratively promote the "whole process" integration of health impact assessment into planning. The relationships between these parts are as follows: the content system is determined based on existing healthy urban planning theoretical models; the technical process and model system are determined based on the content system, with health impact assessment models being the most critical part of the technical process; the working methods clarify the implementation path for integrating health impact assessment into urban planning from a mechanistic perspective. To enhance the reliability of health impact assessments in the future and to expand their application in urban planning, there are three key points to consider. First, it continues to deepen empirical research on the effects of the built environment on health outcomes, providing a stronger evidence base for healthy city planning interventions and health impact assessments. Second, it continuously develops and optimizes models to improve the suitability and usability of health impact assessment models within China’s planning system. Finally, it promotes the legalization of health impact assessments, establishing them as a mandatory component within the planning and development process at the institutional level.
Health impact assessment can elucidate the potential health impacts of changes in the urban built environment, providing a framework for predicting the health benefits of urban development, planning schemes, and projects. Health impact assessment can be incorporated into the compilation and review processes of urban planning to assess and forecast the potential health benefits of these plans and projects. This paper systematically analyzes the challenges and difficulties faced by the theory, methods, and practice of health impact assessment in China. In conjunction with the characteristics of urban planning in China, it constructs a theoretical framework for health impact assessment oriented towards urban planning. This framework clarifies the content system, technical process, model system, and working methods of health impact assessment to provide theoretical, methodological, and mechanistic guidance for the comprehensive integration of health impact assessment into urban planning. Currently, health impact assessment in urban planning faces challenges such as unclear content systems, ambiguous technical processes, unestablished model systems, and lack of working methods, which hinder the full integration of health impact assessment into urban planning. Specifically, urban planning involves the coordinated arrangement of multiple spatial scales and elements, but the content system for conducting health impact assessment in this context has yet to be established, and the assessment elements and their pathways need to be clarified. Although existing health impact assessment projects generally follow the WHO’s “screening, scoping, impact assessment, and recommendations” process, the choice of assessment models is often based on project characteristics, data availability, and budget constraints. This reduces the generality of assessment models, the standardization of the assessment process, and the comparability of assessment results. Moreover, key technical aspects of “scoping” and “conducting the assessment” in this process remain vague, limiting their practical guidance. Internationally, the models used in health impact assessment are dispersed across urban planning, environmental science, and medicine, showing strong heterogeneity. Due to the lack of a unified model system, the principles for selecting health impact assessment models and directions for future optimization are unclear. Lastly, although health impact assessment is advocated as part of urban planning scheme formulation, its high demands for objectivity and professionalism mean it is mostly conducted by independent teams and often intervenes only after the planning scheme is formed, serving primarily to verify the planning scheme. In response to these issues and challenges, this paper constructs a theoretical framework for health impact assessment in urban planning, systematically clarifying the content system, technical process, model system, and working methods for health impact assessment. The content system aims to clarify the elements and pathways of health impact assessment and can be carried out from three aspects: health risk control impact assessment, health resource support guarantee assessment, and health behavior promotion benefit assessment. The technical process aims to clarify the specific steps and technical points for conducting a health impact assessment from a practical perspective, including five steps: determining the reference object, defining the assessment scope, constructing the assessment framework, selecting the assessment methods, and conducting the assessment. The model system aims to clarify the models that can be used in health impact assessment and the relationships between models. It consists of coremodels, related models, and peripheral models, which can be used to calculate the changes in health risk factors or health outcome indicators corresponding to changes in each planning element indicator. The working methods aim to clarify the mechanism for integrating health impact assessment into planning compilation, where planning compilation teams and health impact assessment teams can collaboratively promote the "whole process" integration of health impact assessment into planning. The relationships between these parts are as follows: the content system is determined based on existing healthy urban planning theoretical models; the technical process and model system are determined based on the content system, with health impact assessment models being the most critical part of the technical process; the working methods clarify the implementation path for integrating health impact assessment into urban planning from a mechanistic perspective. To enhance the reliability of health impact assessments in the future and to expand their application in urban planning, there are three key points to consider. First, it continues to deepen empirical research on the effects of the built environment on health outcomes, providing a stronger evidence base for healthy city planning interventions and health impact assessments. Second, it continuously develops and optimizes models to improve the suitability and usability of health impact assessment models within China’s planning system. Finally, it promotes the legalization of health impact assessments, establishing them as a mandatory component within the planning and development process at the institutional level.
2024(3),49-57
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240308
Abstract:
Content and dimensions of the concept of public health are one of the most critical and fundamental issues of urban planning and design discipline for overall economic and social development in modern cities. The COVID-19 outbreak has profound ramifications for multiple dimensions, ranging from the spatial-temporal features of human settlement in urban and rural areas, to the mode of producing and living style of the public, such as physical activity, mobility, as well as health disparities. These led to a rethink of structure and function of the built environment, and in this process, discussions on how to intervene the urban health problems for cities in China and overseas have been sharply concerned again since the First Industrial Revolution. Therefore, contribution of landscape architecture in the relationship between natural environment and public health has been encouraged to transform from the previous “passive intervention” approaches that focuses on the prevention and control of environmental pollution and human disease, to the “active promotion” approaches aimed at creating healthy supportive environment and achieving equity and justice. However, the distinctions of these approaches have not been clarified enough in current industry practices. Such a clarification would help to strengthen landscape strategies in the global plan of action on public health, and to deliver sound health outcomes for human society. To address this gap, this paper proposes a theoretical framework based on the “theory of expanded, extended and enhanced opportunities” (TEO), a conceptual model used for health behavior interventions in public health research field. In this framework, there is a complex interplay between various elements of the city system that highlights the harmonious existence of the man and the nature as well as the society. In order to better realize this intergrowth, we firstly demonstrate that a research paradigm with the goals of “health performance” and “health equity” is the core subject of the active promotion approaches. Health performance focuses on the material surroundings, which describes health benefits from various axes of physical, mental as well as social aspects. And health equity focuses on the immaterial environment, which presents the social reflection of health disparities and long-term development of health and well-being among different social groups. Then three key pathways are concluded. The first pathway is to expand the positive impact of natural exposure, as different types of natural environment (i.e., green space and blue space) have showed potential to facilitate different health-related behaviors (e.g., physical activity, stress reduction, social contact, etc.). In this line, national park system and urban green space system planning can actively respond to the emerging health needs of the public through structural optimization and functional reorganization with a perspective to the combination of multiple spatial scales, and that elaborate the natural exposure assessment with indicators of accessibility, availability and visibility. Notably, visibility is rated as an important motivation to increase opportunity of natural exposure for people, which provides a solution for the dilemma in metropolitan cities and high densities that vertical greening and roof garden are demanding coping strategies to ease the shortage of green space, and prospectively mitigate mental and psychological challenges in difficult working conditions. The second pathway is to enhance the perceptions of environmental experience, as high level of spatial quality has presented more potentials to strengthen cognitive emotions and autonomy of individual,
Content and dimensions of the concept of public health are one of the most critical and fundamental issues of urban planning and design discipline for overall economic and social development in modern cities. The COVID-19 outbreak has profound ramifications for multiple dimensions, ranging from the spatial-temporal features of human settlement in urban and rural areas, to the mode of producing and living style of the public, such as physical activity, mobility, as well as health disparities. These led to a rethink of structure and function of the built environment, and in this process, discussions on how to intervene the urban health problems for cities in China and overseas have been sharply concerned again since the First Industrial Revolution. Therefore, contribution of landscape architecture in the relationship between natural environment and public health has been encouraged to transform from the previous “passive intervention” approaches that focuses on the prevention and control of environmental pollution and human disease, to the “active promotion” approaches aimed at creating healthy supportive environment and achieving equity and justice. However, the distinctions of these approaches have not been clarified enough in current industry practices. Such a clarification would help to strengthen landscape strategies in the global plan of action on public health, and to deliver sound health outcomes for human society. To address this gap, this paper proposes a theoretical framework based on the “theory of expanded, extended and enhanced opportunities” (TEO), a conceptual model used for health behavior interventions in public health research field. In this framework, there is a complex interplay between various elements of the city system that highlights the harmonious existence of the man and the nature as well as the society. In order to better realize this intergrowth, we firstly demonstrate that a research paradigm with the goals of “health performance” and “health equity” is the core subject of the active promotion approaches. Health performance focuses on the material surroundings, which describes health benefits from various axes of physical, mental as well as social aspects. And health equity focuses on the immaterial environment, which presents the social reflection of health disparities and long-term development of health and well-being among different social groups. Then three key pathways are concluded. The first pathway is to expand the positive impact of natural exposure, as different types of natural environment (i.e., green space and blue space) have showed potential to facilitate different health-related behaviors (e.g., physical activity, stress reduction, social contact, etc.). In this line, national park system and urban green space system planning can actively respond to the emerging health needs of the public through structural optimization and functional reorganization with a perspective to the combination of multiple spatial scales, and that elaborate the natural exposure assessment with indicators of accessibility, availability and visibility. Notably, visibility is rated as an important motivation to increase opportunity of natural exposure for people, which provides a solution for the dilemma in metropolitan cities and high densities that vertical greening and roof garden are demanding coping strategies to ease the shortage of green space, and prospectively mitigate mental and psychological challenges in difficult working conditions. The second pathway is to enhance the perceptions of environmental experience, as high level of spatial quality has presented more potentials to strengthen cognitive emotions and autonomy of individual,
2024(3),58-64
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240309
Abstract:
Community greenway is an important part of grass-roots public health unit. From the actual construction, the current community greenway has not fully integrated green space and facility resources, resulting in an imbalance of connectivity and continuity, and insufficient connection with the upper-level greenway. There is also the problem of lack of green space landscape construction, which together lead to poor perception and experience of residents. After the construction of community greenway, the actual participation and utilization rate of community greenway are not high, resulting in the actual benefit of community greenway to public health. From the perspective of theoretical research, the traditional research is only limited to the perspective of community interior, and discusses the potential of community greenway construction and route selection planning methods with relatively single goals, which is still insufficient in terms of systematical and comprehensive. This paper starts with the interpretation of the relationship between public health and community greenway, and summarizes the development vein of community greenway. Community greenway has experienced three stages, from the parkway connecting park green space and community, to the slow way dealing with the relationship between pedestrian and afforestation, and to the greenway network strengthening its own community functionality. Public health is the core utility and value representation of community greenway. On the one hand, from the perspective of functional utility, community greenway plays the role of healthy environment, healthy life, healthy hygiene, healthy activities, healthy transportation, health services, health facilities and healthy society; on the other hand, from the perspective of value representation, the development and evolution process of community greenway reflects the value shift of public health in the regulation object, supply mode, service mode and space carrier. Community greenway is an important way and means to realize public health. Community greenway plays a positive role in health during the epidemic period. In normal times, community greenways can effectively improve the ecological environment, create a landscape environment, and provide activity space, so as to meet the public health needs of residents in physical, psychological and social dimensions, and promote the development of healthy lifestyle of residents. In the epidemic period, community greenway can effectively provide safe communication channels, effective ventilation corridors, and moderate social communication space, so as to exert public health effects such as controlling the source of infection, cutting off the transmission route, and easing residents' visual and psychological pressure. From the perspective of public health, community greenway has three characteristics: a community communication and recreation place for gathering people, a community living circle contact channelfor providing convenient services, and a community green infrastructure for creating a comfortable environment. In the post-epidemic context, this study focuses on the selection of community greenways, defines the characteristics of community greenways from the perspective of public health, and takes the downtown area of Suzhou as a case area to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of community greenway travel activity, destination potential, carrier suitability, in order to fully explore the community greenway route selection and plan to promote the comprehensive improvement of “physiological-psychological-social” health. Firstly, Baidu thermal node maps of different time periods and the superposition of thermal track maps of walking and cycling were used to analyze the community travel activity, and nodes and paths with high vitality were selected as the primary selection scheme for greenway route selection. Then, POI data of community service facilities is used to analyze the potential of community travel destinations, and high-potential nodes and high-vitality nodes are selected for superposition analysis, and unselected nodes with great potential are extracted as supplements to optimize the nodes that need to be connected in greenway route selection. Finally, the greenway carrier space suitability evaluation model was used to analyze the community travel environment comfort, and the unselected paths with great construction potential were extracted as a supplement to optimize the path scheme of greenway route selection. Then, through the optimization and classification of nodes and paths, the final plan of public healthoriented greenway selection was formed. According to the statistical results of greenway in each district, the fluctuation of greenway network density is small, which indicates that the greenway route selection scheme has good rationality and balance. The fluctuation range of importance greenway network density is slightly larger than the overall fluctuation range, and the change of the sequence of industrial park and Wuzhong district is obvious, indicating that the greenway route selection in industrial park covers more dynamic and potential link nodes, and the efficiency is higher. From the overall density of nodes, the urban area built earlier has a relatively good community travel activity. Although the node density of the new city industrial park is the lowest, the number of nodes is the largest, showing a strong level of facilities and service capabilities, and great potential for future development. By exploring the community greenway route selection from the perspective of public health in downtown Suzhou, this study is expected to provide theoretical and practical reference for the space mining and planning of community greenway route selection in other cities.
Community greenway is an important part of grass-roots public health unit. From the actual construction, the current community greenway has not fully integrated green space and facility resources, resulting in an imbalance of connectivity and continuity, and insufficient connection with the upper-level greenway. There is also the problem of lack of green space landscape construction, which together lead to poor perception and experience of residents. After the construction of community greenway, the actual participation and utilization rate of community greenway are not high, resulting in the actual benefit of community greenway to public health. From the perspective of theoretical research, the traditional research is only limited to the perspective of community interior, and discusses the potential of community greenway construction and route selection planning methods with relatively single goals, which is still insufficient in terms of systematical and comprehensive. This paper starts with the interpretation of the relationship between public health and community greenway, and summarizes the development vein of community greenway. Community greenway has experienced three stages, from the parkway connecting park green space and community, to the slow way dealing with the relationship between pedestrian and afforestation, and to the greenway network strengthening its own community functionality. Public health is the core utility and value representation of community greenway. On the one hand, from the perspective of functional utility, community greenway plays the role of healthy environment, healthy life, healthy hygiene, healthy activities, healthy transportation, health services, health facilities and healthy society; on the other hand, from the perspective of value representation, the development and evolution process of community greenway reflects the value shift of public health in the regulation object, supply mode, service mode and space carrier. Community greenway is an important way and means to realize public health. Community greenway plays a positive role in health during the epidemic period. In normal times, community greenways can effectively improve the ecological environment, create a landscape environment, and provide activity space, so as to meet the public health needs of residents in physical, psychological and social dimensions, and promote the development of healthy lifestyle of residents. In the epidemic period, community greenway can effectively provide safe communication channels, effective ventilation corridors, and moderate social communication space, so as to exert public health effects such as controlling the source of infection, cutting off the transmission route, and easing residents' visual and psychological pressure. From the perspective of public health, community greenway has three characteristics: a community communication and recreation place for gathering people, a community living circle contact channelfor providing convenient services, and a community green infrastructure for creating a comfortable environment. In the post-epidemic context, this study focuses on the selection of community greenways, defines the characteristics of community greenways from the perspective of public health, and takes the downtown area of Suzhou as a case area to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of community greenway travel activity, destination potential, carrier suitability, in order to fully explore the community greenway route selection and plan to promote the comprehensive improvement of “physiological-psychological-social” health. Firstly, Baidu thermal node maps of different time periods and the superposition of thermal track maps of walking and cycling were used to analyze the community travel activity, and nodes and paths with high vitality were selected as the primary selection scheme for greenway route selection. Then, POI data of community service facilities is used to analyze the potential of community travel destinations, and high-potential nodes and high-vitality nodes are selected for superposition analysis, and unselected nodes with great potential are extracted as supplements to optimize the nodes that need to be connected in greenway route selection. Finally, the greenway carrier space suitability evaluation model was used to analyze the community travel environment comfort, and the unselected paths with great construction potential were extracted as a supplement to optimize the path scheme of greenway route selection. Then, through the optimization and classification of nodes and paths, the final plan of public healthoriented greenway selection was formed. According to the statistical results of greenway in each district, the fluctuation of greenway network density is small, which indicates that the greenway route selection scheme has good rationality and balance. The fluctuation range of importance greenway network density is slightly larger than the overall fluctuation range, and the change of the sequence of industrial park and Wuzhong district is obvious, indicating that the greenway route selection in industrial park covers more dynamic and potential link nodes, and the efficiency is higher. From the overall density of nodes, the urban area built earlier has a relatively good community travel activity. Although the node density of the new city industrial park is the lowest, the number of nodes is the largest, showing a strong level of facilities and service capabilities, and great potential for future development. By exploring the community greenway route selection from the perspective of public health in downtown Suzhou, this study is expected to provide theoretical and practical reference for the space mining and planning of community greenway route selection in other cities.
2024(3),65-73
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240310
Abstract:
The conservation and management of urban trees is the key content of urban greening. In this paper, Singapore’s urban tree conservation and management model is summarized as a “comprehensive management” model that runs through the whole life cycle of urban trees, the daily management of trees and the whole process of project development, with the government leading the market participation, and based on the principles of “four governance”, including rule of law, fine governance, people’s governance and intelligent governance, with complex adaptability and high efficiency. The conservation and management of urban trees benefit from the early support of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, and the long-term clear vision of green space, urban greening development strategies at various stages, and the strategic guidance of tree conservation and management goals. In addition, under the overall management of the National Parks Board, a semi-official agency with legislative and enforcement functions, the management structure of multiple public sectors is coordinated, and the private sector provides innovative services and assumes service responsibilities in a fully competitive choice in the market. In terms of legal conservation, Singapore stipulates the relevant management regulations for trees such as Tree Conservation Areas, Heritage Way Green Buffer, Heritage Tree, Vacant Land and Roadside Greenery. The space for the growth of trees is reserved for the medium and long-term development of the city through urban planning and control at all levels. Conservation management of trees during the most critical project development processes is achieved through Development Control(DC), Building Plan(BP) and Certification of Statutory Completion(CSC). In terms of the conservation of the talent practice system, the international certification system for arborist has been established. Certified Arborist plays the role of “tree doctor”, working throughout the whole process from the requirements, decision-making and evaluation feedback of tree management, responsible for tree identification, tree inspection, diagnosis, conservation and construction supervision. In the delicacy daily management of trees, it reflects the specialization of tree planting and transplantation, daily management, safety management, health management and the application of digital technology. Since 1990, Nparks has established a tree information registry system, in which each newly planted tree under its management has a separate identity code and a record. Different trees are managed according to their importance, focusing on trees that are more than 15 years old. The timely updating of information system data into professional judgment provides an important premise for monitoring, preventing and eliminating all kinds of dangerous situations and coordinating the spatial contradictions of urban development. The adoption of safety equipment and practice standards, including soil, species selection, infrastructure, tree planting techniques and improvements in high-tech technology help to improve tree planting programs and optimize tree life cycle management. Intensive investment in innovative technology research and development drives increasingly refined tree management. In terms of urban tree information management system support, Singapore has built a smart and efficient tree management module based on the park green space management system platform, and a tree module of the public service platform public website, tree network and mobile application client. Nparks relies on OneMap’s digital information management platform Maven to establish apark green space management system, which allows different organizations to share and review the planning and design of different projects in the same area, forming a working mechanism for management collaboration and efficient processing of tree management information. Nparks public website https:// www.nparks.gov.sg/ through propaganda and natural urban development philosophy and implementation strategy, provide heritage tree and nomination, information available to the public for reading query and interactive; The Singapore Tree Network https://www.Trees.sg/ was officially launched to the public in March 2018, marking the advent of an era of in-depth participation and interactive sharing of trees. In terms of diversified social management and public participation mechanisms, Singapore has established an institutional management system led by registered charities and institutions of public nature (IPC) Garden City Foundation. The One Million Trees Movement, launched in 2020, will mobilize efforts to add one million trees to Singapore over the next decade. Singapore emphasizes that public ecological education, with particular emphasis on cultivating the ecological awareness of the next generation, encourages community nurseries, students and youth groups such as Youth@SGNature to participate extensively in the cultivation of local trees and planting activities, and creates diverse ways to develop the management skills of natural city youth. By comparing the difference of urban tree management system between China and Singapore, it is concluded that there is insufficient awareness of overall tree protection management in China. There is lack of technical standard control for tree planting and environmental space management in implementation, and lack of professional and technical personnel services in line with international standards. Daily maintenance management, advanced technology application and talent team construction need to be improved. There is also lack of unified data platform and intelligent management system wide application. It’s insufficient participation in public management. Finally, the paper summarizes the full text and proposes that China’s tree conservation and management work will also move towards the direction of “comprehensive management” of linkage and coordination in the future, and draws on the experience of Singapore to put forward “governance” strategies and suggestions for the protection and management of urban trees in China, including strategic objectives, legal guarantee, systematic management, professional construction, intelligent support and diversified public participation.
The conservation and management of urban trees is the key content of urban greening. In this paper, Singapore’s urban tree conservation and management model is summarized as a “comprehensive management” model that runs through the whole life cycle of urban trees, the daily management of trees and the whole process of project development, with the government leading the market participation, and based on the principles of “four governance”, including rule of law, fine governance, people’s governance and intelligent governance, with complex adaptability and high efficiency. The conservation and management of urban trees benefit from the early support of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, and the long-term clear vision of green space, urban greening development strategies at various stages, and the strategic guidance of tree conservation and management goals. In addition, under the overall management of the National Parks Board, a semi-official agency with legislative and enforcement functions, the management structure of multiple public sectors is coordinated, and the private sector provides innovative services and assumes service responsibilities in a fully competitive choice in the market. In terms of legal conservation, Singapore stipulates the relevant management regulations for trees such as Tree Conservation Areas, Heritage Way Green Buffer, Heritage Tree, Vacant Land and Roadside Greenery. The space for the growth of trees is reserved for the medium and long-term development of the city through urban planning and control at all levels. Conservation management of trees during the most critical project development processes is achieved through Development Control(DC), Building Plan(BP) and Certification of Statutory Completion(CSC). In terms of the conservation of the talent practice system, the international certification system for arborist has been established. Certified Arborist plays the role of “tree doctor”, working throughout the whole process from the requirements, decision-making and evaluation feedback of tree management, responsible for tree identification, tree inspection, diagnosis, conservation and construction supervision. In the delicacy daily management of trees, it reflects the specialization of tree planting and transplantation, daily management, safety management, health management and the application of digital technology. Since 1990, Nparks has established a tree information registry system, in which each newly planted tree under its management has a separate identity code and a record. Different trees are managed according to their importance, focusing on trees that are more than 15 years old. The timely updating of information system data into professional judgment provides an important premise for monitoring, preventing and eliminating all kinds of dangerous situations and coordinating the spatial contradictions of urban development. The adoption of safety equipment and practice standards, including soil, species selection, infrastructure, tree planting techniques and improvements in high-tech technology help to improve tree planting programs and optimize tree life cycle management. Intensive investment in innovative technology research and development drives increasingly refined tree management. In terms of urban tree information management system support, Singapore has built a smart and efficient tree management module based on the park green space management system platform, and a tree module of the public service platform public website, tree network and mobile application client. Nparks relies on OneMap’s digital information management platform Maven to establish apark green space management system, which allows different organizations to share and review the planning and design of different projects in the same area, forming a working mechanism for management collaboration and efficient processing of tree management information. Nparks public website https:// www.nparks.gov.sg/ through propaganda and natural urban development philosophy and implementation strategy, provide heritage tree and nomination, information available to the public for reading query and interactive; The Singapore Tree Network https://www.Trees.sg/ was officially launched to the public in March 2018, marking the advent of an era of in-depth participation and interactive sharing of trees. In terms of diversified social management and public participation mechanisms, Singapore has established an institutional management system led by registered charities and institutions of public nature (IPC) Garden City Foundation. The One Million Trees Movement, launched in 2020, will mobilize efforts to add one million trees to Singapore over the next decade. Singapore emphasizes that public ecological education, with particular emphasis on cultivating the ecological awareness of the next generation, encourages community nurseries, students and youth groups such as Youth@SGNature to participate extensively in the cultivation of local trees and planting activities, and creates diverse ways to develop the management skills of natural city youth. By comparing the difference of urban tree management system between China and Singapore, it is concluded that there is insufficient awareness of overall tree protection management in China. There is lack of technical standard control for tree planting and environmental space management in implementation, and lack of professional and technical personnel services in line with international standards. Daily maintenance management, advanced technology application and talent team construction need to be improved. There is also lack of unified data platform and intelligent management system wide application. It’s insufficient participation in public management. Finally, the paper summarizes the full text and proposes that China’s tree conservation and management work will also move towards the direction of “comprehensive management” of linkage and coordination in the future, and draws on the experience of Singapore to put forward “governance” strategies and suggestions for the protection and management of urban trees in China, including strategic objectives, legal guarantee, systematic management, professional construction, intelligent support and diversified public participation.
2024(3),74-83
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240311
Abstract:
In the context of China’s modernization, the integrated community stands as a strategic guide for urban and rural community governance. Despite nationwide execution of pilot projects, an appropriate theoretical framework to steer the practice of integrated communities is yet to be established. Existing studies typically focus on historical fragments of China’s community development or a modern local timeframe, discussing patterns and characteristics from a singular perspective. However, there seems to be a scarcity of research on community pattern evolution from a macroscopic or longitudinal standpoint. Moreover, modern community planning practice often encapsulates the experiences of a particular city or project, with insufficient theoretical analysis of the overall classification. The exploration of future communities and healthy living circles primarily targets imagined living scenarios, with theoretical research being notably absent. Clearly, understanding the historical characteristics and current pain points of communities is vital for their future development. This paper constructs a comprehensive framework to systematically and coherently analyze the history and characteristics of Chinese community development from ancient times to the present. The analysis is threefold: firstly, it examines the evolution of two significant models of ancient and modern communities from a “state and society” perspective; secondly, it investigates the transformation of modern community development since the inception of the PRC from an “institution and life” standpoint; and thirdly, it scrutinizes recent community planning and governance practices from a “behavior and space” viewpoint. From a “state and society” perspective, the shift from Lifang to Jiexiang is characterized by the transformation of grassroots social organizations from being society within the state to the state within society. The transition from the Danwei to the community system signifies the transformation of the community from omnipotent national control to limited social autonomy. During the period when the Danwei was dominant, the state and society were isomorphic; during the period when the Jie-ju came into play, the state and society were separated; and during the stage when the community was taking shape, the relationship between the state and society was being mutually reinforced. From an “institution and life” perspective, the evolution of modern community planning from unit yard and housing estate to community life circle indicates a shift in the underlying logic of Chinese communities from institutional domination of life to life-forced institutionalization. During the period of planned economy, life was institutionalized due to the regulation of life by the system, so the Danwei was expressed in the form of a courtyard walled settlement. In the market economy, the system of comprehensive control of life is gradually relaxed, the system is close to life andlife grows independently, the market forces and social organizations organically combine to optimize the allocation of urban resources, and the residential community is mainly characterized as a gated contract community. The life circle and integrated community construction that is popular nowadays is a new type of community practice under the mutual promotion of system and life. From a “behavior and space” perspective, the shift from residential planning to life circle governance emphasizes the need for public services and spaces of varying levels, distances, and types to cater to the daily needs of residents, and is committed to promoting the dynamics of living spaces at different scales to match the diversified needs of different micro-individuals. This fully embodies the characteristics of fine governance and precise service of Chinese modernized communities, and deeply meets the development requirements of people-centered urbanization and healthy cities, which means that community planning in a real sense is gradually maturing in China. Urban and rural communities are the basic units of interaction between the state and society at the grassroots level. Community research perspectives such as “state and society”, “institution and life”, and “behavior and space” all have their own adaptability and limitations. The relationship between “institution and life” is a continuation and deepening of the relationship between “state and society” at the meso and micro levels. This article combines the development characteristics and governance practices of modern China, retains the “institution” in the analysis paradigm of “institution and life”, and concretizes and decomposes “life” into the “behavior” of the living subject and the “space” of the living object. Among them, “institution” refers to the formal rules for national management of society and community planning and governance, “behavior” refers to the daily living needs and behavioral patterns of social groups, and “space” mainly refers to multi-scale and diversified public spaces and services. In conclusion, this paper proposes an analytical framework of “institution-behavior-space” for the integrated community, envisioning it as a balanced urban social unit providing equal public services, satisfactory resident lives, and robust governance. This new theoretical and analytical framework aims to interpret the multiple connotations of the academic concept, administrative definition, and practical use of community and comprehensively analyze the internal logic of the governance systemic, functional spatial, and social life of community development from various perspectives such as public management, urban-rural planning, and sociology. Therefore, the integrated community analysis framework has a multi-scale and multi-dimensional governance connotation, focusing on facility integrity and functional balance, from material space creation to healthy living governance. It is hoped that this framework will contribute to the governance of Chinese modernized communities.
In the context of China’s modernization, the integrated community stands as a strategic guide for urban and rural community governance. Despite nationwide execution of pilot projects, an appropriate theoretical framework to steer the practice of integrated communities is yet to be established. Existing studies typically focus on historical fragments of China’s community development or a modern local timeframe, discussing patterns and characteristics from a singular perspective. However, there seems to be a scarcity of research on community pattern evolution from a macroscopic or longitudinal standpoint. Moreover, modern community planning practice often encapsulates the experiences of a particular city or project, with insufficient theoretical analysis of the overall classification. The exploration of future communities and healthy living circles primarily targets imagined living scenarios, with theoretical research being notably absent. Clearly, understanding the historical characteristics and current pain points of communities is vital for their future development. This paper constructs a comprehensive framework to systematically and coherently analyze the history and characteristics of Chinese community development from ancient times to the present. The analysis is threefold: firstly, it examines the evolution of two significant models of ancient and modern communities from a “state and society” perspective; secondly, it investigates the transformation of modern community development since the inception of the PRC from an “institution and life” standpoint; and thirdly, it scrutinizes recent community planning and governance practices from a “behavior and space” viewpoint. From a “state and society” perspective, the shift from Lifang to Jiexiang is characterized by the transformation of grassroots social organizations from being society within the state to the state within society. The transition from the Danwei to the community system signifies the transformation of the community from omnipotent national control to limited social autonomy. During the period when the Danwei was dominant, the state and society were isomorphic; during the period when the Jie-ju came into play, the state and society were separated; and during the stage when the community was taking shape, the relationship between the state and society was being mutually reinforced. From an “institution and life” perspective, the evolution of modern community planning from unit yard and housing estate to community life circle indicates a shift in the underlying logic of Chinese communities from institutional domination of life to life-forced institutionalization. During the period of planned economy, life was institutionalized due to the regulation of life by the system, so the Danwei was expressed in the form of a courtyard walled settlement. In the market economy, the system of comprehensive control of life is gradually relaxed, the system is close to life andlife grows independently, the market forces and social organizations organically combine to optimize the allocation of urban resources, and the residential community is mainly characterized as a gated contract community. The life circle and integrated community construction that is popular nowadays is a new type of community practice under the mutual promotion of system and life. From a “behavior and space” perspective, the shift from residential planning to life circle governance emphasizes the need for public services and spaces of varying levels, distances, and types to cater to the daily needs of residents, and is committed to promoting the dynamics of living spaces at different scales to match the diversified needs of different micro-individuals. This fully embodies the characteristics of fine governance and precise service of Chinese modernized communities, and deeply meets the development requirements of people-centered urbanization and healthy cities, which means that community planning in a real sense is gradually maturing in China. Urban and rural communities are the basic units of interaction between the state and society at the grassroots level. Community research perspectives such as “state and society”, “institution and life”, and “behavior and space” all have their own adaptability and limitations. The relationship between “institution and life” is a continuation and deepening of the relationship between “state and society” at the meso and micro levels. This article combines the development characteristics and governance practices of modern China, retains the “institution” in the analysis paradigm of “institution and life”, and concretizes and decomposes “life” into the “behavior” of the living subject and the “space” of the living object. Among them, “institution” refers to the formal rules for national management of society and community planning and governance, “behavior” refers to the daily living needs and behavioral patterns of social groups, and “space” mainly refers to multi-scale and diversified public spaces and services. In conclusion, this paper proposes an analytical framework of “institution-behavior-space” for the integrated community, envisioning it as a balanced urban social unit providing equal public services, satisfactory resident lives, and robust governance. This new theoretical and analytical framework aims to interpret the multiple connotations of the academic concept, administrative definition, and practical use of community and comprehensively analyze the internal logic of the governance systemic, functional spatial, and social life of community development from various perspectives such as public management, urban-rural planning, and sociology. Therefore, the integrated community analysis framework has a multi-scale and multi-dimensional governance connotation, focusing on facility integrity and functional balance, from material space creation to healthy living governance. It is hoped that this framework will contribute to the governance of Chinese modernized communities.
2024(3),84-89
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240312
Abstract:
Yuan Dadu is g rand i n scale and neat i n layout, and a series of planning i nnovation has enriched the theory and method of ancient urban planning and design, which occupies an important position in Chinese urban planning history. As one of the highlights, Yuan Dadu was the first city where a central platform was built, which was located not only in the center of the capital city, but also at the intersection of the observation lines aimed at mountains. As the planning of the Central Platform has always been a puzzle in the urban planning history, exploring its origins will not only help to deeply interpret the planning of Yuan Dadu, but also to further examine the technical methods of positioning via mountains in ancient China. According to previous studies, Liu Bingzhong was responsible for the overall design of Yuan Dadu, including the planning of the central platform. Coincidentally, in Liu Bingzhong’s hometown Xingzhou happened to exist the Xing Platform. Is the nature and position of the Xing Platform in Xingzhou related to the Central Platform in Yuan Dadu? This provides an alternative approach to explore the planning motives of the Central Platform of Yuan Dadu. Dating back to the era of Liu Bingzhong, the paper locates the platform, city and mountains by textual criticism, and analyzes the spatial relationship among them. Firstly, combining ancient literature with material evidence, the city wall of Xingzhou during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties is recovered, and that the north wall at that time was about 370 m south of that of the current old town is found. Secondly, we confirm the specific location and geographic coordinates of the Xing Platform which is proved to be the visual focus of Xingzhou, and discover that the Xing Platform was equidistant from the east and west gates as well as the north wall, suggesting that the Xing Platform was in the center of the Xingzhou City during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Thirdly, we locate Mount Long and Mount Que in the northwest of Xingzhou, which are proved culturally important in Xingzhou. Finally, through spatial analysis and simulation we find that the Xing Platform, Mount Long and Mount Que were exactly in line, and that beautiful ridgelines of Mount Que can be seen when viewing at the position of the Xing Platform. By comparison, three similarities between the platform-city-mountain relationship of Xingzhou and that of Yuan Dadu are revealed. Firstly, the platforms were both in the geometrical center of the city; secondly, one of the observation lines intersecting at the platforms oriented northwest, with the other one orienting approximately north; thirdly, the northwest observation line passed through two famous mountains, with the smaller ones in the vicinity, Mount Long and Mount Yuquan, both playing the role of the city’s water head site, and the larger ones in the distance, Mount Que and Mount Yang, as the most famous natural landscape and cultural attractions in the region. By combing through Liu Bingzhong’s biographies, poems and other ancient literature, we make clear his life experience, and find that he had deep affection for Xingzhou and full knowledge of the platform, city, and mountains as well as the spatial relationship among them. Based on the objective spatial similarity and the subjective possibility of creation, it is presumed that the setting of the Central Platform in Yuan Dadu was inspired by the Xing Platform in Xingzhou, and that positioning via mountains in Yuan Dadu originated from Liu Bingzhong’s experience and understanding of thespatial relationship among the platform, city, and mountains of Xingzhou. Tracing the theoretical outline of ancient Chinese planning methods of positioning via mountains, it is found that the setting of the Central Platform in Yuan Dadu is not an isolated and accidental creation, but Liu Bingzhong’s creative development of the ancient Chinese technical methods of positioning via mountains based on his own knowledge system. Therefore, the Central Platform in Yuan Dadu and the Xingtai Platform in Xingzhou as well as the spatial relationship with the surrounding mountains are important planning heritage in ancient China, not only reflecting the wisdom of the ancient urban planning legacy of positioning via mountains and its evolution, but also embodying the historical process of Liu Bingzhong absorbing the local planning wisdom and creating a new situation for capital planning as a planning master.
Yuan Dadu is g rand i n scale and neat i n layout, and a series of planning i nnovation has enriched the theory and method of ancient urban planning and design, which occupies an important position in Chinese urban planning history. As one of the highlights, Yuan Dadu was the first city where a central platform was built, which was located not only in the center of the capital city, but also at the intersection of the observation lines aimed at mountains. As the planning of the Central Platform has always been a puzzle in the urban planning history, exploring its origins will not only help to deeply interpret the planning of Yuan Dadu, but also to further examine the technical methods of positioning via mountains in ancient China. According to previous studies, Liu Bingzhong was responsible for the overall design of Yuan Dadu, including the planning of the central platform. Coincidentally, in Liu Bingzhong’s hometown Xingzhou happened to exist the Xing Platform. Is the nature and position of the Xing Platform in Xingzhou related to the Central Platform in Yuan Dadu? This provides an alternative approach to explore the planning motives of the Central Platform of Yuan Dadu. Dating back to the era of Liu Bingzhong, the paper locates the platform, city and mountains by textual criticism, and analyzes the spatial relationship among them. Firstly, combining ancient literature with material evidence, the city wall of Xingzhou during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties is recovered, and that the north wall at that time was about 370 m south of that of the current old town is found. Secondly, we confirm the specific location and geographic coordinates of the Xing Platform which is proved to be the visual focus of Xingzhou, and discover that the Xing Platform was equidistant from the east and west gates as well as the north wall, suggesting that the Xing Platform was in the center of the Xingzhou City during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Thirdly, we locate Mount Long and Mount Que in the northwest of Xingzhou, which are proved culturally important in Xingzhou. Finally, through spatial analysis and simulation we find that the Xing Platform, Mount Long and Mount Que were exactly in line, and that beautiful ridgelines of Mount Que can be seen when viewing at the position of the Xing Platform. By comparison, three similarities between the platform-city-mountain relationship of Xingzhou and that of Yuan Dadu are revealed. Firstly, the platforms were both in the geometrical center of the city; secondly, one of the observation lines intersecting at the platforms oriented northwest, with the other one orienting approximately north; thirdly, the northwest observation line passed through two famous mountains, with the smaller ones in the vicinity, Mount Long and Mount Yuquan, both playing the role of the city’s water head site, and the larger ones in the distance, Mount Que and Mount Yang, as the most famous natural landscape and cultural attractions in the region. By combing through Liu Bingzhong’s biographies, poems and other ancient literature, we make clear his life experience, and find that he had deep affection for Xingzhou and full knowledge of the platform, city, and mountains as well as the spatial relationship among them. Based on the objective spatial similarity and the subjective possibility of creation, it is presumed that the setting of the Central Platform in Yuan Dadu was inspired by the Xing Platform in Xingzhou, and that positioning via mountains in Yuan Dadu originated from Liu Bingzhong’s experience and understanding of thespatial relationship among the platform, city, and mountains of Xingzhou. Tracing the theoretical outline of ancient Chinese planning methods of positioning via mountains, it is found that the setting of the Central Platform in Yuan Dadu is not an isolated and accidental creation, but Liu Bingzhong’s creative development of the ancient Chinese technical methods of positioning via mountains based on his own knowledge system. Therefore, the Central Platform in Yuan Dadu and the Xingtai Platform in Xingzhou as well as the spatial relationship with the surrounding mountains are important planning heritage in ancient China, not only reflecting the wisdom of the ancient urban planning legacy of positioning via mountains and its evolution, but also embodying the historical process of Liu Bingzhong absorbing the local planning wisdom and creating a new situation for capital planning as a planning master.
2024(3),90-96
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240313
Abstract:
As one of the most basic spatial organisations in traditional Chinese architecture, the courtyard presents different formal characteristics in different regions, and the specific courtyard form is the result of the two-way construction of spatial organisational characteristics and sociocultural ethics in a specific region during the long-term historical evolution, and it is a figurative representation of a specific traditional regional culture. Since the development of modern architecture, the problem of design convergence brought about by the international style has caused the architectural community to explore the issue of regional reconstruction. With the attention paid by the Chinese architectural community to the research and reconstruction process of the traditional regional courtyard form, more and more Chinese architects, while rooted in the traditional regional culture, are looking forward to the development needs of the times and society, and have begun to seek for contemporary universal architectural insights from the wisdom of the region. More and more Chinese architects, while rooted in traditional regional culture and looking ahead to the social development needs of the times, have begun to seek contemporary universal insights from the wisdom of the region, showing individual creative characteristics as well as collective creative consensus. Therefore, the thesis takes the Huizhou courtyard as a sample, and uses diagrammatic analysis as a research method, through deconstructing the characteristics of the traditional courtyard form in Huizhou and analysing the reconstructed cases of contemporary courtyard architecture, to excavate the method of contemporary reconstruction of traditional regional forms and its laws, so as to provide ideas for the research of reconstruction and translation of traditional Chinese courtyard forms in contemporary times. The Huizhou courtyard is an important architectural representation of the natural environment and social culture in a specific region, and the reconstruction level of its courtyard space is not only reflected in its traditional inward-looking, hierarchical and flat formal characteristics, but also in the integration of the reconstruction design with the three levels of elemental reorganisation, organisational mapping, and contextual reproduction. If the reconstruction by unit construction is an imitation of traditional spatial elements beyond formal representations, exploring the optimal variation of forms under the change of functional needs, then the sequence organisation reflects the organisational potential of the traditional Huizhou courtyard space, realising the return of the spontaneous organisation of the traditional courtyard form to the contemporary context, and realising the implicit relationship with the traditional spatial structure. The expression of group is to put the traditional Huizhou courtyard form back into the contemporary natural and social environment, and to use the wisdom of traditional regional construction to shape people’s physical perception of the traditional regional courtyard meaning in the contemporary environment, so as to complete the reproduction and sublimation of the traditional spatial meaning in the contemporary context. From unit construction to sequence organisation to group expression, it forms a hierarchical vein of reconstruction from vocabulary, syntax and semantics in the structure of narrative linguistics.Therefore, as a typical representative of China’s regional architectural culture, the reconstruction of Huizhou courtyard form has an important research value for the inheritance and development of Huizhou and even the whole country’s traditional architectural culture. With the passage of time, the exploration of the Huizhou courtyard form is bound to attract attention with the inheritance and interpretation of modern architectural knowledge system and Chinese regional culture, so as to realise a high degree of return to the symbiosis between human beings and the environment. This paper focuses on the contemporary reconstruction of traditional Chinese regional architectural culture, and is based on the design exploration of the Huizhou courtyard form, analysing the regional characteristics of the traditional Huizhou courtyard from the aspects of formal aesthetics, spatial organisation, and place-making, and interpreting the three contemporary architectural cases by means of summarising the characteristics, comparative analysis, and interpretation of the case studies, thus revealing the methods of translating and reconstructing the Huizhou courtyard at the levels of formal operation, spatial organisation, and group construction, and explaining the present-day methods of translation and reconstruction. It also reveals the methods of translation and reconstruction of Huizhou compound at the three levels of formal operation, spatial organisation, and group construction, explains the inheritance and variation of Huizhou compound form in today’s regional creation, explores the potential of Huizhou compound form for contemporary creation, and discusses the relationship between tradition and contemporary, and between the region and the globe in architectural practice.
As one of the most basic spatial organisations in traditional Chinese architecture, the courtyard presents different formal characteristics in different regions, and the specific courtyard form is the result of the two-way construction of spatial organisational characteristics and sociocultural ethics in a specific region during the long-term historical evolution, and it is a figurative representation of a specific traditional regional culture. Since the development of modern architecture, the problem of design convergence brought about by the international style has caused the architectural community to explore the issue of regional reconstruction. With the attention paid by the Chinese architectural community to the research and reconstruction process of the traditional regional courtyard form, more and more Chinese architects, while rooted in the traditional regional culture, are looking forward to the development needs of the times and society, and have begun to seek for contemporary universal architectural insights from the wisdom of the region. More and more Chinese architects, while rooted in traditional regional culture and looking ahead to the social development needs of the times, have begun to seek contemporary universal insights from the wisdom of the region, showing individual creative characteristics as well as collective creative consensus. Therefore, the thesis takes the Huizhou courtyard as a sample, and uses diagrammatic analysis as a research method, through deconstructing the characteristics of the traditional courtyard form in Huizhou and analysing the reconstructed cases of contemporary courtyard architecture, to excavate the method of contemporary reconstruction of traditional regional forms and its laws, so as to provide ideas for the research of reconstruction and translation of traditional Chinese courtyard forms in contemporary times. The Huizhou courtyard is an important architectural representation of the natural environment and social culture in a specific region, and the reconstruction level of its courtyard space is not only reflected in its traditional inward-looking, hierarchical and flat formal characteristics, but also in the integration of the reconstruction design with the three levels of elemental reorganisation, organisational mapping, and contextual reproduction. If the reconstruction by unit construction is an imitation of traditional spatial elements beyond formal representations, exploring the optimal variation of forms under the change of functional needs, then the sequence organisation reflects the organisational potential of the traditional Huizhou courtyard space, realising the return of the spontaneous organisation of the traditional courtyard form to the contemporary context, and realising the implicit relationship with the traditional spatial structure. The expression of group is to put the traditional Huizhou courtyard form back into the contemporary natural and social environment, and to use the wisdom of traditional regional construction to shape people’s physical perception of the traditional regional courtyard meaning in the contemporary environment, so as to complete the reproduction and sublimation of the traditional spatial meaning in the contemporary context. From unit construction to sequence organisation to group expression, it forms a hierarchical vein of reconstruction from vocabulary, syntax and semantics in the structure of narrative linguistics.Therefore, as a typical representative of China’s regional architectural culture, the reconstruction of Huizhou courtyard form has an important research value for the inheritance and development of Huizhou and even the whole country’s traditional architectural culture. With the passage of time, the exploration of the Huizhou courtyard form is bound to attract attention with the inheritance and interpretation of modern architectural knowledge system and Chinese regional culture, so as to realise a high degree of return to the symbiosis between human beings and the environment. This paper focuses on the contemporary reconstruction of traditional Chinese regional architectural culture, and is based on the design exploration of the Huizhou courtyard form, analysing the regional characteristics of the traditional Huizhou courtyard from the aspects of formal aesthetics, spatial organisation, and place-making, and interpreting the three contemporary architectural cases by means of summarising the characteristics, comparative analysis, and interpretation of the case studies, thus revealing the methods of translating and reconstructing the Huizhou courtyard at the levels of formal operation, spatial organisation, and group construction, and explaining the present-day methods of translation and reconstruction. It also reveals the methods of translation and reconstruction of Huizhou compound at the three levels of formal operation, spatial organisation, and group construction, explains the inheritance and variation of Huizhou compound form in today’s regional creation, explores the potential of Huizhou compound form for contemporary creation, and discusses the relationship between tradition and contemporary, and between the region and the globe in architectural practice.
2024(3),97-102
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240314
Abstract:
T he complex geological and geographical environment, characterized by the complexity and diversity of terrain and hydrology, scarcity and difficulty in utilizing land resources, and the fragility and multiple stresses of the ecological environment, has posed significant survival challenges for the construction of human settlements in the southwest region. Throughout the long history of human settlement development, traditional villages in the southwest have evolved site selection and layout methods that conform to the mountain and water environment, efficiently utilize land resources, and avoid natural disasters. These methods embody profound ecological wisdom and represent a living embodiment and exemplary model of a comprehensive planning knowledge system inherited from the era of agricultural civilization in China. The article examines the ecological practice wisdom in the site selection and layout of traditional villages in the southwest from various perspectives such as settlement patterns, site selection patterns, three-dimensional layouts, spatial forms, and clan beliefs. Firstly, the settlement pattern reflects the ecological balance wisdom of “grouping in clusters to reduce ecological load”. The “large dispersion, small aggregation” layout respects and adapts to the natural mountain and water environment, effectively addressing the scarcity of land resources in the southwest. Secondly, the site selection pattern embodies the ecological sustainability wisdom of “judicious land use and disaster avoidance”. Through detailed surveys and site assessments like “dragon seeking, sand inspection, water observation, point selection, and orientation”, a site selection pattern is established that includes building against mountains, living beside water, surrounded by farmland, and sheltered by forests. Strategic placement in the foothills, mid-mountains, or near the inner side of river curves enables smart housing layout, allocating flat, fertile land near rivers for cultivation, and scientifically avoiding geological and flood disasters. Thirdly, the three-dimensional units demonstrate the ecological circulation wisdom of “resource utilization and energy transformation”. Utilizing mountainous terrain, a vertical arrangement of “mountain forests-villages-terraced fields-rivers” is formed, leveraging the elevation difference and water’s gravitational potential for resource and energy cycling and self-sufficiency. Fourthly, the spatial form shows the ecological adaptability wisdom of “adapting measures to local conditions and leveraging natural advantages”. Relying on topographies such as mountainous hills, strip valleys, and river plains, diverse planar textures, street patterns, and architectural forms are created. The layout of streets and alleys utilizes elevation differences for a water management system for flood control, drainage, water storage, and fire prevention. Lastly, in terms of clan beliefs, it reflects the ecological harmony wisdom of “all things have spirits, and life is equal”. Deity worship as a spiritual pursuit and cultural belief in clan societies, along with ecological rules promoting desire restraint and frugality, controls and educates villagers’ thoughts and actions. The article interprets the ecological philosophy underlying the ecological practices in traditional village site selection and layout in the southwest, encompassing the holistic environmental view of “Tao gives birth to all things”, the ecological technology view of “Tao follows nature”, and the ecological selfgovernance view of “using Tao to guide technology”. The holistic environmental view of “Tao gives birth to all things” is the guiding philosophy for the site selection and layout of traditional villages in the southwest. It posits that nature is the origin of all things, and human activities should restraindesires and reduce extraction from nature to maintain natural ecological carrying capacity and healthy evolution. For instance, the settlement pattern of “large dispersion, small aggregation” balances the contradiction between scarce living resources and a growing population, while protecting the original landscape and natural environment. The ecological technology view of “Tao follows nature” is the technical guideline for these villages. It emphasizes that all things should imitate and follow the laws of nature, allowing nature to work efficiently. The “mountain forest-village-terraced field-river” vertical pattern ingeniously utilizes the law of conservation of matter and energy, ensuring efficient transformation and circulation of resources and energy. The ecological self-governance view of “using Tao to guide technology” is the value principle for the layout. It demands that actions be not only technically correct but also ethically and socially right, promoting harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. Traditional ecological wisdom provides guidance for resilient urban and rural planning in terms of guiding principles, technical systems, value norms, and social management. Firstly, the synergy between nature and human societal systems is conducive to the sustainability of urban and rural living environments. It is important to deeply understand and practice the holistic environmental view of “Tao gives birth to all things”, viewing human settlements and natural ecosystems as interdependent and mutually beneficial dynamic balance systems. Secondly, human settlements guided by nature support a healthy life system. It is vital to use ecological elements such as mountains, water, forests, and fields, which maintain natural processes, as structural supports for urban and rural spaces to preserve the ecological processes of natural systems and their life-support functions. Thirdly, environmental ethics provide value norms for planning and construction activities. The precedence of planning value systems over technical systems should be recognized, avoiding the misconception of prioritizing technology over values. Fourthly, the involvement of social self-governing organizations in planning management ensures the maximization of public interest, promoting the legality and rationality of planning, and contributing to the formation of a fair and efficient planning management mechanism.
T he complex geological and geographical environment, characterized by the complexity and diversity of terrain and hydrology, scarcity and difficulty in utilizing land resources, and the fragility and multiple stresses of the ecological environment, has posed significant survival challenges for the construction of human settlements in the southwest region. Throughout the long history of human settlement development, traditional villages in the southwest have evolved site selection and layout methods that conform to the mountain and water environment, efficiently utilize land resources, and avoid natural disasters. These methods embody profound ecological wisdom and represent a living embodiment and exemplary model of a comprehensive planning knowledge system inherited from the era of agricultural civilization in China. The article examines the ecological practice wisdom in the site selection and layout of traditional villages in the southwest from various perspectives such as settlement patterns, site selection patterns, three-dimensional layouts, spatial forms, and clan beliefs. Firstly, the settlement pattern reflects the ecological balance wisdom of “grouping in clusters to reduce ecological load”. The “large dispersion, small aggregation” layout respects and adapts to the natural mountain and water environment, effectively addressing the scarcity of land resources in the southwest. Secondly, the site selection pattern embodies the ecological sustainability wisdom of “judicious land use and disaster avoidance”. Through detailed surveys and site assessments like “dragon seeking, sand inspection, water observation, point selection, and orientation”, a site selection pattern is established that includes building against mountains, living beside water, surrounded by farmland, and sheltered by forests. Strategic placement in the foothills, mid-mountains, or near the inner side of river curves enables smart housing layout, allocating flat, fertile land near rivers for cultivation, and scientifically avoiding geological and flood disasters. Thirdly, the three-dimensional units demonstrate the ecological circulation wisdom of “resource utilization and energy transformation”. Utilizing mountainous terrain, a vertical arrangement of “mountain forests-villages-terraced fields-rivers” is formed, leveraging the elevation difference and water’s gravitational potential for resource and energy cycling and self-sufficiency. Fourthly, the spatial form shows the ecological adaptability wisdom of “adapting measures to local conditions and leveraging natural advantages”. Relying on topographies such as mountainous hills, strip valleys, and river plains, diverse planar textures, street patterns, and architectural forms are created. The layout of streets and alleys utilizes elevation differences for a water management system for flood control, drainage, water storage, and fire prevention. Lastly, in terms of clan beliefs, it reflects the ecological harmony wisdom of “all things have spirits, and life is equal”. Deity worship as a spiritual pursuit and cultural belief in clan societies, along with ecological rules promoting desire restraint and frugality, controls and educates villagers’ thoughts and actions. The article interprets the ecological philosophy underlying the ecological practices in traditional village site selection and layout in the southwest, encompassing the holistic environmental view of “Tao gives birth to all things”, the ecological technology view of “Tao follows nature”, and the ecological selfgovernance view of “using Tao to guide technology”. The holistic environmental view of “Tao gives birth to all things” is the guiding philosophy for the site selection and layout of traditional villages in the southwest. It posits that nature is the origin of all things, and human activities should restraindesires and reduce extraction from nature to maintain natural ecological carrying capacity and healthy evolution. For instance, the settlement pattern of “large dispersion, small aggregation” balances the contradiction between scarce living resources and a growing population, while protecting the original landscape and natural environment. The ecological technology view of “Tao follows nature” is the technical guideline for these villages. It emphasizes that all things should imitate and follow the laws of nature, allowing nature to work efficiently. The “mountain forest-village-terraced field-river” vertical pattern ingeniously utilizes the law of conservation of matter and energy, ensuring efficient transformation and circulation of resources and energy. The ecological self-governance view of “using Tao to guide technology” is the value principle for the layout. It demands that actions be not only technically correct but also ethically and socially right, promoting harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. Traditional ecological wisdom provides guidance for resilient urban and rural planning in terms of guiding principles, technical systems, value norms, and social management. Firstly, the synergy between nature and human societal systems is conducive to the sustainability of urban and rural living environments. It is important to deeply understand and practice the holistic environmental view of “Tao gives birth to all things”, viewing human settlements and natural ecosystems as interdependent and mutually beneficial dynamic balance systems. Secondly, human settlements guided by nature support a healthy life system. It is vital to use ecological elements such as mountains, water, forests, and fields, which maintain natural processes, as structural supports for urban and rural spaces to preserve the ecological processes of natural systems and their life-support functions. Thirdly, environmental ethics provide value norms for planning and construction activities. The precedence of planning value systems over technical systems should be recognized, avoiding the misconception of prioritizing technology over values. Fourthly, the involvement of social self-governing organizations in planning management ensures the maximization of public interest, promoting the legality and rationality of planning, and contributing to the formation of a fair and efficient planning management mechanism.
2024(3),103-108
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240315
Abstract:
The Book of Songs is a pivotal existence in the history of Chinese poetry. It contains 305 poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, these poems were divided into three parts: Guofeng, Ya and Song. Guofeng is the essence of the Book of Songs, showing the daily life scenes of the ancestors in the Yellow River Basin with distinctive regional characteristics. A large number of poems in Guofeng relate to the natural landscape, which are particularly important materials for the study of the natural landscape in the pre-Qin period. However, a large proportion of academic researches on the Book of Songs were concentrated in the field of literature, history and philosophy, and only a small amount of these researches involved the natural landscape and its aesthetic and ecological views related to landscape architecture. Some scholars have studied the geographical environment and ecological content of the Book of Songs, however they were based on geography rather than landscape architecture. Related studies based on landscape architecture are scarce, and most of them focus on plants and other uncommon topics. It is a pity that the Book of Songs, as the earliest poetry collection describing landscape, has not yet been studied. Therefore, this study took 160 poems of Guofeng as research materials and focused on the analysis of the natural landscape in the poems. First of all, the natural landscape elements in Guofeng were extracted and divided into five categories of terrain, water, celestial phenomena, plants and animals, and poems containing the above five categories of natural landscape elements were screened out to analyze the relationship between the elements, the characteristics of the elements, and the relationship between human and the elements. In the second place, the names of different natural landscape elements in Guofeng and their frequency of occurrence were statistically analyzed. After that, the characteristics of five categories of natural landscape elements are summarized. It is found that the majority of the contents of poems are expressed in the form of repeated parts of elements, and one of them is expressed in the form of repeated chant. The contents to be transformed were the features or relations of the natural landscape elements. After such expression, a natural scene with partial stability and slight changes was depicted. The poem describing the natural landscape through similar and repeated words and sentences between two or more chapters is called “one chant and three sighs”, and these poems is classified into six categories, namely, it represents the emphasis, the time change, the space change, the space-time change, the description of the object change, and the different characteristics of the same thing. In addition, statistics and analysis is made on the number of each kind of poem with one chant and three sighs, thus obtaining the showing law of the hierarchy and time-sharing of the natural landscape in Guofeng, and digging the reasons behind the law. Based on the showing law of natural landscape, this paper summarized three aesthetic patterns of the ancestors: the pre-existing pattern, the evolutionary pattern, the analogical pattern, that is, the way of perceiving and aesthetic pattern of the natural landscape in the original emotion of the Chinese people, and found that the aesthetic patterns of the ancestors were mainly the pre-existing pattern and the evolutionary pattern. This study concluded that the above three aesthetic patterns have been passed down from generation to generation. The aesthetic patterns inherited from ancestors today are the simple perception of human beings and the inheritance of tradition and culture, as well as the original expression of Chinese emotions towardsnatural landscape. After repeated chanting of one chant and three sighs, the three-dimensional visual element “scene” has become a four-dimensional space “artistic conception” where people surrounded by all directions. The interaction between people and landscape changed with the passage of time, and so did the emotion of people. As a result, there is a profound meaning from “scene” to “artistic conception”, showing the living conditions of ancestors in the pre-Qin period, along with their beautiful feeling of the natural landscape in the living space. This study is expected to provide reference and enlightenment for modern landscape design. By studying the aesthetic information of each natural landscape element in the poems of Guofeng, we are able to learn some essential natural landscape appearance and obtain the true meaning of landscape design. Such as the followings, designers are supposed to pay attention to the detailed characteristics of various landscape elements, and landscape designs are expected to observe the users’ feelings from multiple angles, multi-level and time-sharing just like the poems of Guofeng, so as to make the landscape more attractive to the users.
The Book of Songs is a pivotal existence in the history of Chinese poetry. It contains 305 poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, these poems were divided into three parts: Guofeng, Ya and Song. Guofeng is the essence of the Book of Songs, showing the daily life scenes of the ancestors in the Yellow River Basin with distinctive regional characteristics. A large number of poems in Guofeng relate to the natural landscape, which are particularly important materials for the study of the natural landscape in the pre-Qin period. However, a large proportion of academic researches on the Book of Songs were concentrated in the field of literature, history and philosophy, and only a small amount of these researches involved the natural landscape and its aesthetic and ecological views related to landscape architecture. Some scholars have studied the geographical environment and ecological content of the Book of Songs, however they were based on geography rather than landscape architecture. Related studies based on landscape architecture are scarce, and most of them focus on plants and other uncommon topics. It is a pity that the Book of Songs, as the earliest poetry collection describing landscape, has not yet been studied. Therefore, this study took 160 poems of Guofeng as research materials and focused on the analysis of the natural landscape in the poems. First of all, the natural landscape elements in Guofeng were extracted and divided into five categories of terrain, water, celestial phenomena, plants and animals, and poems containing the above five categories of natural landscape elements were screened out to analyze the relationship between the elements, the characteristics of the elements, and the relationship between human and the elements. In the second place, the names of different natural landscape elements in Guofeng and their frequency of occurrence were statistically analyzed. After that, the characteristics of five categories of natural landscape elements are summarized. It is found that the majority of the contents of poems are expressed in the form of repeated parts of elements, and one of them is expressed in the form of repeated chant. The contents to be transformed were the features or relations of the natural landscape elements. After such expression, a natural scene with partial stability and slight changes was depicted. The poem describing the natural landscape through similar and repeated words and sentences between two or more chapters is called “one chant and three sighs”, and these poems is classified into six categories, namely, it represents the emphasis, the time change, the space change, the space-time change, the description of the object change, and the different characteristics of the same thing. In addition, statistics and analysis is made on the number of each kind of poem with one chant and three sighs, thus obtaining the showing law of the hierarchy and time-sharing of the natural landscape in Guofeng, and digging the reasons behind the law. Based on the showing law of natural landscape, this paper summarized three aesthetic patterns of the ancestors: the pre-existing pattern, the evolutionary pattern, the analogical pattern, that is, the way of perceiving and aesthetic pattern of the natural landscape in the original emotion of the Chinese people, and found that the aesthetic patterns of the ancestors were mainly the pre-existing pattern and the evolutionary pattern. This study concluded that the above three aesthetic patterns have been passed down from generation to generation. The aesthetic patterns inherited from ancestors today are the simple perception of human beings and the inheritance of tradition and culture, as well as the original expression of Chinese emotions towardsnatural landscape. After repeated chanting of one chant and three sighs, the three-dimensional visual element “scene” has become a four-dimensional space “artistic conception” where people surrounded by all directions. The interaction between people and landscape changed with the passage of time, and so did the emotion of people. As a result, there is a profound meaning from “scene” to “artistic conception”, showing the living conditions of ancestors in the pre-Qin period, along with their beautiful feeling of the natural landscape in the living space. This study is expected to provide reference and enlightenment for modern landscape design. By studying the aesthetic information of each natural landscape element in the poems of Guofeng, we are able to learn some essential natural landscape appearance and obtain the true meaning of landscape design. Such as the followings, designers are supposed to pay attention to the detailed characteristics of various landscape elements, and landscape designs are expected to observe the users’ feelings from multiple angles, multi-level and time-sharing just like the poems of Guofeng, so as to make the landscape more attractive to the users.
2024(3),109-115
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240316
Abstract:
Tourism i s a n i mportant way t o r evitalize H istoric C onversation A reas. T he c ognitive interests of tourists can accurately reflect the value transmission and cultural inheritance effects of Historic Conversation Areas, guiding towards a tendency for culturally valuable tourism development. In order to optimize the creation of cultural venues and improve the level of cultural services, tourists’ perceptions have gradually become an important basis for judging the actual progress of the protection and utilization of historical and cultural streets. Taking the Beiyuanmen Historic Conversation Area in Xi’an as an example, this study aims to construct a multi-dimensional evaluation method framework to comprehensively and thoroughly understand tourists’ perceptual characteristics of Historic Conversation Areas. This study utilized Python to retrieve User-Generated Content (UGC) data from Dazhong Dianping, introduced the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model from machine learning, and used the ROST CM sentiment analysis tool to quantitatively analyze tourist perceptions of the Beiyuanmen Historic Conversation Area. It measured the overall features and sub-dimensions of tourists’ perceptions of Historic Conversation Areas, discussing tourists’ attention and satisfaction levels across different dimensions. Research findings indicate as follows: 1)The overall perception of tourists towards the Historic Conversation Area of Beiyuanmen is in an extremely unbalanced state, with local image perception far exceeding the overall image perception. The perception image of Beiyuanmen streets and adjacent streets as ethnic characteristic food streets occupies an absolute central position in tourists’ perceptions. 2)The tourist perception dimensions of Historic Conversation Areas can be divided into six aspects: consumption experience, local cuisine, landscape architecture, environmental atmosphere, life memories, and intangible cultural heritage. The attractiveness of tourism shows a decreasing differentiation feature, with consumption experience and local cuisine dimensions closely related, jointly becoming the main motivation for attracting tourists to visit. However, there is a significant gap between these dimensions and others, which disconnects from the authenticity of social life atmosphere and historical cultural scenes in tourists’ perceptions, leading to a very limited role in driving tourism. 3)There are significant differences in the attention and satisfaction evaluation among the tourist perception dimensions of Historic Conversation Areas. The overall evaluation of the local cuisine dimension is relatively high. Local specialty foods formed under the joint influence of geographical environment and ethnic religious customs play an important role in enhancing cultural identity. High-attention dimensions such as consumption experience and landscape architecture, as expected perception dimensions of tourists, have poor cultural expression effects andstill have considerable room for improvement in tourist satisfaction. The impression tourists have of the Historic Conversation Area of Beiyuanmen mainly remains at a superficial level of consumerism and one-way display of cultural space images. Enhancing the creation of cultural experiential scenes, avoiding excessive tourist consumption leading to becoming a symbolic entity, is an aspect requiring effective management and significant improvement in the district. The intangible cultural heritage and life memory dimensions, as representatives of the cultural and social aspects of Historic Conversation Areas, face risks of being forgotten or marginalized. The pursuit of symbol economy squeezes the living space of daily use value, hinders the exploration of intrinsic cultural value, and requires further enhancement of the emphasis on the authenticity of life. The environmental atmosphere dimension, as a subjective projection of the spatial experiences of tourists, necessitates continuous adjustment in the district. These research results effectively reflect the historical and cultural transmission effects of districts, holding significant importance for achieving the dual objectives of cultural heritage inheritance protection and tourism resource development in Historic Conversation Areas. While the Beiyuanmen Historic Conversation Area possesses certain advantages in terms of tourist perceptions, there are areas requiring urgent improvement. By optimizing the consumption experience, enhancing local gourmet food, improving landscape architecture, fostering cultural atmosphere, preserving and inheriting intangible cultural heritage, and emphasizing the authenticity of life, it may further elevate the attractiveness of Historic Conversation Areas, making them a more appealing cultural tourism destination that aligns with tourists’ expectations. To achieve the dual objectives of cultural heritage inheritance protection and tourism resource development in Historic Conversation Areas, it is recommended to enrich the tourism products and services of Historic Conversation Areas, enhance tourists’ consumption experience and satisfaction; strengthen the planning and management of Historic Conversation Areas to ensure the full protection of their historical and cultural characteristics; reinforce the creation of an environmental atmosphere and the inheritance of life memories in Historic Conversation Areas, enhance the overall quality and image of the district, contributing to the city’s cultural inheritance and development efforts.
Tourism i s a n i mportant way t o r evitalize H istoric C onversation A reas. T he c ognitive interests of tourists can accurately reflect the value transmission and cultural inheritance effects of Historic Conversation Areas, guiding towards a tendency for culturally valuable tourism development. In order to optimize the creation of cultural venues and improve the level of cultural services, tourists’ perceptions have gradually become an important basis for judging the actual progress of the protection and utilization of historical and cultural streets. Taking the Beiyuanmen Historic Conversation Area in Xi’an as an example, this study aims to construct a multi-dimensional evaluation method framework to comprehensively and thoroughly understand tourists’ perceptual characteristics of Historic Conversation Areas. This study utilized Python to retrieve User-Generated Content (UGC) data from Dazhong Dianping, introduced the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model from machine learning, and used the ROST CM sentiment analysis tool to quantitatively analyze tourist perceptions of the Beiyuanmen Historic Conversation Area. It measured the overall features and sub-dimensions of tourists’ perceptions of Historic Conversation Areas, discussing tourists’ attention and satisfaction levels across different dimensions. Research findings indicate as follows: 1)The overall perception of tourists towards the Historic Conversation Area of Beiyuanmen is in an extremely unbalanced state, with local image perception far exceeding the overall image perception. The perception image of Beiyuanmen streets and adjacent streets as ethnic characteristic food streets occupies an absolute central position in tourists’ perceptions. 2)The tourist perception dimensions of Historic Conversation Areas can be divided into six aspects: consumption experience, local cuisine, landscape architecture, environmental atmosphere, life memories, and intangible cultural heritage. The attractiveness of tourism shows a decreasing differentiation feature, with consumption experience and local cuisine dimensions closely related, jointly becoming the main motivation for attracting tourists to visit. However, there is a significant gap between these dimensions and others, which disconnects from the authenticity of social life atmosphere and historical cultural scenes in tourists’ perceptions, leading to a very limited role in driving tourism. 3)There are significant differences in the attention and satisfaction evaluation among the tourist perception dimensions of Historic Conversation Areas. The overall evaluation of the local cuisine dimension is relatively high. Local specialty foods formed under the joint influence of geographical environment and ethnic religious customs play an important role in enhancing cultural identity. High-attention dimensions such as consumption experience and landscape architecture, as expected perception dimensions of tourists, have poor cultural expression effects andstill have considerable room for improvement in tourist satisfaction. The impression tourists have of the Historic Conversation Area of Beiyuanmen mainly remains at a superficial level of consumerism and one-way display of cultural space images. Enhancing the creation of cultural experiential scenes, avoiding excessive tourist consumption leading to becoming a symbolic entity, is an aspect requiring effective management and significant improvement in the district. The intangible cultural heritage and life memory dimensions, as representatives of the cultural and social aspects of Historic Conversation Areas, face risks of being forgotten or marginalized. The pursuit of symbol economy squeezes the living space of daily use value, hinders the exploration of intrinsic cultural value, and requires further enhancement of the emphasis on the authenticity of life. The environmental atmosphere dimension, as a subjective projection of the spatial experiences of tourists, necessitates continuous adjustment in the district. These research results effectively reflect the historical and cultural transmission effects of districts, holding significant importance for achieving the dual objectives of cultural heritage inheritance protection and tourism resource development in Historic Conversation Areas. While the Beiyuanmen Historic Conversation Area possesses certain advantages in terms of tourist perceptions, there are areas requiring urgent improvement. By optimizing the consumption experience, enhancing local gourmet food, improving landscape architecture, fostering cultural atmosphere, preserving and inheriting intangible cultural heritage, and emphasizing the authenticity of life, it may further elevate the attractiveness of Historic Conversation Areas, making them a more appealing cultural tourism destination that aligns with tourists’ expectations. To achieve the dual objectives of cultural heritage inheritance protection and tourism resource development in Historic Conversation Areas, it is recommended to enrich the tourism products and services of Historic Conversation Areas, enhance tourists’ consumption experience and satisfaction; strengthen the planning and management of Historic Conversation Areas to ensure the full protection of their historical and cultural characteristics; reinforce the creation of an environmental atmosphere and the inheritance of life memories in Historic Conversation Areas, enhance the overall quality and image of the district, contributing to the city’s cultural inheritance and development efforts.
2024(3),116-122
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240317
Abstract:
Facing the carbon neutrality goal, promoting urban group development with the concept of green and low-carbon, and building green ecological urban areas that integrate carbon neutrality will become an important demand of China’s new urbanization. In this context, as a favorable tool to guide the standardization of green ecological urban areas, China’s Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria has not yet integrated the carbon neutrality goal, and there is a major need for optimization and upgrading. Therefore, how to integrate the carbon neutrality goal has become an urgent problem to be studied. By combing Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria abroad, it is found that the integration of carbon neutrality goal is the trend. The analysis shows that the energy indicators is the key to the optimization and upgrading of evaluation standards for Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria under the carbon neutrality goal. Through literature review, it is found that the domestic researches mainly use comparative analysis to emphasize the value of energy indicators, indicating that energy indicators have an important function of affecting energy consumption and carbon emissions in urban areas. Foreign studies show that there is no uniform criterion for the delineation of the evaluation direction of energy indicators at present, but it basically involves the stages of energy planning, development, utilization and management, which also provides references for the definition of energy indicators. In addition, comparative analysis is an important method to study energy indicators at home and abroad, which can reveal the differences and similarities of different evaluation standards and help the new evaluation standards find problems and improve the evaluation content. Based on the above analysis, LEED Cities and Communities and BREEAM Communities were selected to carry out a comparative study on the energy indicators of Green Eco- District Assessment Criteria in China, the United States and the United Kingdom under the carbon neutrality goal. The studies show that LEED Cities and Communities and BREEAM Communities have advanced in integrating carbon neutrality goals. Specifically, it includes: 1) On the basis of integrating the concept of evaluation standard preparation with the carbon neutrality goal, the control item of energy indicators explains the evaluation conditions of carbon neutral urban areas in detail; 2) The distribution of energy indicators in the evaluation criteria is concentrated, concise and clear, and the evaluation of renewable energy and carbon emissions is emphasized in the weight of scores; 3) The energy indicators attaches importance to optimizing the energy structure, focusing on the development of renewable energy and energy conservation of buildings and infrastructure, and corresponding highlights the three innovative evaluation contents of grid planning, carbon offset by renewable energy certificates, and passive energy conservation of buildings. Based on thecomparison results, this paper puts forward the enlightenment on the Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria and its energy indicators from three aspects: first, it can integrate the carbon neutrality goals in the concept and control items of evaluation criteria; second, it can adjust the distribution and weight of energy indicators; third, it can add the terminal electrification rate index, introduce the renewable energy green power trading system, improve the building energy efficiency indicators requirements, and other contents. Aiming at the carbon neutrality goal, this study mainly provides some qualitative optimization enlightenment for the optimization of China’s Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria. In the future research, it is necessary to deepen Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria and its quantitative research on energy indicators, and further adjust the numerical requirements of the indicators combined with other research methods, so as to better meet the needs of the construction of carbon-neutral urban areas in China’s new urbanization.
Facing the carbon neutrality goal, promoting urban group development with the concept of green and low-carbon, and building green ecological urban areas that integrate carbon neutrality will become an important demand of China’s new urbanization. In this context, as a favorable tool to guide the standardization of green ecological urban areas, China’s Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria has not yet integrated the carbon neutrality goal, and there is a major need for optimization and upgrading. Therefore, how to integrate the carbon neutrality goal has become an urgent problem to be studied. By combing Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria abroad, it is found that the integration of carbon neutrality goal is the trend. The analysis shows that the energy indicators is the key to the optimization and upgrading of evaluation standards for Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria under the carbon neutrality goal. Through literature review, it is found that the domestic researches mainly use comparative analysis to emphasize the value of energy indicators, indicating that energy indicators have an important function of affecting energy consumption and carbon emissions in urban areas. Foreign studies show that there is no uniform criterion for the delineation of the evaluation direction of energy indicators at present, but it basically involves the stages of energy planning, development, utilization and management, which also provides references for the definition of energy indicators. In addition, comparative analysis is an important method to study energy indicators at home and abroad, which can reveal the differences and similarities of different evaluation standards and help the new evaluation standards find problems and improve the evaluation content. Based on the above analysis, LEED Cities and Communities and BREEAM Communities were selected to carry out a comparative study on the energy indicators of Green Eco- District Assessment Criteria in China, the United States and the United Kingdom under the carbon neutrality goal. The studies show that LEED Cities and Communities and BREEAM Communities have advanced in integrating carbon neutrality goals. Specifically, it includes: 1) On the basis of integrating the concept of evaluation standard preparation with the carbon neutrality goal, the control item of energy indicators explains the evaluation conditions of carbon neutral urban areas in detail; 2) The distribution of energy indicators in the evaluation criteria is concentrated, concise and clear, and the evaluation of renewable energy and carbon emissions is emphasized in the weight of scores; 3) The energy indicators attaches importance to optimizing the energy structure, focusing on the development of renewable energy and energy conservation of buildings and infrastructure, and corresponding highlights the three innovative evaluation contents of grid planning, carbon offset by renewable energy certificates, and passive energy conservation of buildings. Based on thecomparison results, this paper puts forward the enlightenment on the Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria and its energy indicators from three aspects: first, it can integrate the carbon neutrality goals in the concept and control items of evaluation criteria; second, it can adjust the distribution and weight of energy indicators; third, it can add the terminal electrification rate index, introduce the renewable energy green power trading system, improve the building energy efficiency indicators requirements, and other contents. Aiming at the carbon neutrality goal, this study mainly provides some qualitative optimization enlightenment for the optimization of China’s Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria. In the future research, it is necessary to deepen Green Eco-District Assessment Criteria and its quantitative research on energy indicators, and further adjust the numerical requirements of the indicators combined with other research methods, so as to better meet the needs of the construction of carbon-neutral urban areas in China’s new urbanization.
2024(3),123-128
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240318
Abstract:
The materialization phase in the lifecycle of buildings, which involves the production and utilization of construction materials, is a critical period that sees concentrated CO2 emissions. This phase is significant because it offers substantial potential for emission reductions, making it imperative to conduct quantitative research on carbon emissions during this stage. In rural China, brick-concrete structures remain the predominant form of residential buildings. However, this widespread use of traditional construction methods hinders the advancement of low-carbon rural development. This study seeks to illustrate that modern rammed earth buildings, which leverage “local materials and local techniques”, can significantly enhance energy efficiency and reduce emissions. By focusing on the unique construction methods of modern rammed earth buildings, we can address potential discrepancies in data resulting from statistical limitations. This research combines the emission factor method with specific construction techniques of modern rammed earth buildings. Additionally, we utilize BIM software to precisely model the materialization phase, allowing us to analyze the variations in carbon emissions for different structural forms of these buildings. To begin with, it is important to understand the context and motivation behind this research. Traditional brick-concrete structures, while durable and widely accepted, have a considerable carbon footprint. The production of bricks and concrete involves energy-intensive processes that release significant amounts of CO2. Transporting these materials from production sites to construction locations further adds to their carbon emissions. In contrast, modern rammed earth buildings employ local materials, which are often more sustainable and have lower embodied energy. These buildings also utilize local construction techniques, reducing the need for energy-intensive machinery and transportation. The methodology adopted in this study involves a combination of the emission factor method and precise construction modeling using BIM software. The emission factor method helps in quantifying the emissions per unit of activity, such as per square meter of building area. By integrating this method with detailed construction data from BIM software, we can achieve a high level of accuracy in modeling the materialization phase of buildings. This approach allows us to analyze the carbon emissions associated with different structural forms of modern rammed earth buildings comprehensively. The findings of this study are significant. In the southwestern rural areas of China, the unit area carbon emissions during the production and transportation phases of modern rammed earth buildings are calculated to be 177.63 kg CO2e/m2 and 264.7 kg CO2e/m2, respectively. During the construction phase, the emissions are found to be 19.1 kg CO2e/m2 and 15.94 kg CO2e/m2, respectively. These figures highlight the substantial differences in emissions between modern rammed earth buildingsand traditional brick-concrete structures. A comparative analysis reveals that the unit area carbon emissions during the construction phase for different structural forms of modern rammed earth buildings are 196.73 kg CO2e/m2 and 280.64 kg CO2e/m2. When compared to traditional brick-concrete structures, these figures are 1.7 times and 1.2 times higher, respectively. This data provides a basis for understanding the energy-saving and emission-reducing potential of modern rammed earth buildings. Despite the higher emissions during the construction phase, the overall environmental impact of these buildings is lower due to their sustainable materials and construction practices. The implications of these findings are profound. Modern rammed earth buildings offer a viable solution for promoting green development in rural residential construction. By adopting local materials and techniques, these buildings not only reduce their carbon footprint but also support local economies and traditions. The study underscores the importance of rethinking traditional construction methods and embracing more sustainable alternatives. Furthermore, this research provides a new perspective on the role of modern rammed earth buildings in achieving environmental sustainability. It highlights the need for policymakers and builders to consider the entire lifecycle of buildings, from material production to construction and beyond. By focusing on the materialization phase, significant strides can be made in reducing the overall carbon emissions of the construction industry. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that modern rammed earth buildings, through their use of local materials and techniques, can play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development in rural areas. The combination of the emission factor method and BIM software provides a robust framework for accurately modeling and analyzing carbon emissions during the materialization phase. As the construction industry continues to seek ways to minimize its environmental impact, the insights gained from this research offer valuable guidance for the adoption of more sustainable building practices.
The materialization phase in the lifecycle of buildings, which involves the production and utilization of construction materials, is a critical period that sees concentrated CO2 emissions. This phase is significant because it offers substantial potential for emission reductions, making it imperative to conduct quantitative research on carbon emissions during this stage. In rural China, brick-concrete structures remain the predominant form of residential buildings. However, this widespread use of traditional construction methods hinders the advancement of low-carbon rural development. This study seeks to illustrate that modern rammed earth buildings, which leverage “local materials and local techniques”, can significantly enhance energy efficiency and reduce emissions. By focusing on the unique construction methods of modern rammed earth buildings, we can address potential discrepancies in data resulting from statistical limitations. This research combines the emission factor method with specific construction techniques of modern rammed earth buildings. Additionally, we utilize BIM software to precisely model the materialization phase, allowing us to analyze the variations in carbon emissions for different structural forms of these buildings. To begin with, it is important to understand the context and motivation behind this research. Traditional brick-concrete structures, while durable and widely accepted, have a considerable carbon footprint. The production of bricks and concrete involves energy-intensive processes that release significant amounts of CO2. Transporting these materials from production sites to construction locations further adds to their carbon emissions. In contrast, modern rammed earth buildings employ local materials, which are often more sustainable and have lower embodied energy. These buildings also utilize local construction techniques, reducing the need for energy-intensive machinery and transportation. The methodology adopted in this study involves a combination of the emission factor method and precise construction modeling using BIM software. The emission factor method helps in quantifying the emissions per unit of activity, such as per square meter of building area. By integrating this method with detailed construction data from BIM software, we can achieve a high level of accuracy in modeling the materialization phase of buildings. This approach allows us to analyze the carbon emissions associated with different structural forms of modern rammed earth buildings comprehensively. The findings of this study are significant. In the southwestern rural areas of China, the unit area carbon emissions during the production and transportation phases of modern rammed earth buildings are calculated to be 177.63 kg CO2e/m2 and 264.7 kg CO2e/m2, respectively. During the construction phase, the emissions are found to be 19.1 kg CO2e/m2 and 15.94 kg CO2e/m2, respectively. These figures highlight the substantial differences in emissions between modern rammed earth buildingsand traditional brick-concrete structures. A comparative analysis reveals that the unit area carbon emissions during the construction phase for different structural forms of modern rammed earth buildings are 196.73 kg CO2e/m2 and 280.64 kg CO2e/m2. When compared to traditional brick-concrete structures, these figures are 1.7 times and 1.2 times higher, respectively. This data provides a basis for understanding the energy-saving and emission-reducing potential of modern rammed earth buildings. Despite the higher emissions during the construction phase, the overall environmental impact of these buildings is lower due to their sustainable materials and construction practices. The implications of these findings are profound. Modern rammed earth buildings offer a viable solution for promoting green development in rural residential construction. By adopting local materials and techniques, these buildings not only reduce their carbon footprint but also support local economies and traditions. The study underscores the importance of rethinking traditional construction methods and embracing more sustainable alternatives. Furthermore, this research provides a new perspective on the role of modern rammed earth buildings in achieving environmental sustainability. It highlights the need for policymakers and builders to consider the entire lifecycle of buildings, from material production to construction and beyond. By focusing on the materialization phase, significant strides can be made in reducing the overall carbon emissions of the construction industry. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that modern rammed earth buildings, through their use of local materials and techniques, can play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development in rural areas. The combination of the emission factor method and BIM software provides a robust framework for accurately modeling and analyzing carbon emissions during the materialization phase. As the construction industry continues to seek ways to minimize its environmental impact, the insights gained from this research offer valuable guidance for the adoption of more sustainable building practices.
2024(3),129-136
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240319
Abstract:
China’s rural areas are an important focus point for achieving its dual-carbon goals. However, theoretical exploration and practical verification of low-carbon strategies at the rural community level are still insufficient. To further elucidate spatial carbon reduction pathways in rural communities, it is necessary to clarify the current status of related research and identify future research directions. Based on the relevant policy documents and scientific literature in the field of carbon reduction strategies in rural communities, this paper compiles the latest research progress in this field and identifies the current research deficiencies in this field, to provide suggestions and references for the low-carbon development of rural communities in China. Firstly, this paper summarizes the policies related to low-carbon development in rural communities, and broadly divides the development of China’s countryside into four phases, namely, the initial development phase (1982-2005), the new rural construction phase (2005-2013), the beautiful rural construction phase (2013-2018), and the stage of rural revitalization and lowcarbon rural construction (2018-present). A compendium of the policy lineage in the field of rural development shows that following the introduction of the concept of ecological and environmental protection into the main line of rural development, the goal of low-carbon countryside is being accelerated and integrated into the overall goal of rural revitalization. However, compared with the research in the field of low carbon control in urban space, there is still a significant lack of research on carbon reduction strategies in rural communities, and there is still a lack of a complete research system. Secondly, this paper was searched in the CNKI database with the keywords of “rural + countryside + village” and “carbon + carbon emission + double carbon + low carbon”, and the restricted discipline was building science and engineering. After the search, 236 articles in Chinese and foreign languages were retained by combining the topics, abstracts, and keywords of the literature for further screening. The literature can be categorized into the following three perspectives: spatial development strategies for rural communities from a planning perspective, optimal design of landscape systems for carbon and emission reduction, and building energy efficiency and carbon emission control. The literature under the three perspectives is sorted out, and the theoretical explorations, research methodological applications, and specific practical projects from different perspectives are compiled. Through the collation of literature under the three perspectives, current research gaps were identified. These research gaps include: uneven spatial distribution of spatial carbon reduction practices in rural communities, relatively single perspective of carbon emission reduction related research, mostly qualitative research methods and quantitative research should be strengthened, lack of a database on the whole life cycle of carbon emissions in rural areas, and lack of carbon emission calculations in the production, transport, construction and dismantling phases of carbon emission reduction measures. Based on the literature review, the challenges of spatial carbon reduction strategies at the rural community level from different perspectives are identified. Regarding spatial carbon reduction in planning, the carbon source assessment of rural communities has the characteristics of an open and large-scale system, and there is an urgent need to constructa parametric carbon source assessment model for land use planning. Regarding carbon reduction in landscape elements, rural communities have long been faced with the outstanding contradiction between ecological protection and economic development, which has brought great uncertainty to the enhancement of the carbon sink capacity of various landscape elements. In terms of carbon reduction in building space, the development of low-cost building carbon reduction technologies and the construction of effective promotion paths have become an important challenge for carbon reduction in rural community buildings. Finally, this paper points out potential avenues for future research, including: 1)in the future, we need to carry out systematic research on the planning paths, landscape elements, and architectural spaces of rural communities as a whole, and carry out low-carbon construction strategies around multidimensional scales; 2)it is necessary to set up a carbon emission data collection system at the level of the rural community to track the sources of carbon emissions from various areas within the community, and then build an authoritative database and research framework on the life-cycle carbon emissions and energy demand of rural communities; 3)it is urgent to establish a carbon emission data collection system at the rural community level to track the carbon emission sources in each area of the community, and then build an authoritative database and research framework on the life cycle carbon emission and energy demand of the rural community; 4)in the future, it is necessary to integrate the carbon emission information of the rural community into the ecovalue accounting system, to quantitatively analyze the level of carbon emission and the space for carbon reduction of the whole community and dynamically monitor the level of carbon emission; 5)low-carbon construction strategies should respect, protect, and pass on the local culture and history, and low-carbon construction and cultural heritage protection in rural communities will become one of the research areas that need to be explored in depth in the future. The results of the research will help to promote the realization of the dual carbon goals more effectively and provide a reference for the low-carbon transformation of rural communities.
China’s rural areas are an important focus point for achieving its dual-carbon goals. However, theoretical exploration and practical verification of low-carbon strategies at the rural community level are still insufficient. To further elucidate spatial carbon reduction pathways in rural communities, it is necessary to clarify the current status of related research and identify future research directions. Based on the relevant policy documents and scientific literature in the field of carbon reduction strategies in rural communities, this paper compiles the latest research progress in this field and identifies the current research deficiencies in this field, to provide suggestions and references for the low-carbon development of rural communities in China. Firstly, this paper summarizes the policies related to low-carbon development in rural communities, and broadly divides the development of China’s countryside into four phases, namely, the initial development phase (1982-2005), the new rural construction phase (2005-2013), the beautiful rural construction phase (2013-2018), and the stage of rural revitalization and lowcarbon rural construction (2018-present). A compendium of the policy lineage in the field of rural development shows that following the introduction of the concept of ecological and environmental protection into the main line of rural development, the goal of low-carbon countryside is being accelerated and integrated into the overall goal of rural revitalization. However, compared with the research in the field of low carbon control in urban space, there is still a significant lack of research on carbon reduction strategies in rural communities, and there is still a lack of a complete research system. Secondly, this paper was searched in the CNKI database with the keywords of “rural + countryside + village” and “carbon + carbon emission + double carbon + low carbon”, and the restricted discipline was building science and engineering. After the search, 236 articles in Chinese and foreign languages were retained by combining the topics, abstracts, and keywords of the literature for further screening. The literature can be categorized into the following three perspectives: spatial development strategies for rural communities from a planning perspective, optimal design of landscape systems for carbon and emission reduction, and building energy efficiency and carbon emission control. The literature under the three perspectives is sorted out, and the theoretical explorations, research methodological applications, and specific practical projects from different perspectives are compiled. Through the collation of literature under the three perspectives, current research gaps were identified. These research gaps include: uneven spatial distribution of spatial carbon reduction practices in rural communities, relatively single perspective of carbon emission reduction related research, mostly qualitative research methods and quantitative research should be strengthened, lack of a database on the whole life cycle of carbon emissions in rural areas, and lack of carbon emission calculations in the production, transport, construction and dismantling phases of carbon emission reduction measures. Based on the literature review, the challenges of spatial carbon reduction strategies at the rural community level from different perspectives are identified. Regarding spatial carbon reduction in planning, the carbon source assessment of rural communities has the characteristics of an open and large-scale system, and there is an urgent need to constructa parametric carbon source assessment model for land use planning. Regarding carbon reduction in landscape elements, rural communities have long been faced with the outstanding contradiction between ecological protection and economic development, which has brought great uncertainty to the enhancement of the carbon sink capacity of various landscape elements. In terms of carbon reduction in building space, the development of low-cost building carbon reduction technologies and the construction of effective promotion paths have become an important challenge for carbon reduction in rural community buildings. Finally, this paper points out potential avenues for future research, including: 1)in the future, we need to carry out systematic research on the planning paths, landscape elements, and architectural spaces of rural communities as a whole, and carry out low-carbon construction strategies around multidimensional scales; 2)it is necessary to set up a carbon emission data collection system at the level of the rural community to track the sources of carbon emissions from various areas within the community, and then build an authoritative database and research framework on the life-cycle carbon emissions and energy demand of rural communities; 3)it is urgent to establish a carbon emission data collection system at the rural community level to track the carbon emission sources in each area of the community, and then build an authoritative database and research framework on the life cycle carbon emission and energy demand of the rural community; 4)in the future, it is necessary to integrate the carbon emission information of the rural community into the ecovalue accounting system, to quantitatively analyze the level of carbon emission and the space for carbon reduction of the whole community and dynamically monitor the level of carbon emission; 5)low-carbon construction strategies should respect, protect, and pass on the local culture and history, and low-carbon construction and cultural heritage protection in rural communities will become one of the research areas that need to be explored in depth in the future. The results of the research will help to promote the realization of the dual carbon goals more effectively and provide a reference for the low-carbon transformation of rural communities.
2024(3),137-146
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240320
Abstract:
Since China’s economic reforms and opening up, numerous workers from the central and western regions have migrated to the more economically developed eastern areas for job opportunities and temporary settlements. Nevertheless, this traditional urbanization pattern, characterized by migration to different locales, has given rise to societal challenges, notably the “left-behind phenomenon” and “population loss”. To tackle these issues and others stemming from urbanization in depopulating regions, such as weak industries, inadequate infrastructure, and limited public services, the Chinese Communist Party Office and the State Council issued the “Opinions on Promoting Urbanization Construction with Counties as Important Carriers” in May 2022. This landmark document introduced the concept of “population-losing counties” and emphasized the need to “promote moderate population and public service resource concentration, strengthening people’s livelihood security and assistance”, while advocating for high-quality, county-focused urbanization. This new approach has garnered significant academic interest. Evidently, China’s urbanization rate still has considerable room for improvement in the long term. In-situ urbanization plays a crucial role in preventing and addressing both urban and rural issues. This paper encompasses 72 county-level population loss units in Sichuan Province, leveraging survey data from residents left behind in Yuechi County, a notable population-losing county. Utilizing multivariate logistic regression analysis, it examines the willingness of these left-behind residents to relocate and the influencing factors at the individual, familial, production and lifestyle, pension, and education levels. Initially focusing on representative counties in Sichuan, the findings indicate that while the urbanization level in population-losing counties remains low, the growth rate is substantial and positively correlated with the scale of population outflow. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that with significant population outflows, the local populace increasingly consists of children and the elderly. The declining labor market and the escalating overall dependency ratio have become foundational aspects of county urbanization. Building on this backdrop, this paper reaches the following conclusions: 1) Urbanization in depopulating areas exhibits notable differentiation at the spatial, economic, and demographic levels. Approximately 40% of the left-behind residents express a proclivity towards urbanization, with their migration preferences ordered as counties, major cities, prefecture-level cities, and then small towns. 2) Factors influencing local urbanization tend to prioritize lifestyle over production, implying that diverse individual and familial traits impact residents’ urbanization choices, while limited work opportunities exert minimal influence. Family pensions and children’s education emerge as pivotal determinants of local urbanization decisions. It proposes the following strategies: Firstly, in alignment with the national “14th Five-YearPlan” for public service planning, counties in depopulating areas should moderately centralize public services and resources in cities. This approach aims to enhance the quality of public services like education and healthcare in townships and improve the local workforce structure and labor quality. Secondly, it is imperative to foster county economies and key industries, expanding local employment prospects and exploring endogenous urbanization pathways driven by local industries. Lastly, strengthening the county-level urban-rural pension service and security systems is crucial to bolster the sense of security among rural elders. Looking ahead, it must adapt to the aging trends in China’s counties, bolstering urban-rural pension services and land security planning. This involves providing planning guidance and policy support for rural individuals transitioning to urban retirement living and fostering the growth of the rural pension industry.
Since China’s economic reforms and opening up, numerous workers from the central and western regions have migrated to the more economically developed eastern areas for job opportunities and temporary settlements. Nevertheless, this traditional urbanization pattern, characterized by migration to different locales, has given rise to societal challenges, notably the “left-behind phenomenon” and “population loss”. To tackle these issues and others stemming from urbanization in depopulating regions, such as weak industries, inadequate infrastructure, and limited public services, the Chinese Communist Party Office and the State Council issued the “Opinions on Promoting Urbanization Construction with Counties as Important Carriers” in May 2022. This landmark document introduced the concept of “population-losing counties” and emphasized the need to “promote moderate population and public service resource concentration, strengthening people’s livelihood security and assistance”, while advocating for high-quality, county-focused urbanization. This new approach has garnered significant academic interest. Evidently, China’s urbanization rate still has considerable room for improvement in the long term. In-situ urbanization plays a crucial role in preventing and addressing both urban and rural issues. This paper encompasses 72 county-level population loss units in Sichuan Province, leveraging survey data from residents left behind in Yuechi County, a notable population-losing county. Utilizing multivariate logistic regression analysis, it examines the willingness of these left-behind residents to relocate and the influencing factors at the individual, familial, production and lifestyle, pension, and education levels. Initially focusing on representative counties in Sichuan, the findings indicate that while the urbanization level in population-losing counties remains low, the growth rate is substantial and positively correlated with the scale of population outflow. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that with significant population outflows, the local populace increasingly consists of children and the elderly. The declining labor market and the escalating overall dependency ratio have become foundational aspects of county urbanization. Building on this backdrop, this paper reaches the following conclusions: 1) Urbanization in depopulating areas exhibits notable differentiation at the spatial, economic, and demographic levels. Approximately 40% of the left-behind residents express a proclivity towards urbanization, with their migration preferences ordered as counties, major cities, prefecture-level cities, and then small towns. 2) Factors influencing local urbanization tend to prioritize lifestyle over production, implying that diverse individual and familial traits impact residents’ urbanization choices, while limited work opportunities exert minimal influence. Family pensions and children’s education emerge as pivotal determinants of local urbanization decisions. It proposes the following strategies: Firstly, in alignment with the national “14th Five-YearPlan” for public service planning, counties in depopulating areas should moderately centralize public services and resources in cities. This approach aims to enhance the quality of public services like education and healthcare in townships and improve the local workforce structure and labor quality. Secondly, it is imperative to foster county economies and key industries, expanding local employment prospects and exploring endogenous urbanization pathways driven by local industries. Lastly, strengthening the county-level urban-rural pension service and security systems is crucial to bolster the sense of security among rural elders. Looking ahead, it must adapt to the aging trends in China’s counties, bolstering urban-rural pension services and land security planning. This involves providing planning guidance and policy support for rural individuals transitioning to urban retirement living and fostering the growth of the rural pension industry.
2024(3),147-154
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240321
Abstract:
Urban clusters are vital for regional development in China, internally characterized by a complex network of interconnected nodes. Analyzing their resilience to acute shocks and chronic pressures is crucial for the sustainable development and security of the region. This paper investigates the 16 prefecture-level cities within the Chengdu-Chongqing urban cluster as of 2020. It constructs networks of transportation, economy, information, and comprehensive connections. The network’s resilience is assessed from four perspectives: hierarchy, matching, transmission, and agglomeration. Simulation analysis is used to examine the network structure’s absorption and fault tolerance capabilities in a disrupted environment. Results show that the Chengdu-Chongqing urban cluster’s network spatial pattern is dominated by a “dual-core”, with pronounced hierarchical differences. The “dual-core” and “networked” patterns are significant in the transportation connectivity network. The economic and information connectivity networks display “bow-shaped” and “spider-web-like” patterns respectively. The comprehensive connectivity network’s “networked” feature is the most pronounced. The topological structure exhibits both absolute polarization and relative equalization. Within the economic network’s topology, the core area is “dual-driven”, with a significant agglomeration effect in the southern cities. In the topology of the information network, node connections are diversified and tend to favor core cities. In the comprehensive network’s topology, the “dual-core” main structure persists throughout, with secondary central cities having the potential but not the power to balance. The formation of topological structures results from the combined effects of multiple factors, including geographical conditions, resource distribution, economic development levels, and policy guidance. Developmental differences and collaborative actions within urban clusters cause the network structures of various fields to exhibit characteristics of both absolute polarization and relative equalization. The network’s hierarchy is significantly nonhomogeneous and three-dimensional. There is strong heterophily and no significant homophily clustering. The transmission efficiency is relatively high, with strong accessibility and diffusivity. Top cities show strong agglomeration, while non-core cities have unidirectional connections. The structural resilience of transportation, economy, information, and comprehensive connectivity networks is characterized by transportation network (strong hierarchy, high heterophily, weak transmission, medium agglomeration), economic network (medium hierarchy, weak heterophily, strong transmission, strong agglomeration), information network (weak hierarchy, medium heterophily, strong transmission, weak agglomeration), comprehensive connectivity network (strong hierarchy, medium heterophily, medium transmission, medium agglomeration). The Chengdu- Chongqing dual-core structure is prominent, which brings a strong radiative driving effect while also generating the risk of spatial closure. Faced with external risks and shocks, there is a certain degree of structural resilience, but there is still much room for improvement. The heterogeneity of network structure resilience stems from the unbalanced development in different fields within the Chengdu- Chongqing urban cluster, as well as the corresponding differences in diverse network structures. Thestructural characteristics of different networks reflect the diversity and complementarity within the urban cluster. In a disrupted environment, the order of absorption and fault tolerance capabilities is information network > economic network > comprehensive network > transportation network. Among them, the information network has the strongest structural resilience, the transportation network the weakest, with Chongqing and Chengdu being key nodes affecting absorption and fault tolerance capabilities. The decentralized and distributed characteristics of the information network enhance its resilience, facilitating better adaptation and recovery in disruption scenarios. The transportation network, involving infrastructure, is often susceptible to natural disasters and accidents, making it difficult for the network to quickly adapt and repair in the event of disruptions. The Chengdu-Chongqing urban cluster’s dependency on Chengdu and Chongqing is too high, with a significant disparity in external connectivity between central and peripheral cities. The “core-periphery” effect is pronounced, making “peripheral cities” such as Ya’an, Guang’an, and Dazhou more vulnerable.
Urban clusters are vital for regional development in China, internally characterized by a complex network of interconnected nodes. Analyzing their resilience to acute shocks and chronic pressures is crucial for the sustainable development and security of the region. This paper investigates the 16 prefecture-level cities within the Chengdu-Chongqing urban cluster as of 2020. It constructs networks of transportation, economy, information, and comprehensive connections. The network’s resilience is assessed from four perspectives: hierarchy, matching, transmission, and agglomeration. Simulation analysis is used to examine the network structure’s absorption and fault tolerance capabilities in a disrupted environment. Results show that the Chengdu-Chongqing urban cluster’s network spatial pattern is dominated by a “dual-core”, with pronounced hierarchical differences. The “dual-core” and “networked” patterns are significant in the transportation connectivity network. The economic and information connectivity networks display “bow-shaped” and “spider-web-like” patterns respectively. The comprehensive connectivity network’s “networked” feature is the most pronounced. The topological structure exhibits both absolute polarization and relative equalization. Within the economic network’s topology, the core area is “dual-driven”, with a significant agglomeration effect in the southern cities. In the topology of the information network, node connections are diversified and tend to favor core cities. In the comprehensive network’s topology, the “dual-core” main structure persists throughout, with secondary central cities having the potential but not the power to balance. The formation of topological structures results from the combined effects of multiple factors, including geographical conditions, resource distribution, economic development levels, and policy guidance. Developmental differences and collaborative actions within urban clusters cause the network structures of various fields to exhibit characteristics of both absolute polarization and relative equalization. The network’s hierarchy is significantly nonhomogeneous and three-dimensional. There is strong heterophily and no significant homophily clustering. The transmission efficiency is relatively high, with strong accessibility and diffusivity. Top cities show strong agglomeration, while non-core cities have unidirectional connections. The structural resilience of transportation, economy, information, and comprehensive connectivity networks is characterized by transportation network (strong hierarchy, high heterophily, weak transmission, medium agglomeration), economic network (medium hierarchy, weak heterophily, strong transmission, strong agglomeration), information network (weak hierarchy, medium heterophily, strong transmission, weak agglomeration), comprehensive connectivity network (strong hierarchy, medium heterophily, medium transmission, medium agglomeration). The Chengdu- Chongqing dual-core structure is prominent, which brings a strong radiative driving effect while also generating the risk of spatial closure. Faced with external risks and shocks, there is a certain degree of structural resilience, but there is still much room for improvement. The heterogeneity of network structure resilience stems from the unbalanced development in different fields within the Chengdu- Chongqing urban cluster, as well as the corresponding differences in diverse network structures. Thestructural characteristics of different networks reflect the diversity and complementarity within the urban cluster. In a disrupted environment, the order of absorption and fault tolerance capabilities is information network > economic network > comprehensive network > transportation network. Among them, the information network has the strongest structural resilience, the transportation network the weakest, with Chongqing and Chengdu being key nodes affecting absorption and fault tolerance capabilities. The decentralized and distributed characteristics of the information network enhance its resilience, facilitating better adaptation and recovery in disruption scenarios. The transportation network, involving infrastructure, is often susceptible to natural disasters and accidents, making it difficult for the network to quickly adapt and repair in the event of disruptions. The Chengdu-Chongqing urban cluster’s dependency on Chengdu and Chongqing is too high, with a significant disparity in external connectivity between central and peripheral cities. The “core-periphery” effect is pronounced, making “peripheral cities” such as Ya’an, Guang’an, and Dazhou more vulnerable.
2024(3),155-161
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240322
Abstract:
The characteristics of residents’ travel behaviors, one of important issues in urban planning, are closely related to the construction of transport infrastructure, the quality of residents’ life, and the prevention and control of pandemic. Previous studies on residents’ travel behaviors mainly focused on megacities, with few studies having been conducted on small and mediumsized cities. This paper studies the travel scale, travel time, travel distance, and spatial network characteristics of residents’ travel behaviors on the basis of 61 543 902 mobile phone signaling data of the resident population for three time periods in May 2019, November 2019, and May 2020 in Tongren City, China. The findings regarding scale characteristics are as follows: Firstly, unlike big cities that typically experience morning and evening travel peaks, Tongren City exhibits three peaks in travel volume throughout the day. Comparing the data from May 2019 and November 2019, it was observed that the proportion of peak travel volume was higher in winter. Secondly, there is a strong positive correlation between the number of trips and the population size of the districts and counties. Thirdly, by comparing the data from May 2019 and May 2020, it was found that after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, the proportion of trips within districts and counties with higher population densities increased. Fourthly, most districts and counties exhibit a higher number of trips in 1-2 towns/subdistricts, while the rest show a sharp decline in travel volume. The findings regarding on travel time are as follows: (1) The travel time exhibits three peaks throughout the day, but these peaks do not coincide with the peaks in travel volume during the same time periods. (2) There is a strong positive correlation between the average travel time per trip within districts and counties and the population size. The findings regarding on distance characteristics are as follows: (1) The distribution of travel distances in Tongren City and within each district and county follows a power-law distribution at the group level. (2) The number of long-distance trips decays faster within districts and counties in winter. The findings regarding the spatial distribution and network characteristics of travel are as follows:(1) The highest travel volume is observed between the main urban area and other districts and counties. (2) The spatial distribution of trips within the city is primarily influenced by natural geographic factors. (3) The significance of the more urbanized areas of Tongren in the travel network tends to increase in winter. By integrating previous studies on travel characteristics in small cities with the findings of this study, the distinct travel characteristics of small cities compared to big cities can be summarized as follows: (1) In small cities, there are 3-4 peaks in travel volume throughout the day, whereas big cities typically experience only 2 peaks. This discrepancy can be attributed to the shorter commuting distances in small cities, which often prompt individuals to return home for lunch. Conversely, in big cities, commuting distances tend to be longer, resulting in the majority of commuters traveling during the morning and evening. (2) The spatial distribution of travel by residents in small cities exhibits a clear centripetal pattern, whereas the centripetal pattern in big cities is relatively weaker. This difference can be explained by the fact that small cities typically have a single employment and consumption center, while big cities feature a more dispersed distribution of multiple employment and consumption centers. Utilizing big data technology to comprehend residents’ travel characteristics can significantly enhance the scientific optimization of transportation network systems in spatial planning. Tailored planning strategies should be devised considering diverse factors such as population sizes, population densities, and levels of urbanization. Firstly, prioritizing the enhancement of transportation infrastructure construction in regions with higher urbanization levels can effectively cater to the travel needs of residents. Secondly, adopting dynamic and flexible transportation policies that account for seasonal variations in travel patterns, such as augmenting public transportation frequency during peak hour traffic in winter, can mitigate the risk of traffic congestion. Moreover, it is imperative to acknowledge the alterations in travel behavior caused by the pandemic and fortify the resilience of regional transportation systems. This study does have certain limitations. Firstly, the travel distance derived from mobile signaling data represents the Euclidean distance between the origin and destination points. To minimize errors when aggregating travel distances, it adopted a 1 km threshold as the basic unit. For future research, it is recommended to explore fitting the origin and destination points to the road network and obtaining the shortest path as the travel distance. Secondly, mobile signaling data relies on base station signals for positioning, which inevitably introduces spatial errors. To address this in future studies, it is advisable to consider data with higher location accuracy, such as GPS data, for research purposes.
The characteristics of residents’ travel behaviors, one of important issues in urban planning, are closely related to the construction of transport infrastructure, the quality of residents’ life, and the prevention and control of pandemic. Previous studies on residents’ travel behaviors mainly focused on megacities, with few studies having been conducted on small and mediumsized cities. This paper studies the travel scale, travel time, travel distance, and spatial network characteristics of residents’ travel behaviors on the basis of 61 543 902 mobile phone signaling data of the resident population for three time periods in May 2019, November 2019, and May 2020 in Tongren City, China. The findings regarding scale characteristics are as follows: Firstly, unlike big cities that typically experience morning and evening travel peaks, Tongren City exhibits three peaks in travel volume throughout the day. Comparing the data from May 2019 and November 2019, it was observed that the proportion of peak travel volume was higher in winter. Secondly, there is a strong positive correlation between the number of trips and the population size of the districts and counties. Thirdly, by comparing the data from May 2019 and May 2020, it was found that after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, the proportion of trips within districts and counties with higher population densities increased. Fourthly, most districts and counties exhibit a higher number of trips in 1-2 towns/subdistricts, while the rest show a sharp decline in travel volume. The findings regarding on travel time are as follows: (1) The travel time exhibits three peaks throughout the day, but these peaks do not coincide with the peaks in travel volume during the same time periods. (2) There is a strong positive correlation between the average travel time per trip within districts and counties and the population size. The findings regarding on distance characteristics are as follows: (1) The distribution of travel distances in Tongren City and within each district and county follows a power-law distribution at the group level. (2) The number of long-distance trips decays faster within districts and counties in winter. The findings regarding the spatial distribution and network characteristics of travel are as follows:(1) The highest travel volume is observed between the main urban area and other districts and counties. (2) The spatial distribution of trips within the city is primarily influenced by natural geographic factors. (3) The significance of the more urbanized areas of Tongren in the travel network tends to increase in winter. By integrating previous studies on travel characteristics in small cities with the findings of this study, the distinct travel characteristics of small cities compared to big cities can be summarized as follows: (1) In small cities, there are 3-4 peaks in travel volume throughout the day, whereas big cities typically experience only 2 peaks. This discrepancy can be attributed to the shorter commuting distances in small cities, which often prompt individuals to return home for lunch. Conversely, in big cities, commuting distances tend to be longer, resulting in the majority of commuters traveling during the morning and evening. (2) The spatial distribution of travel by residents in small cities exhibits a clear centripetal pattern, whereas the centripetal pattern in big cities is relatively weaker. This difference can be explained by the fact that small cities typically have a single employment and consumption center, while big cities feature a more dispersed distribution of multiple employment and consumption centers. Utilizing big data technology to comprehend residents’ travel characteristics can significantly enhance the scientific optimization of transportation network systems in spatial planning. Tailored planning strategies should be devised considering diverse factors such as population sizes, population densities, and levels of urbanization. Firstly, prioritizing the enhancement of transportation infrastructure construction in regions with higher urbanization levels can effectively cater to the travel needs of residents. Secondly, adopting dynamic and flexible transportation policies that account for seasonal variations in travel patterns, such as augmenting public transportation frequency during peak hour traffic in winter, can mitigate the risk of traffic congestion. Moreover, it is imperative to acknowledge the alterations in travel behavior caused by the pandemic and fortify the resilience of regional transportation systems. This study does have certain limitations. Firstly, the travel distance derived from mobile signaling data represents the Euclidean distance between the origin and destination points. To minimize errors when aggregating travel distances, it adopted a 1 km threshold as the basic unit. For future research, it is recommended to explore fitting the origin and destination points to the road network and obtaining the shortest path as the travel distance. Secondly, mobile signaling data relies on base station signals for positioning, which inevitably introduces spatial errors. To address this in future studies, it is advisable to consider data with higher location accuracy, such as GPS data, for research purposes.
2024(3),162-168
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240323
Abstract:
Urban green spaces are an important component of urban natural ecosystems, with significant ecological, economic, and social value, providing multiple services in both material and non-material aspects for urban residents. Among the four major service types of ecosystem supply, regulation, support, and culture, the first three are the living conditions and environment they provide to humans at the material level, while cultural ecosystem services (CES) are the nonmaterial benefits they provide at the spiritual level. Research has confirmed that CES can promote human physical and mental health and contribute to the overall improvement of welfare benefits. The relationship between human welfare and urban green space CES is not only related to the supply capacity of green space habitats, but also to the demand level of urban residents within the service scope. However, in the process of rapid urbanization and urban expansion, there is an imbalance and mismatch in the total supply and demand and spatial allocation of CES. Relevant studies have shown that the spatial distribution and correlation of supply-demand of urban green space CES affect its ecosystem service efficiency. Therefore, effectively identifying the spatial matching characteristics of supply-demand for urban green space cultural services is the key to improving green space service efficiency, optimizing green space layout, and promoting high-quality development of living environment. At present, the quantitative evaluation of CES supply and demand is still in the exploratory stage, and there are certain difficulties in constructing the supply and demand relationship of urban green space CES. Due to significant differences in the scale and indicators of supply and demand research, there is currently no unified model that can accurately establish a connection between supply and demand, and the research results are also difficult to provide guidance for coordinating green space resources in landscape planning practice. Therefore, how to accurately identify the differences in the current supply and demand situation, effectively match the supply and demand ends, and achieve supply-demand balance transformation is a problem worthy of attention and exploration. Chongqing is a typical mountainous city in China. The “two rivers and four mountains” have created its unique landscape pattern, with superior green space cultural services and a complex spatial coupling relationship between population activities and CES supply. In view of this, this study takes the central urban area of Chongqing as an example, based on multi-source data suchas geospatial data, point of Interest data, and population heat data, and uses GIS analysis technology, spatial correlation analysis, and other methods to construct a supply and demand evaluation index system and research framework for urban green space CES. The spatial differentiation characteristics of supply and demand are identified, and an optimization path for urban green space pattern is proposed for the matching scenario of supply and demand space. It is mainly divided into three steps: 1) identify the spatial distribution of urban green space CES supply from the perspectives of supply potential and supply opportunities; 2) evaluate the level of CES demand through the spatial distribution characteristics of beneficiaries; 3) reveal the matching pattern and correlation between CES supply and demand, and explore the rational allocation path of supply and demand. During the analysis process, taking into account the area and accuracy requirements of the study area, ArcGIS was used to divide the study area into grids, deleting incomplete boundary grids to ensure the consistency of the analysis standards. Finally, a total of 5 203 1km * 1km grids were created, and the kilometer grid was used as the basic analysis element to calculate the supply and demand quantity of CES. Spatial information linkage was achieved through extract values to points and spatial connection tools. The urban green space CES supply and demand evaluation index system constructed in this article can play a positive role in clarifying the current situation of supply and demand space, actively guiding the formulation of planning strategies, and studying the identification of supply and demand matching patterns based on grid units, coordinating supply and demand relationships, and identifying supply and demand mismatch areas. This plays an important role in accurately improving the efficiency of high-density urban green space cultural service supply and meeting human needs through green space optimization. Finally, the study aims to link the evaluation results of green space CES with urban green space planning responses, which can effectively balance other services while strengthening natural system protection and urban social system development, and promote high-quality and sustainable development of urban living environment. Due to limitations in data sources, there are still limitations in the quantification methods of supply and demand indicators. Further research needs to consider the weight evaluation of different factors and relevant stakeholders, and further explore the construction of supply and demand evaluation indicator systems at multiple scales, strengthen the analysis of dynamic balance between supply and demand, and apply it in spatial optimization management.
Urban green spaces are an important component of urban natural ecosystems, with significant ecological, economic, and social value, providing multiple services in both material and non-material aspects for urban residents. Among the four major service types of ecosystem supply, regulation, support, and culture, the first three are the living conditions and environment they provide to humans at the material level, while cultural ecosystem services (CES) are the nonmaterial benefits they provide at the spiritual level. Research has confirmed that CES can promote human physical and mental health and contribute to the overall improvement of welfare benefits. The relationship between human welfare and urban green space CES is not only related to the supply capacity of green space habitats, but also to the demand level of urban residents within the service scope. However, in the process of rapid urbanization and urban expansion, there is an imbalance and mismatch in the total supply and demand and spatial allocation of CES. Relevant studies have shown that the spatial distribution and correlation of supply-demand of urban green space CES affect its ecosystem service efficiency. Therefore, effectively identifying the spatial matching characteristics of supply-demand for urban green space cultural services is the key to improving green space service efficiency, optimizing green space layout, and promoting high-quality development of living environment. At present, the quantitative evaluation of CES supply and demand is still in the exploratory stage, and there are certain difficulties in constructing the supply and demand relationship of urban green space CES. Due to significant differences in the scale and indicators of supply and demand research, there is currently no unified model that can accurately establish a connection between supply and demand, and the research results are also difficult to provide guidance for coordinating green space resources in landscape planning practice. Therefore, how to accurately identify the differences in the current supply and demand situation, effectively match the supply and demand ends, and achieve supply-demand balance transformation is a problem worthy of attention and exploration. Chongqing is a typical mountainous city in China. The “two rivers and four mountains” have created its unique landscape pattern, with superior green space cultural services and a complex spatial coupling relationship between population activities and CES supply. In view of this, this study takes the central urban area of Chongqing as an example, based on multi-source data suchas geospatial data, point of Interest data, and population heat data, and uses GIS analysis technology, spatial correlation analysis, and other methods to construct a supply and demand evaluation index system and research framework for urban green space CES. The spatial differentiation characteristics of supply and demand are identified, and an optimization path for urban green space pattern is proposed for the matching scenario of supply and demand space. It is mainly divided into three steps: 1) identify the spatial distribution of urban green space CES supply from the perspectives of supply potential and supply opportunities; 2) evaluate the level of CES demand through the spatial distribution characteristics of beneficiaries; 3) reveal the matching pattern and correlation between CES supply and demand, and explore the rational allocation path of supply and demand. During the analysis process, taking into account the area and accuracy requirements of the study area, ArcGIS was used to divide the study area into grids, deleting incomplete boundary grids to ensure the consistency of the analysis standards. Finally, a total of 5 203 1km * 1km grids were created, and the kilometer grid was used as the basic analysis element to calculate the supply and demand quantity of CES. Spatial information linkage was achieved through extract values to points and spatial connection tools. The urban green space CES supply and demand evaluation index system constructed in this article can play a positive role in clarifying the current situation of supply and demand space, actively guiding the formulation of planning strategies, and studying the identification of supply and demand matching patterns based on grid units, coordinating supply and demand relationships, and identifying supply and demand mismatch areas. This plays an important role in accurately improving the efficiency of high-density urban green space cultural service supply and meeting human needs through green space optimization. Finally, the study aims to link the evaluation results of green space CES with urban green space planning responses, which can effectively balance other services while strengthening natural system protection and urban social system development, and promote high-quality and sustainable development of urban living environment. Due to limitations in data sources, there are still limitations in the quantification methods of supply and demand indicators. Further research needs to consider the weight evaluation of different factors and relevant stakeholders, and further explore the construction of supply and demand evaluation indicator systems at multiple scales, strengthen the analysis of dynamic balance between supply and demand, and apply it in spatial optimization management.
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