Prof. Wanmin Zhao
Prof. Wei Zeng
ISSN: 2095-6304
Journal of Human Settlements in West China is formerly known as Interior Design founded in 1986, which officially changed its name in 2013. Journal of Human Settlements in West China, as the first comprehensive academic journal in China under the name of human settlements, will pay extensive attention to the major scientific problems faced by urban and rural human settlements from a global perspective based on the western regions and oriented to both domestic and international authors and readers.
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2025(4),1-7
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250414005
Abstract:
With the intensification of climate change and the escalating urban thermal environment crisis, residents' exposure to heat, thermal comfort, and their spatial inequality have become increasingly prominent. Addressing thermal comfort inequality has become a critical issue for urban spatial planning and climate adaptation strategies. This study investigates the spatial patterns of thermal comfort and the underlying mechanisms of spatial inequality in relation to urban green space characteristics, using the central urban area of Chengdu, China, as a case study. In this study, we constructed an urban-rural gradient of thermal comfort inequality using the concentric ring method, centered on Tianfu Square, and integrated three key dimensions (thermal comfort, population distribution, and inequality) into a comprehensive analytical framework. Following the existing literature, we measured thermal comfort using a land surface temperature-based thermal comfort index, which assumes that higher LST values correlate with reduced comfort and increased heat stress. In addition, based on high-resolution census grid data, a population-weighted approach was employed to account for the interaction between thermal comfort and population distribution. The Gini coefficient was used to evaluate the degree of inequality, capturing spatial disparities in thermal comfort across different census grids. The results reveal a gradient structure in Chengdu’s urban heat environment. First, thermal comfort shows a general upward trend along the urban-rural corridor. Residents in peripheral areas tend to have higher thermal comfort than those in inner-city areas. Notably, areas located around 7 km and 13 km from the city center, corresponding approximately to the Third Ring Road and Outer Greenbelt (Fourth Ring Road), demonstrate localized peaks in thermal comfort, suggesting the influence of both built environment intensity and ecological infrastructure. Second, thermal comfort inequality does not follow a simple trend but presents a non-linear distribution. Inner-city zones (1-4 km from the center) have relatively low inequality levels (Gini coefficient < 0.4), whereas suburban transitional zones between 8-25 km exhibit markedly higher inequality (Gini coefficient > 0.6), followed by a gradual decline in inequality beyond this range. This observation suggests that the central areas may be more uniformly affected by the thermal environment, whereas the urban-rural transition zones exhibit greater variability, which may be attributed to differences in urban greening and socioeconomic development levels. To further understand the relationship between green space and thermal comfort inequality, we introduced three green space characteristics, including NDVI, canopy height, and vegetation diversity. A ridge regression model was employed to address collinearity among explanatory variables and ensure the robustness of the estimation. The model demonstrates strong explanatory power (adjusted R2 = 0.605), and a significant relationship was observed between green spaces and thermal comfort inequality. The results suggest that all three green space indicators are negatively associated with thermal comfort inequality, with vegetation diversity exerting the most significant mitigating effect. This outcomeimplies that not only the amount but also the structure and composition of urban green spaces play critical roles in promoting thermal equity. Furthermore, areas with higher land-use mix and population density tend to exhibit lower inequality, underscoring the importance of compact and multifunctional urban development in mitigating thermal injustice. From the perspective of underlying mechanisms, the study reveals that urban green space characteristics, particularly vegetation diversity, canopy height, and NDVI, play a significant role in mitigating spatial inequality in thermal comfort. We suggested three key mechanisms: 1) climate regulation, whereby diverse vegetation types enhance evapotranspiration and shading, thereby reducing local heat stress; 2) spatial coverage, as multilayered green infrastructure expands the spatial reach of cooling services and reduces concentrated exposure to high temperatures; 3) social buffering, where equitably distributed green spaces are more likely to benefit vulnerable communities and enhance their capacity to cope with thermal risks. These findings underscore the importance of integrating both ecological functionality and equity considerations in green space planning to improve urban thermal resilience and promote environmental justice.Based on these findings, we proposed a three-tiered planning strategy to improve urban thermal equity: 1) prioritizing targeted interventions in high-risk, high-inequality zones, especially within the transitional urban belt; 2) enhancing the diversity and structural complexity of green spaces to maximize climate-regulating and distributive benefits; 3) promoting equitable spatial distribution of cooling resources, particularly in areas inhabited by vulnerable populations. This study not only provides theoretical support for understanding the interaction between urban thermal environment gradients but also offers practical insights for promoting environmental justice and sustainable urban development.
With the intensification of climate change and the escalating urban thermal environment crisis, residents' exposure to heat, thermal comfort, and their spatial inequality have become increasingly prominent. Addressing thermal comfort inequality has become a critical issue for urban spatial planning and climate adaptation strategies. This study investigates the spatial patterns of thermal comfort and the underlying mechanisms of spatial inequality in relation to urban green space characteristics, using the central urban area of Chengdu, China, as a case study. In this study, we constructed an urban-rural gradient of thermal comfort inequality using the concentric ring method, centered on Tianfu Square, and integrated three key dimensions (thermal comfort, population distribution, and inequality) into a comprehensive analytical framework. Following the existing literature, we measured thermal comfort using a land surface temperature-based thermal comfort index, which assumes that higher LST values correlate with reduced comfort and increased heat stress. In addition, based on high-resolution census grid data, a population-weighted approach was employed to account for the interaction between thermal comfort and population distribution. The Gini coefficient was used to evaluate the degree of inequality, capturing spatial disparities in thermal comfort across different census grids. The results reveal a gradient structure in Chengdu’s urban heat environment. First, thermal comfort shows a general upward trend along the urban-rural corridor. Residents in peripheral areas tend to have higher thermal comfort than those in inner-city areas. Notably, areas located around 7 km and 13 km from the city center, corresponding approximately to the Third Ring Road and Outer Greenbelt (Fourth Ring Road), demonstrate localized peaks in thermal comfort, suggesting the influence of both built environment intensity and ecological infrastructure. Second, thermal comfort inequality does not follow a simple trend but presents a non-linear distribution. Inner-city zones (1-4 km from the center) have relatively low inequality levels (Gini coefficient < 0.4), whereas suburban transitional zones between 8-25 km exhibit markedly higher inequality (Gini coefficient > 0.6), followed by a gradual decline in inequality beyond this range. This observation suggests that the central areas may be more uniformly affected by the thermal environment, whereas the urban-rural transition zones exhibit greater variability, which may be attributed to differences in urban greening and socioeconomic development levels. To further understand the relationship between green space and thermal comfort inequality, we introduced three green space characteristics, including NDVI, canopy height, and vegetation diversity. A ridge regression model was employed to address collinearity among explanatory variables and ensure the robustness of the estimation. The model demonstrates strong explanatory power (adjusted R2 = 0.605), and a significant relationship was observed between green spaces and thermal comfort inequality. The results suggest that all three green space indicators are negatively associated with thermal comfort inequality, with vegetation diversity exerting the most significant mitigating effect. This outcomeimplies that not only the amount but also the structure and composition of urban green spaces play critical roles in promoting thermal equity. Furthermore, areas with higher land-use mix and population density tend to exhibit lower inequality, underscoring the importance of compact and multifunctional urban development in mitigating thermal injustice. From the perspective of underlying mechanisms, the study reveals that urban green space characteristics, particularly vegetation diversity, canopy height, and NDVI, play a significant role in mitigating spatial inequality in thermal comfort. We suggested three key mechanisms: 1) climate regulation, whereby diverse vegetation types enhance evapotranspiration and shading, thereby reducing local heat stress; 2) spatial coverage, as multilayered green infrastructure expands the spatial reach of cooling services and reduces concentrated exposure to high temperatures; 3) social buffering, where equitably distributed green spaces are more likely to benefit vulnerable communities and enhance their capacity to cope with thermal risks. These findings underscore the importance of integrating both ecological functionality and equity considerations in green space planning to improve urban thermal resilience and promote environmental justice.Based on these findings, we proposed a three-tiered planning strategy to improve urban thermal equity: 1) prioritizing targeted interventions in high-risk, high-inequality zones, especially within the transitional urban belt; 2) enhancing the diversity and structural complexity of green spaces to maximize climate-regulating and distributive benefits; 3) promoting equitable spatial distribution of cooling resources, particularly in areas inhabited by vulnerable populations. This study not only provides theoretical support for understanding the interaction between urban thermal environment gradients but also offers practical insights for promoting environmental justice and sustainable urban development.
2025(4),8-15
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250409003
Abstract:
With global warming, extreme weather and climate events are becoming more frequent and widespread. China is a sensitive region and an area of significant impact from global climate change, experiencing a notable increase in both extreme heat and extreme precipitation events. This type of compound heat-flood disaster is prone to high heat and humidity, which greatly affects socioeconomic and public health. Whereas high-density urban areas alter the environmental characteristics of the subsurface, leading to increased heat island effects and severe floods, they are more vulnerable to compound heat-flood hazards. Therefore, effectively responding to the risk of compound heat-flood disasters triggered by extreme weather events has become an urgent task to be solved in the process of promoting the construction of healthy cities in China. Firstly, the HEVA risk assessment system was selected for individual risk, and after data standardisation, the improved CRITIC method (Criteria Importance Though Intercrieria Correlation) was used to assign weights, and the heat (flood) risk map was obtained through the superposition of the heat (flood) risk values of first level indicators. Secondly, LCZ maps were drawn using RS and GIS methods for land cover types and built types, respectively. Thirdly, the Copula function was used to construct the compound heat-flood risk index, and SHAP was used to analyse the contribution of the indicators of the compound heat-flood risk, and to propose targeted compound risk prevention and control strategies at both macro- and neighbourhood scales (based on the LCZ framework).The results show that: 1) The heat risk ranges from 0.25 to 0.65, and the risk is distributed in a band, decreasing from the high-density built-up areas of the city to the surrounding areas. The high risk is concentrated in the eastern part of Ganjingzi District, Shahekou District, and the northern part of Xigang District, which have high-density buildings and intensive crowd activities. The natural mountains have a lower heat risk and are distributed in the western and southeastern parts of the study area. 2) The range of flood risk is 0.26 to 0.54, with high-risk values showing a scattered distribution, mainly in the northern part of Ganjingzi District, which contains large areas of arable land with high vulnerability. The low-density built-up area in the northern part of Ganjingzi District has low hazard, low exposure, and low vulnerability, resulting in a low flood risk. 3) The built types in Dalian are mainly distributed in the form of a belt, with LCZ 5 accounting for the largest area. The land cover types are mainly distributed in the west and north-east, with LCZ A accounting for the most area and LCZ B accounting for the second most area. 4) The results of the compound heat-flood risk assessment were categorized into five classes, namely, extreme compound risk (>2.0), heavy compound risk (1.5–2.0), moderate compound risk (0.5 – 1.5), normal fluctuation range (-0.5 – 0.5), and risk-inhibited state (< -0.5). The synergistic enhancement of the built-up compound heat-flood risk shows a banded distribution, in which theextreme and severe compound risk shows a polycentric aggregation. The compound heat-flood risk of the land cover type mainly shows a risk suppression state. (5) According to the SHAP analysis, the factors contributing most to the built types of LCZs are LST, child population density and elderly population density indicators, and the factors contributing most to the land cover types of LCZs are LST, road network density, arable land density, year of construction and POI density indicators. Accordingly, policy recommendations are made for multi-scale compound heat-flood risk. Macroscale: for multi-hazard risks, targeted strategies are proposed from three perspectives: prevention, occurrence, and long-term development. A dynamic urban compound heat-flood risk assessment long-term and short-term, should be established in cities, and a coordinated urban heat and flood early warning system should be set up. For ongoing disasters, planning should be unified according to local conditions and urban/rural integration. In the long-term development of disaster prevention and control, a system of high-temperature and flood mitigation strategies should be formulated with a clear division of powers and responsibilities from the national to the local governments. Urban planning should take into account the synergistic effects of climate-environment-city-transportation and formulate small-area targeted composite disaster mitigation strategies. Neighbourhood scale: Compact (LCZ 1-2) optimizes the spatial form and installs vertical greenery (roof and fa?ade) to reduce surface temperatures and reduce the rain island effect. Open (LCZ 4-5) uses reflective building materials to reduce surface temperature and install permeable paving. Re-evaluate the role of blue-green space in the compound heat-flood risk, rationally plan the ability of surface cover types (LCZ A and B) to reduce temperature and fix water, and screen flood- and drought-resistant tree species to build mixed forests. Set up ecological buffer zones to prevent green spaces from being overdeveloped or occupied.
With global warming, extreme weather and climate events are becoming more frequent and widespread. China is a sensitive region and an area of significant impact from global climate change, experiencing a notable increase in both extreme heat and extreme precipitation events. This type of compound heat-flood disaster is prone to high heat and humidity, which greatly affects socioeconomic and public health. Whereas high-density urban areas alter the environmental characteristics of the subsurface, leading to increased heat island effects and severe floods, they are more vulnerable to compound heat-flood hazards. Therefore, effectively responding to the risk of compound heat-flood disasters triggered by extreme weather events has become an urgent task to be solved in the process of promoting the construction of healthy cities in China. Firstly, the HEVA risk assessment system was selected for individual risk, and after data standardisation, the improved CRITIC method (Criteria Importance Though Intercrieria Correlation) was used to assign weights, and the heat (flood) risk map was obtained through the superposition of the heat (flood) risk values of first level indicators. Secondly, LCZ maps were drawn using RS and GIS methods for land cover types and built types, respectively. Thirdly, the Copula function was used to construct the compound heat-flood risk index, and SHAP was used to analyse the contribution of the indicators of the compound heat-flood risk, and to propose targeted compound risk prevention and control strategies at both macro- and neighbourhood scales (based on the LCZ framework).The results show that: 1) The heat risk ranges from 0.25 to 0.65, and the risk is distributed in a band, decreasing from the high-density built-up areas of the city to the surrounding areas. The high risk is concentrated in the eastern part of Ganjingzi District, Shahekou District, and the northern part of Xigang District, which have high-density buildings and intensive crowd activities. The natural mountains have a lower heat risk and are distributed in the western and southeastern parts of the study area. 2) The range of flood risk is 0.26 to 0.54, with high-risk values showing a scattered distribution, mainly in the northern part of Ganjingzi District, which contains large areas of arable land with high vulnerability. The low-density built-up area in the northern part of Ganjingzi District has low hazard, low exposure, and low vulnerability, resulting in a low flood risk. 3) The built types in Dalian are mainly distributed in the form of a belt, with LCZ 5 accounting for the largest area. The land cover types are mainly distributed in the west and north-east, with LCZ A accounting for the most area and LCZ B accounting for the second most area. 4) The results of the compound heat-flood risk assessment were categorized into five classes, namely, extreme compound risk (>2.0), heavy compound risk (1.5–2.0), moderate compound risk (0.5 – 1.5), normal fluctuation range (-0.5 – 0.5), and risk-inhibited state (< -0.5). The synergistic enhancement of the built-up compound heat-flood risk shows a banded distribution, in which theextreme and severe compound risk shows a polycentric aggregation. The compound heat-flood risk of the land cover type mainly shows a risk suppression state. (5) According to the SHAP analysis, the factors contributing most to the built types of LCZs are LST, child population density and elderly population density indicators, and the factors contributing most to the land cover types of LCZs are LST, road network density, arable land density, year of construction and POI density indicators. Accordingly, policy recommendations are made for multi-scale compound heat-flood risk. Macroscale: for multi-hazard risks, targeted strategies are proposed from three perspectives: prevention, occurrence, and long-term development. A dynamic urban compound heat-flood risk assessment long-term and short-term, should be established in cities, and a coordinated urban heat and flood early warning system should be set up. For ongoing disasters, planning should be unified according to local conditions and urban/rural integration. In the long-term development of disaster prevention and control, a system of high-temperature and flood mitigation strategies should be formulated with a clear division of powers and responsibilities from the national to the local governments. Urban planning should take into account the synergistic effects of climate-environment-city-transportation and formulate small-area targeted composite disaster mitigation strategies. Neighbourhood scale: Compact (LCZ 1-2) optimizes the spatial form and installs vertical greenery (roof and fa?ade) to reduce surface temperatures and reduce the rain island effect. Open (LCZ 4-5) uses reflective building materials to reduce surface temperature and install permeable paving. Re-evaluate the role of blue-green space in the compound heat-flood risk, rationally plan the ability of surface cover types (LCZ A and B) to reduce temperature and fix water, and screen flood- and drought-resistant tree species to build mixed forests. Set up ecological buffer zones to prevent green spaces from being overdeveloped or occupied.
2025(4),16-22
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250211005
Abstract:
Promoting pollution reduction and carbon synergy is an inevitable choice for China’s ecological civilization and green transformation. By integrating the “dual-carbon” goal and environmental quality improvement into the framework of territorial spatial planning, the study will promote the effective implementation of pollution reduction and carbon synergy.Applying the system analysis method, the paper firstly discusses the theoretical logic of national spatial planning under the synergistic effect of pollution reduction and carbon reduction at four levels, namely, spatial governance, bottom-line control, spatial synergy and system reconstruction. Among them, the spatial governance level emphasizes the construction of a synergistic path of pollution reduction and carbon reduction based on the “three living spaces” of territorial spatial planning and the differentiation of territorial functional subdivisions; the bottom line control level emphasizes the promotion of pollution reduction and carbon synergy through the planning of ecological security and protection of territorial space, enhancing climate resilience, and reinforcing the function of carbon sinks; and the spatial synergy level emphasizes the focus on the actual situation at different spatial scales. The spatial synergy level emphasizes focusing on the actual situation and typical problems at different spatial scales, and considering spatial pollution reduction and carbon reduction coordination in all dimensions and at multiple scales; the system reconstruction level emphasizes embedding the requirements for synergistic management and control of pollution reduction and carbon reduction in the national spatial planning system on a full-cycle basis, and realizing the linkage and fusion of carbon-pollution emission indexes with the planning indexes. Secondly, based on the existing technology of pollution reduction and carbon reduction planning, the study broke through the single goal-oriented planning paradigm, and built a coupled pollution reduction and carbon reduction research technical framework with the logic of “data integration-spatial adaptation-process coordination-system optimization”. The technical framework of national land spatial planning research is constructed with the logic of “data integration, spatial adaptation, process coordination and system optimization”. The data fusion stage emphasizes mastering the current situation of carbonpollution emissions through different types of data and analyzing the correlation between emission spaces; the spatial adaptation stage emphasizes analyzing the key points of pollution reduction and carbon reduction in various types of spaces based on the three living spaces in the national spatial planning system; the process coordination stage emphasizes the use of technology to formulate and modify synergistic emission reduction plans; and the system optimization stage emphasizes constructing an intelligent management platform of pollution reduction and carbon reduction and synergistic management to coordinate and optimize the synergistic management of pollution reduction and carbon reduction in real time. The system optimization phase emphasizes the construction of an intelligent management platform for coordinating and optimizing the synergistic management path ofpollution reduction and carbon reduction, and providing dynamic feedback on the effectiveness of the strategy. Through this technical framework, the in-depth synergy between pollution control and carbon emission reduction can be realized more accurately.Finally, based on the theories and techniques in the first two parts, the practical path of national spatial planning for pollution reduction and carbon synergy is proposed at the levels of master planning (national, provincial, city, county and township), special planning and detailed planning. In the master plan, the goal of pollution reduction and carbon synergy is comprehensively integrated into the framework of the overall national spatial planning system, forming a multilevel transmission and practice path of pollution reduction and carbon synergy of “national coordination-provincial coordination-municipal, county and township level”, which is of great significance for the implementation of the strategy of pollution reduction and carbon synergy. In the special planning, focusing on key carbon-pollution emission areas, the implementation of the special planning for pollution reduction and carbon synergy has formed a special management and practice path for pollution reduction and carbon synergy in “transportation, construction and industry”, which demonstrates systematic and differentiated spatial synergistic management in multiple areas. Means. In the detailed planning, it mainly starts from the establishment of pollution reduction and carbon synergistic index control guidelines, forming the “index constraintsdesign control” pollution reduction and carbon synergistic coordinated development practice path, which really breaks down and implements the pollution reduction and carbon synergistic goals, so as to guarantee the long-term sustainable development of pollution reduction and carbon synergistic planning. In conclusion, the thesis explores the theoretical connotation of pollution reduction and carbon synergy under the national spatial planning system, scientifically constructs the planning technology system of pollution reduction and carbon synergy, and puts forward the practical path of national spatial planning of pollution reduction and carbon synergy, which points out the direction of the theoretical research and practice for the national spatial planning to respond to the national strategy of pollution reduction and carbon synergy, and helps realize the “blue-green integration, low-carbon synergy” goal of the new national spatial landscape.
Promoting pollution reduction and carbon synergy is an inevitable choice for China’s ecological civilization and green transformation. By integrating the “dual-carbon” goal and environmental quality improvement into the framework of territorial spatial planning, the study will promote the effective implementation of pollution reduction and carbon synergy.Applying the system analysis method, the paper firstly discusses the theoretical logic of national spatial planning under the synergistic effect of pollution reduction and carbon reduction at four levels, namely, spatial governance, bottom-line control, spatial synergy and system reconstruction. Among them, the spatial governance level emphasizes the construction of a synergistic path of pollution reduction and carbon reduction based on the “three living spaces” of territorial spatial planning and the differentiation of territorial functional subdivisions; the bottom line control level emphasizes the promotion of pollution reduction and carbon synergy through the planning of ecological security and protection of territorial space, enhancing climate resilience, and reinforcing the function of carbon sinks; and the spatial synergy level emphasizes the focus on the actual situation at different spatial scales. The spatial synergy level emphasizes focusing on the actual situation and typical problems at different spatial scales, and considering spatial pollution reduction and carbon reduction coordination in all dimensions and at multiple scales; the system reconstruction level emphasizes embedding the requirements for synergistic management and control of pollution reduction and carbon reduction in the national spatial planning system on a full-cycle basis, and realizing the linkage and fusion of carbon-pollution emission indexes with the planning indexes. Secondly, based on the existing technology of pollution reduction and carbon reduction planning, the study broke through the single goal-oriented planning paradigm, and built a coupled pollution reduction and carbon reduction research technical framework with the logic of “data integration-spatial adaptation-process coordination-system optimization”. The technical framework of national land spatial planning research is constructed with the logic of “data integration, spatial adaptation, process coordination and system optimization”. The data fusion stage emphasizes mastering the current situation of carbonpollution emissions through different types of data and analyzing the correlation between emission spaces; the spatial adaptation stage emphasizes analyzing the key points of pollution reduction and carbon reduction in various types of spaces based on the three living spaces in the national spatial planning system; the process coordination stage emphasizes the use of technology to formulate and modify synergistic emission reduction plans; and the system optimization stage emphasizes constructing an intelligent management platform of pollution reduction and carbon reduction and synergistic management to coordinate and optimize the synergistic management of pollution reduction and carbon reduction in real time. The system optimization phase emphasizes the construction of an intelligent management platform for coordinating and optimizing the synergistic management path ofpollution reduction and carbon reduction, and providing dynamic feedback on the effectiveness of the strategy. Through this technical framework, the in-depth synergy between pollution control and carbon emission reduction can be realized more accurately.Finally, based on the theories and techniques in the first two parts, the practical path of national spatial planning for pollution reduction and carbon synergy is proposed at the levels of master planning (national, provincial, city, county and township), special planning and detailed planning. In the master plan, the goal of pollution reduction and carbon synergy is comprehensively integrated into the framework of the overall national spatial planning system, forming a multilevel transmission and practice path of pollution reduction and carbon synergy of “national coordination-provincial coordination-municipal, county and township level”, which is of great significance for the implementation of the strategy of pollution reduction and carbon synergy. In the special planning, focusing on key carbon-pollution emission areas, the implementation of the special planning for pollution reduction and carbon synergy has formed a special management and practice path for pollution reduction and carbon synergy in “transportation, construction and industry”, which demonstrates systematic and differentiated spatial synergistic management in multiple areas. Means. In the detailed planning, it mainly starts from the establishment of pollution reduction and carbon synergistic index control guidelines, forming the “index constraintsdesign control” pollution reduction and carbon synergistic coordinated development practice path, which really breaks down and implements the pollution reduction and carbon synergistic goals, so as to guarantee the long-term sustainable development of pollution reduction and carbon synergistic planning. In conclusion, the thesis explores the theoretical connotation of pollution reduction and carbon synergy under the national spatial planning system, scientifically constructs the planning technology system of pollution reduction and carbon synergy, and puts forward the practical path of national spatial planning of pollution reduction and carbon synergy, which points out the direction of the theoretical research and practice for the national spatial planning to respond to the national strategy of pollution reduction and carbon synergy, and helps realize the “blue-green integration, low-carbon synergy” goal of the new national spatial landscape.
2025(4),23-30
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250525005
Abstract:
China is vigorously advancing urban construction oriented toward climate change adaptation. As highlighted in the National Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation 2035, theoretical research on climate-resilient urban development remains relatively underdeveloped. The green space ratio of residential areas, a statutory indicator in urban and rural planning, functions as a “rigid constraint” in urban planning. It not only safeguards the living environment and directly affects residents’ health and well-being but also bears on the climate change adaptability of urban construction. This ratio has clearly defined numerical benchmarks and calculation protocols: under China’s national, industrial, and provincial/municipal standards, the national standard stipulates that the green space ratio for residential areas should fall within 20% to 35%. Residential green spaces play a pivotal role in improving urban microclimates. Exploring the local climatic effects under specific green space ratio values thus aligns with the country's fundamental theoretical needs for advancing climate change adaptation in construction. Despite being a rigidly regulated indicator with widespread practical application, the green space ratio in residential areas lacks in-depth theoretical research concerning its correlation with local climates. This gives rise to pressing research questions: How do current residential green space ratio standards impact local microclimatic effects? How does the local climate respond to variations in the green space ratio? Under the same green space ratio, how do differences in plant types lead to divergences in local climatic effects? To address these questions, this study investigates the impacts of varying green space ratios and plant types on residential microclimates. The research constructs a closed residential area model as the sample, with its planning and design parameters derived from the 《Technical Regulations for Urban and Rural Planning of Guangzhou》 (2019 Edition), including data on land area, building height, building density, and floor area ratio for the ideal model. In the simulation experiments, the green space ratio is set to range from 10% to 50% at 5% intervals, resulting in 9 distinct ratios. Combined with three plant types—trees, bush, and grass—a total of 27 scheme models are designed, alongside a control group with no green spaces. The ENVI-met (V5.5 Science) software is employed, with parameter settings verified through field measurements and selected as "Full Forcing + Localized Value. " To obtain localized plant parameters, Ficus microcarpa, Carmona microphylla, and Axonopus compressus are chosen as samples. The LAI-2200C plant canopy analyzer is used to measure LAI data, and average LAD values are further calculated. Under these parameter settings, temporal and spatial numerical simulations of climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) are conducted for all 28 model groups. The simulationresults reveal the following (1) Regarding mean values and regulatory effects under varying green space ratios: As the green space ratio increases from 0% to 50%, the daily average temperature (Ta') decreases gradually—from 32.78°C to 31.35°C for trees, 32.78°C to 31.88°C for bushes, and 32.78°C to 32.02°C for grasses. In terms of daily average temperature regulation, the temperature drop is most significant when the ratio rises from 0% to 20%, moderate from 20% to 35%, and smallest from 35% to 50%. Correspondingly, the daily average relative humidity (RH') increases gradually—from 69.31% to 75.77% for trees, 69.31% to 73.40% for bushes, and 69.31% to 73.42% for grasses. The humidity increase follows a similar pattern: most pronounced from 0% to 20%, moderate from 20% to 35%, and smallest from 35% to 50%. In the simulation, the mean wind speed in the non-green space scenario is 0.85 m/s, and it decreases slightly as the green space ratio increases from 0% to 50%. (2) Concerning diurnal variation trends: Regardless of the green space ratio, the hourly cooling and moisture-retention effects of trees are significantly stronger than those of bushes and grasses. Under green space ratios of 30% and 50%, all plant types exhibit notable wind speed regulation effects. (3) Regarding spatial effects under varying green space ratios: As the green space ratio increases from 10% to 50%, both the magnitude and range of temperature reduction and humidity increase expand continuously. At a 30% green space ratio, trees achieve a 1.0°C cooling effect and 4% humidification effect, covering 52.6% of the area—far exceeding bushes (10.5%) and grasses (5.3%), and even outperforming bushes and grasses at a 50% green space ratio.The main conclusions are First, as the green space ratio increases from 0% to 50%, the cooling and humidification effects in residential environments are continuously enhanced, while the wind speed regulation effect alternates between strengthening and weakening. The daily average cooling effect ranges from 0 to 2.5°C, the daily average humidification effect from 0% to 10%, and the wind speed impact from 0.02 to 0.1 m/s. With an increasing green space ratio, the cooling and humidification trends of different plant types become progressively more distinct. Second, as the green space ratio rises from 10% to 50%, the temperature drop and cooling range expand continuously. A 30% green space ratio—where the 1.0°C cooling effect and 4% humidification effect cover over 50% of the area—emerges as a relatively effective benchmark for improving the microclimate. Third, once the green space ratio reaches 30%, optimizing plant types yields more effective microclimate regulation than increasing the ratio itself. Increasing the proportion of trees—especially selecting broad-leaved species with large canopies—is conducive to optimizing the microclimate in residential areas.
China is vigorously advancing urban construction oriented toward climate change adaptation. As highlighted in the National Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation 2035, theoretical research on climate-resilient urban development remains relatively underdeveloped. The green space ratio of residential areas, a statutory indicator in urban and rural planning, functions as a “rigid constraint” in urban planning. It not only safeguards the living environment and directly affects residents’ health and well-being but also bears on the climate change adaptability of urban construction. This ratio has clearly defined numerical benchmarks and calculation protocols: under China’s national, industrial, and provincial/municipal standards, the national standard stipulates that the green space ratio for residential areas should fall within 20% to 35%. Residential green spaces play a pivotal role in improving urban microclimates. Exploring the local climatic effects under specific green space ratio values thus aligns with the country's fundamental theoretical needs for advancing climate change adaptation in construction. Despite being a rigidly regulated indicator with widespread practical application, the green space ratio in residential areas lacks in-depth theoretical research concerning its correlation with local climates. This gives rise to pressing research questions: How do current residential green space ratio standards impact local microclimatic effects? How does the local climate respond to variations in the green space ratio? Under the same green space ratio, how do differences in plant types lead to divergences in local climatic effects? To address these questions, this study investigates the impacts of varying green space ratios and plant types on residential microclimates. The research constructs a closed residential area model as the sample, with its planning and design parameters derived from the 《Technical Regulations for Urban and Rural Planning of Guangzhou》 (2019 Edition), including data on land area, building height, building density, and floor area ratio for the ideal model. In the simulation experiments, the green space ratio is set to range from 10% to 50% at 5% intervals, resulting in 9 distinct ratios. Combined with three plant types—trees, bush, and grass—a total of 27 scheme models are designed, alongside a control group with no green spaces. The ENVI-met (V5.5 Science) software is employed, with parameter settings verified through field measurements and selected as "Full Forcing + Localized Value. " To obtain localized plant parameters, Ficus microcarpa, Carmona microphylla, and Axonopus compressus are chosen as samples. The LAI-2200C plant canopy analyzer is used to measure LAI data, and average LAD values are further calculated. Under these parameter settings, temporal and spatial numerical simulations of climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) are conducted for all 28 model groups. The simulationresults reveal the following (1) Regarding mean values and regulatory effects under varying green space ratios: As the green space ratio increases from 0% to 50%, the daily average temperature (Ta') decreases gradually—from 32.78°C to 31.35°C for trees, 32.78°C to 31.88°C for bushes, and 32.78°C to 32.02°C for grasses. In terms of daily average temperature regulation, the temperature drop is most significant when the ratio rises from 0% to 20%, moderate from 20% to 35%, and smallest from 35% to 50%. Correspondingly, the daily average relative humidity (RH') increases gradually—from 69.31% to 75.77% for trees, 69.31% to 73.40% for bushes, and 69.31% to 73.42% for grasses. The humidity increase follows a similar pattern: most pronounced from 0% to 20%, moderate from 20% to 35%, and smallest from 35% to 50%. In the simulation, the mean wind speed in the non-green space scenario is 0.85 m/s, and it decreases slightly as the green space ratio increases from 0% to 50%. (2) Concerning diurnal variation trends: Regardless of the green space ratio, the hourly cooling and moisture-retention effects of trees are significantly stronger than those of bushes and grasses. Under green space ratios of 30% and 50%, all plant types exhibit notable wind speed regulation effects. (3) Regarding spatial effects under varying green space ratios: As the green space ratio increases from 10% to 50%, both the magnitude and range of temperature reduction and humidity increase expand continuously. At a 30% green space ratio, trees achieve a 1.0°C cooling effect and 4% humidification effect, covering 52.6% of the area—far exceeding bushes (10.5%) and grasses (5.3%), and even outperforming bushes and grasses at a 50% green space ratio.The main conclusions are First, as the green space ratio increases from 0% to 50%, the cooling and humidification effects in residential environments are continuously enhanced, while the wind speed regulation effect alternates between strengthening and weakening. The daily average cooling effect ranges from 0 to 2.5°C, the daily average humidification effect from 0% to 10%, and the wind speed impact from 0.02 to 0.1 m/s. With an increasing green space ratio, the cooling and humidification trends of different plant types become progressively more distinct. Second, as the green space ratio rises from 10% to 50%, the temperature drop and cooling range expand continuously. A 30% green space ratio—where the 1.0°C cooling effect and 4% humidification effect cover over 50% of the area—emerges as a relatively effective benchmark for improving the microclimate. Third, once the green space ratio reaches 30%, optimizing plant types yields more effective microclimate regulation than increasing the ratio itself. Increasing the proportion of trees—especially selecting broad-leaved species with large canopies—is conducive to optimizing the microclimate in residential areas.
2025(4),31-36
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240903003
Abstract:
With the accelerating pace of urbanization, the degradation and disappearance of natural and semi-natural ecosystems have brought about alterations in surface thermodynamic properties. These changes not only exacerbate the urban heat island effect, giving rise to more frequent heat waves, but also have a profound impact on the living environment of urban residents, increasing the probability of their exposure to extreme heat conditions. Based on reducing its own temperature, urban parks, as integral components of the urban ecosystem, can alleviate local thermal effects through energy exchange. Existing studies primarily examine the influence of internal and external landscape elements on the cooling effects of urban parks. Metrics used to characterize landscape patterns include park geometry (e.g., area and perimeter), land cover composition (e.g., vegetation coverage and water bodies), and building morphology (e.g., building density and floor area ratio). However, the composition and configuration of landscape elements surrounding urban parks are highly complex, making it difficult to adequately characterize the urban built environment using individual metrics alone. Local Climate Zones (LCZs), defined by consistent internal attributes such as surface cover and structural characteristics, provide a standardized framework for representing urban landscape heterogeneity. This feature makes LCZs a critical tool for describing the attributes of park surroundings. What is more, park types significantly influence cooling effects, with those containing water bodies demonstrating greater cooling intensity and broader cooling areas than those without. Water bodies offer higher cooling intensity compared to vegetated areas. Thus, categorizing parks into lake-type and green-type park allows for a comparative analysis of their cooling effects under varying built environments. Considering the above, this study first characterized the built-environment features around parks using LCZs. Then, parks with similar LCZ compositions were classified via the k-means clustering algorithm. Subsequently, correlation and regression analyses were conducted to discuss the cooling effects of lake-type and green-type parks in different built environments, as well as the differences between park cool island intensity (PCII) and maximum park cooling distance (MPCD), and the key influencing factors. Atypical samples were analyzed to clarify the impact of surrounding landscape elements on park cooling effects. There were results indicated that the surroundings of Wuhan’s urban parks primarily consist of open residential areas (LCZs 4 and 5) and natural or semi-natural landscapes (LCZs D and G). The first-group parks along the Yangtze River are primarily surrounded by open mid-rise buildings, interspersed with dense, older urban areas. The secondgroup parks, situated in the outer areas around the first-group parks, have a higher proportion of open high-rise buildings. Compared to the first-group parks, the second-group parks exhibit a 1.23 ℃ greater average cooling intensity, which indicates that the distribution of open high-rise buildings in the surrounding area can moderately enhance the cooling effects of parks. Lake-typeparks demonstrate a more pronounced cooling intensity across diverse built environments compared to green-type parks. The maximum cooling distance for lake-type parks predominantly ranges from 200 to 300 meters, while green-type parks exhibit greater variability, reflecting higher sensitivity to changes in the surrounding built environment. Both park types show a significant positive correlation between water body proportion and park cool island intensity. Within a water body proportion from 30% to 60%, variations in this proportion have minimal impact on park cooling intensity. However, when the proportion falls below 30% or exceeds 60%, incremental increases cause a substantial rise in cooling intensity. Additionally, the presence of a large water body near parks tends to diminish the cooling effects of the parks on their surroundings. This study offers targeted planning recommendations to optimize surrounding built environments and internal park landscapes, informed by observed differences in park cooling effects and existing research. On one hand, integrating pocket parks and fragmented green spaces around open mid-rise buildings creates a network connecting parks and communities, mitigating built environmental differences and enhancing the radiative cooling effects of urban parks. On the other hand, renovation and upgrade plans are guided by regression results linking park cooling intensity to water body coverage. Specifically, when water body proportion exceeds 60%, expanding water areas is recommended to further enhance cooling intensity. This research enhances understanding of park cooling effects in different built environments, providing insights to improve urban park planning and management to mitigate the urban heat island effect.
With the accelerating pace of urbanization, the degradation and disappearance of natural and semi-natural ecosystems have brought about alterations in surface thermodynamic properties. These changes not only exacerbate the urban heat island effect, giving rise to more frequent heat waves, but also have a profound impact on the living environment of urban residents, increasing the probability of their exposure to extreme heat conditions. Based on reducing its own temperature, urban parks, as integral components of the urban ecosystem, can alleviate local thermal effects through energy exchange. Existing studies primarily examine the influence of internal and external landscape elements on the cooling effects of urban parks. Metrics used to characterize landscape patterns include park geometry (e.g., area and perimeter), land cover composition (e.g., vegetation coverage and water bodies), and building morphology (e.g., building density and floor area ratio). However, the composition and configuration of landscape elements surrounding urban parks are highly complex, making it difficult to adequately characterize the urban built environment using individual metrics alone. Local Climate Zones (LCZs), defined by consistent internal attributes such as surface cover and structural characteristics, provide a standardized framework for representing urban landscape heterogeneity. This feature makes LCZs a critical tool for describing the attributes of park surroundings. What is more, park types significantly influence cooling effects, with those containing water bodies demonstrating greater cooling intensity and broader cooling areas than those without. Water bodies offer higher cooling intensity compared to vegetated areas. Thus, categorizing parks into lake-type and green-type park allows for a comparative analysis of their cooling effects under varying built environments. Considering the above, this study first characterized the built-environment features around parks using LCZs. Then, parks with similar LCZ compositions were classified via the k-means clustering algorithm. Subsequently, correlation and regression analyses were conducted to discuss the cooling effects of lake-type and green-type parks in different built environments, as well as the differences between park cool island intensity (PCII) and maximum park cooling distance (MPCD), and the key influencing factors. Atypical samples were analyzed to clarify the impact of surrounding landscape elements on park cooling effects. There were results indicated that the surroundings of Wuhan’s urban parks primarily consist of open residential areas (LCZs 4 and 5) and natural or semi-natural landscapes (LCZs D and G). The first-group parks along the Yangtze River are primarily surrounded by open mid-rise buildings, interspersed with dense, older urban areas. The secondgroup parks, situated in the outer areas around the first-group parks, have a higher proportion of open high-rise buildings. Compared to the first-group parks, the second-group parks exhibit a 1.23 ℃ greater average cooling intensity, which indicates that the distribution of open high-rise buildings in the surrounding area can moderately enhance the cooling effects of parks. Lake-typeparks demonstrate a more pronounced cooling intensity across diverse built environments compared to green-type parks. The maximum cooling distance for lake-type parks predominantly ranges from 200 to 300 meters, while green-type parks exhibit greater variability, reflecting higher sensitivity to changes in the surrounding built environment. Both park types show a significant positive correlation between water body proportion and park cool island intensity. Within a water body proportion from 30% to 60%, variations in this proportion have minimal impact on park cooling intensity. However, when the proportion falls below 30% or exceeds 60%, incremental increases cause a substantial rise in cooling intensity. Additionally, the presence of a large water body near parks tends to diminish the cooling effects of the parks on their surroundings. This study offers targeted planning recommendations to optimize surrounding built environments and internal park landscapes, informed by observed differences in park cooling effects and existing research. On one hand, integrating pocket parks and fragmented green spaces around open mid-rise buildings creates a network connecting parks and communities, mitigating built environmental differences and enhancing the radiative cooling effects of urban parks. On the other hand, renovation and upgrade plans are guided by regression results linking park cooling intensity to water body coverage. Specifically, when water body proportion exceeds 60%, expanding water areas is recommended to further enhance cooling intensity. This research enhances understanding of park cooling effects in different built environments, providing insights to improve urban park planning and management to mitigate the urban heat island effect.
2025(4),37-44
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240519001
Abstract:
Outdoor cycling activities, as both a leisure activity and a zero-carbon mode of transportation, are popular among cycling enthusiasts and commuters. However, rapid urbanization has exacerbated the urban heat island effect, exposing more people to high-temperature environments, which, in turn, affects residents’ willingness to engage in outdoor cycling. This study aims to explore the spatial correlation between the landscape pattern of surface high-temperature exposure and outdoor cycling activities in Beijing, evaluate the impact of high-temperature exposure on route selection, and propose optimization strategies to inform the creation of a cycling-friendly urban environment. This study analyzes the landscape pattern of high-temperature exposure in Beijing, characterizes the preference density features of cycling routes, and investigates the spatial correlation between high-temperature exposure and outdoor leisure cycling using landscape pattern indices, line density analysis, and bivariate spatial autocorrelation. Landsat 8 Level 2 remote sensing data, specifically the ST_B10 band, were used to obtain the surface temperature of Beijing. The landscape pattern indices, including the number of patches, mean patch size, Shannon’s diversity index, and aggregation index, were applied to describe the spatial distribution of temperature. Cycling route data were obtained from the Xingzhe platform, and a spatial density analysis of cycling preferences was conducted. A total of 465 cycling routes were collected, including starting and ending coordinates, average slope, elevation, distance, and download volume. Using ArcGIS software, a 100-meter buffer was constructed around each route, and the spatial characteristics were extracted. Line density analysis was also performed, with density values weighted by route downloads. Bivariate global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were conducted to explore the spatial relationship between high-temperature exposure and cycling preferences. Global spatial autocorrelation results show a significant negative correlation between surface temperature and cycling route preference, indicating that higher surface temperatures lead to lower cycling preferences. Local spatial autocorrelation further reveals four types of spatial relationships: high-temperature exposure—high preference (H-H), high-temperature exposure—low preference (H-L), low-temperature exposure—high preference (L-H), and low-temperature exposure—low preference (L-L). H-H areas are primarily cycling routes with beautiful natural scenery but lacking shading facilities, attracting cyclists despite high temperatures. H-L areas are mostly in central urban areas with dense buil湤杩?摧敳洠潡湮獤琊物慮瑳極潦湦?穣潩湥敮獴?楧湲?????慰牡散慥猬?瑲潥?極湬瑴敩杮牧愠瑩敮?湴慨瑥甠牬慯汷?汳慴渠摣獹捣慬灩敮獧?慰湲摥?捥畲汥瑮畣牥慳氮?牌攭獈漠畡牲捥敡獳??灲牥漠浬潯瑣楡湴来?挠祩据氊業湯杵?捴畡汩瑮畯牵敳??呥桧敩?普楳渠摬楩湫来猠?潥普?瑯桵楧獯?猠瑡畮摤礠?桨楡杮桧汰楩杮桧琬?瑷桨敥?湥攠杬慯瑷椠癴敥?楰浥灲慡捴瑵?潥晳?桡楮杤栠?瑡敶浯灲敡牢慬瑥甠牣敯?敤硩灴潩獯畮牳攊?潮湣?捥祡捳汥椠湣杹?慬捩瑳楴癳椙琠楩敮獴?慲湥摳?攮洠灌栭慌猠楡穲敥?瑳栠敡?楥洠灩潮爠瑲慥湭捯整?漠晡?来牡敳攠湦?獲瀠慦捲敯??獴桨慥搠楣湩杴?映慣捥楮汴楥瑲椬攠獷??慣湨搬?潤灥瑳楰浩楴穥攠摨?楶湩普牧愊獬瑯牷略捲琠畴牥敭?楥湲?畴牵扲慥湳?瀠污慲湥渠楬湥杳??灰牲潥癦楥摲楲湥杤?慤?獥挠楴敯渠瑡椠晬楡捣?戠慯獦椠獮?晴潵牲?捬爠敳慣瑥楮湥杲?愠?据祤挠汳極湰杰?晲牴楩敮湧搠汦祡?畩牬扩慴湩?敳渮瘠楔牨潥渊浲敥湳瑵???甠瑳畨牯敷?牴敨獡整愺爠挱栩?捔潨略氠摯?晥畲牡瑬桬攠牳?敲硦灡汣潥爠整?瑭桰敥?牡整汵慲瑥椠潩湮猠桂楥灩?扩敮瑧眠敤敥湣?桥楡杳桥?琠敦浲灯敭爠慴瑨略爠散?敮硴灲潡獬甠牵敲?慡湮搠?潲瑥桡敳爬?晳慵捣瑨漠牡獳?慄景普敧捣瑨楥湮杧?捄祩捳汴楲湩杣??慡湮摤?牘敩癣敨慥汮?琠桄敩?捴潲浩灣汴攬砠?極湴瑷敡牲慤挮琠楔潨湥猠?扵敩瑬睴攭敵湰?畡牲扥慡渠?瑦栠整牨浥愠汣?整湹瘠楩牳漠湬浡敲湧瑥獲?慴湨摡?挊祴捨污楴渠杯?瀠牭敯晵敮牴敡湩据敯獵?琠桡牮潤甠杨桩?浬畹氠瑡楲?獡潳甬爠捡敮?搠慴瑨慥?慴湥慭汰祥獲楡獴??潥映晬敡牮楤湳杣?捰潥洠灰牡整桴敥湲獮椠癶敡?瑩桥敳漠物敮琠楤捩慦汦?獲略灮灴漠牡瑲?晡潳爮′椩洊灔牨潥瘠楳湰条?畩牡扬愠湤?敳湴癲楩牢潵湴浩敯湮琠獯? popular cycling routes is relatively concentrated, and these areas are located at moderate distances from the city center, which can meet cyclists’ desire to get closer to nature. 3) There is a significant spatial negative correlation between surface temperature and the preference for cycling routes. Surface temperature significantly affects route selection, and the spatial pattern is in a “discrete” state. High-temperature exposure—low preference and low-temperature exposure—highpreference are most prominent on cycling roads. Based on this analysis, this study proposes three optimization strategies to improve the cycling environment in Beijing: First, increasing greening and shading facilities, particularly in H-H and H-L areas, by planting trees and shrubs, building rooftop gardens, and implementing vertical greening to reduce urban heat accumulation and improve the cycling experience. Second, optimizing cycling infrastructure by improving the quality of cycling paths, using permeable and heat-dissipating paving materials, and enhancing road lighting and signage to ensure nighttime safety. Third, the government should invest in cycling infrastructure, particularly in H-L areas, by adding greening and shading facilities, promoting green travel through media, and establishing cycli
Outdoor cycling activities, as both a leisure activity and a zero-carbon mode of transportation, are popular among cycling enthusiasts and commuters. However, rapid urbanization has exacerbated the urban heat island effect, exposing more people to high-temperature environments, which, in turn, affects residents’ willingness to engage in outdoor cycling. This study aims to explore the spatial correlation between the landscape pattern of surface high-temperature exposure and outdoor cycling activities in Beijing, evaluate the impact of high-temperature exposure on route selection, and propose optimization strategies to inform the creation of a cycling-friendly urban environment. This study analyzes the landscape pattern of high-temperature exposure in Beijing, characterizes the preference density features of cycling routes, and investigates the spatial correlation between high-temperature exposure and outdoor leisure cycling using landscape pattern indices, line density analysis, and bivariate spatial autocorrelation. Landsat 8 Level 2 remote sensing data, specifically the ST_B10 band, were used to obtain the surface temperature of Beijing. The landscape pattern indices, including the number of patches, mean patch size, Shannon’s diversity index, and aggregation index, were applied to describe the spatial distribution of temperature. Cycling route data were obtained from the Xingzhe platform, and a spatial density analysis of cycling preferences was conducted. A total of 465 cycling routes were collected, including starting and ending coordinates, average slope, elevation, distance, and download volume. Using ArcGIS software, a 100-meter buffer was constructed around each route, and the spatial characteristics were extracted. Line density analysis was also performed, with density values weighted by route downloads. Bivariate global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were conducted to explore the spatial relationship between high-temperature exposure and cycling preferences. Global spatial autocorrelation results show a significant negative correlation between surface temperature and cycling route preference, indicating that higher surface temperatures lead to lower cycling preferences. Local spatial autocorrelation further reveals four types of spatial relationships: high-temperature exposure—high preference (H-H), high-temperature exposure—low preference (H-L), low-temperature exposure—high preference (L-H), and low-temperature exposure—low preference (L-L). H-H areas are primarily cycling routes with beautiful natural scenery but lacking shading facilities, attracting cyclists despite high temperatures. H-L areas are mostly in central urban areas with dense buil湤杩?摧敳洠潡湮獤琊物慮瑳極潦湦?穣潩湥敮獴?楧湲?????慰牡散慥猬?瑲潥?極湬瑴敩杮牧愠瑩敮?湴慨瑥甠牬慯汷?汳慴渠摣獹捣慬灩敮獧?慰湲摥?捥畲汥瑮畣牥慳氮?牌攭獈漠畡牲捥敡獳??灲牥漠浬潯瑣楡湴来?挠祩据氊業湯杵?捴畡汩瑮畯牵敳??呥桧敩?普楳渠摬楩湫来猠?潥普?瑯桵楧獯?猠瑡畮摤礠?桨楡杮桧汰楩杮桧琬?瑷桨敥?湥攠杬慯瑷椠癴敥?楰浥灲慡捴瑵?潥晳?桡楮杤栠?瑡敶浯灲敡牢慬瑥甠牣敯?敤硩灴潩獯畮牳攊?潮湣?捥祡捳汥椠湣杹?慬捩瑳楴癳椙琠楩敮獴?慲湥摳?攮洠灌栭慌猠楡穲敥?瑳栠敡?楥洠灩潮爠瑲慥湭捯整?漠晡?来牡敳攠湦?獲瀠慦捲敯??獴桨慥搠楣湩杴?映慣捥楮汴楥瑲椬攠獷??慣湨搬?潤灥瑳楰浩楴穥攠摨?楶湩普牧愊獬瑯牷略捲琠畴牥敭?楥湲?畴牵扲慥湳?瀠污慲湥渠楬湥杳??灰牲潥癦楥摲楲湥杤?慤?獥挠楴敯渠瑡椠晬楡捣?戠慯獦椠獮?晴潵牲?捬爠敳慣瑥楮湥杲?愠?据祤挠汳極湰杰?晲牴楩敮湧搠汦祡?畩牬扩慴湩?敳渮瘠楔牨潥渊浲敥湳瑵???甠瑳畨牯敷?牴敨獡整愺爠挱栩?捔潨略氠摯?晥畲牡瑬桬攠牳?敲硦灡汣潥爠整?瑭桰敥?牡整汵慲瑥椠潩湮猠桂楥灩?扩敮瑧眠敤敥湣?桥楡杳桥?琠敦浲灯敭爠慴瑨略爠散?敮硴灲潡獬甠牵敲?慡湮搠?潲瑥桡敳爬?晳慵捣瑨漠牡獳?慄景普敧捣瑨楥湮杧?捄祩捳汴楲湩杣??慡湮摤?牘敩癣敨慥汮?琠桄敩?捴潲浩灣汴攬砠?極湴瑷敡牲慤挮琠楔潨湥猠?扵敩瑬睴攭敵湰?畡牲扥慡渠?瑦栠整牨浥愠汣?整湹瘠楩牳漠湬浡敲湧瑥獲?慴湨摡?挊祴捨污楴渠杯?瀠牭敯晵敮牴敡湩据敯獵?琠桡牮潤甠杨桩?浬畹氠瑡楲?獡潳甬爠捡敮?搠慴瑨慥?慴湥慭汰祥獲楡獴??潥映晬敡牮楤湳杣?捰潥洠灰牡整桴敥湲獮椠癶敡?瑩桥敳漠物敮琠楤捩慦汦?獲略灮灴漠牡瑲?晡潳爮′椩洊灔牨潥瘠楳湰条?畩牡扬愠湤?敳湴癲楩牢潵湴浩敯湮琠獯? popular cycling routes is relatively concentrated, and these areas are located at moderate distances from the city center, which can meet cyclists’ desire to get closer to nature. 3) There is a significant spatial negative correlation between surface temperature and the preference for cycling routes. Surface temperature significantly affects route selection, and the spatial pattern is in a “discrete” state. High-temperature exposure—low preference and low-temperature exposure—highpreference are most prominent on cycling roads. Based on this analysis, this study proposes three optimization strategies to improve the cycling environment in Beijing: First, increasing greening and shading facilities, particularly in H-H and H-L areas, by planting trees and shrubs, building rooftop gardens, and implementing vertical greening to reduce urban heat accumulation and improve the cycling experience. Second, optimizing cycling infrastructure by improving the quality of cycling paths, using permeable and heat-dissipating paving materials, and enhancing road lighting and signage to ensure nighttime safety. Third, the government should invest in cycling infrastructure, particularly in H-L areas, by adding greening and shading facilities, promoting green travel through media, and establishing cycli
2025(4),45-50
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20241212003
Abstract:
The outdoor high temperature and arid climate of dry and hot area are significant, and as the main place of urban economic development and citizens’ social activities, improving the outdoor thermal comfort of commercial neighborhoods will directly affect citizens’ satisfaction with commercial neighborhoods and the commercial value of the neighborhoods. In this study, a commercial block in Shihezi City, a dry and hot area, was selected as the research object, and the outdoor thermal environment of the block were measured and investigated in the summer, and numerical optimization simulation was carried out by using the ENVI-met software in terms of the block shading facilities, water landscape, green plant coverage, etc., to generate the optimization scheme of the block's thermal comfort, so that the optimization scheme of the block's thermal comfort can provide a reference for the planning and transformation of the urban commercial street area in a hot and dry area and the improvement of the thermal comfort in the summer. The optimization scheme was generated in order to provide a reference for the planning and renovation of urban commercial streets in dry and hot area and the improvement of summer thermal comfort.Given the complex urban environment, commercial districts are often characterized by high building density and extensive hard surfacing, such as asphalt roads and concrete structures, which can lead to significant urban heat island effects. In dry and hot climates, these factors are further exacerbated by the lack of natural water bodies and limited vegetation cover. This study aims to address these challenges by providing practical and sustainable solutions for improving outdoor thermal comfort in such environments.To achieve this goal, the research employed a multi-method approach. Field investigations were conducted during peak summer conditions to collect extensive microclimate data, including air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation intensity, at multiple locations throughout the commercial district. These measurements provided the foundation for detailed ENVImet simulations that evaluated various environmental modification strategies.The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) served as the primary metric for assessing thermal comfort improvements. The study systematically examined three key intervention approaches: enhancement of vegetation coverage, implementation of shading structures, and integration of water features. The research revealed that vegetation plays a crucial role in moderating thermal conditions, with optimal benefits achieved through strategic placement of drought-resistant species that provide adequate shade while minimizing water requirements. Increasing vegetation coverage to approximately 35%-40% demonstrated significant cooling effects, particularly when concentrated in high-activity zones. Shading structures proved most effective when combining permanent architectural elements with adjustable components, allowing for flexibility in response to changing solar angles throughout the day. Water features, while providing valuable evaporative cooling, required careful design to balance their thermal benefits with water conservation needs in the arid environment.The study also identified critical periods when interventions would yield maximum benefits, particularly during early afternoonhours when thermal stress peaks. Spatial optimization models helped identify priority areas for intervention, with gateway plazas, seating areas, and main pedestrian corridors showing particularly strong responses to combined mitigation strategies. The practical implications of this research extend beyond immediate thermal comfort improvements. The proposed strategies demonstrate how careful environmental design can enhance the commercial viability and social functionality of urban spaces in challenging climates. By establishing quantitative relationships between design parameters and thermal comfort outcomes, the study provides a framework for evidence-based decision making in urban development projects. The integration of sustainability principles throughout the proposed solutions ensures that thermal comfort improvements align with broader environmental goals, particularly in water-scarce regions. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on climate-responsive urban design, offering specific, actionable strategies for creating more livable commercial spaces in dry-hot climates. Based on the extensive field measurements and advanced computational simulations, the study not only offers valuable guidance for urban planners and designers working in similar climatic conditions but also highlights the nonlinear relationships between intervention intensity and thermal improvement, suggesting optimal thresholds beyond which additional investments yield diminishing returns. Furthermore, this research underscores the importance of considering the interplay between different environmental factors and their cumulative impact on thermal comfort, which is essential for developing holistic and effective urban design strategies in dry and hot regions.
The outdoor high temperature and arid climate of dry and hot area are significant, and as the main place of urban economic development and citizens’ social activities, improving the outdoor thermal comfort of commercial neighborhoods will directly affect citizens’ satisfaction with commercial neighborhoods and the commercial value of the neighborhoods. In this study, a commercial block in Shihezi City, a dry and hot area, was selected as the research object, and the outdoor thermal environment of the block were measured and investigated in the summer, and numerical optimization simulation was carried out by using the ENVI-met software in terms of the block shading facilities, water landscape, green plant coverage, etc., to generate the optimization scheme of the block's thermal comfort, so that the optimization scheme of the block's thermal comfort can provide a reference for the planning and transformation of the urban commercial street area in a hot and dry area and the improvement of the thermal comfort in the summer. The optimization scheme was generated in order to provide a reference for the planning and renovation of urban commercial streets in dry and hot area and the improvement of summer thermal comfort.Given the complex urban environment, commercial districts are often characterized by high building density and extensive hard surfacing, such as asphalt roads and concrete structures, which can lead to significant urban heat island effects. In dry and hot climates, these factors are further exacerbated by the lack of natural water bodies and limited vegetation cover. This study aims to address these challenges by providing practical and sustainable solutions for improving outdoor thermal comfort in such environments.To achieve this goal, the research employed a multi-method approach. Field investigations were conducted during peak summer conditions to collect extensive microclimate data, including air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation intensity, at multiple locations throughout the commercial district. These measurements provided the foundation for detailed ENVImet simulations that evaluated various environmental modification strategies.The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) served as the primary metric for assessing thermal comfort improvements. The study systematically examined three key intervention approaches: enhancement of vegetation coverage, implementation of shading structures, and integration of water features. The research revealed that vegetation plays a crucial role in moderating thermal conditions, with optimal benefits achieved through strategic placement of drought-resistant species that provide adequate shade while minimizing water requirements. Increasing vegetation coverage to approximately 35%-40% demonstrated significant cooling effects, particularly when concentrated in high-activity zones. Shading structures proved most effective when combining permanent architectural elements with adjustable components, allowing for flexibility in response to changing solar angles throughout the day. Water features, while providing valuable evaporative cooling, required careful design to balance their thermal benefits with water conservation needs in the arid environment.The study also identified critical periods when interventions would yield maximum benefits, particularly during early afternoonhours when thermal stress peaks. Spatial optimization models helped identify priority areas for intervention, with gateway plazas, seating areas, and main pedestrian corridors showing particularly strong responses to combined mitigation strategies. The practical implications of this research extend beyond immediate thermal comfort improvements. The proposed strategies demonstrate how careful environmental design can enhance the commercial viability and social functionality of urban spaces in challenging climates. By establishing quantitative relationships between design parameters and thermal comfort outcomes, the study provides a framework for evidence-based decision making in urban development projects. The integration of sustainability principles throughout the proposed solutions ensures that thermal comfort improvements align with broader environmental goals, particularly in water-scarce regions. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on climate-responsive urban design, offering specific, actionable strategies for creating more livable commercial spaces in dry-hot climates. Based on the extensive field measurements and advanced computational simulations, the study not only offers valuable guidance for urban planners and designers working in similar climatic conditions but also highlights the nonlinear relationships between intervention intensity and thermal improvement, suggesting optimal thresholds beyond which additional investments yield diminishing returns. Furthermore, this research underscores the importance of considering the interplay between different environmental factors and their cumulative impact on thermal comfort, which is essential for developing holistic and effective urban design strategies in dry and hot regions.
2025(4),51-58
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest. 20240403002
Abstract:
Mental health problems of students in higher education arising from academic performance, career development and interpersonal interactions are of increasing concern to society. Studies have shown that introducing natural elements into learning spaces that are in close contact with students has a positive effect on their physical and mental health recovery. Aromatherapy refers to the use of spices or aromatic plant to treat, alleviate and prevent illnesses. By stimulating the olfactory nerves, aromatic plant volatiles can have a special effect on the physiological level of human beings, thus triggering a specific emotional response and promoting physical and mental health. Jasmine, lemon and peppermint, as representative species of aromatic plants, have demonstrated their restorative potential in relevant studies. However, most of the studies on these aromatic plant species have focused on verifying the restorative effects, and there is a lack of comparisons between different species and intensities of effects, as well as a lack of studies that have shown attention to the special restorative needs of college students, such as restoration of oriented attention. The experimental procedure was divided into two main parts: the odour strength determination experiment and the attention recovery experiment. The odour intensity experiment determined the specific number of pots corresponding to three specific sizes of live aromatic plants at three levels of intensity: weak, moderate and strong. In the attention recovery experiment phase, a total of 36 participants were randomly and equally divided into three groups according to the odour intensity, and received the restorative effects of the living aromatic plants simultaneously under certain means of attention interference. Electroencephalography (EEG) can be used as a reliable indicator to assess the concentration level of the subjects attention in real-life activities, and the BrainCo wearable wireless brainwave detector, a brain-computer interface device, was used in this study to conduct real-time monitoring and data logging of the subjects’ attention state in the immersive environment. The average brainwave value during the attention test was taken as the attention index, and the larger the value represented the better the level of attention concentration and the better the effect of attention recovery. At the same time, Kessler 10 scale was applied as an assessment tool to obtain the initial mental state of the subjects before the experiment and correlate with the attention recovery of the subjects after the experiment. The results of paired T-tests on the experimental data showed that the subjects’ attention indices in the attention concentration test showed some variability among the volatiles of different aromatic plant species and different odour intensities. Six out of nine paired experiments showed that the odour of aromatic plants had a positive effect on the attention recovery of university students, of which four pairs had a significant effect, suggesting that specific living aromatic plants with appropriate odour intensity have an attention recovery effect inindoor learning spaces of universities, which is in line with the findings of aromatherapy research. Jasmine and mint showed more significant attention-restoring effects at both low and moderate odour intensities, whereas lemon had a non-significant attention-restoring effect only at low odour intensities, and at higher odour intensities, it decreased the subjects’ concentration level. Only a few groups showed significant differences in the attention recovery results under each initial psychological condition, and overall, the initial psychological condition of the subjects had a limited effect on the attention recovery effect. At the end of the experiment, further regression analyses of the attention indices of the three living aromatic plants at different odour intensities were carried out to derive the optimal number of configurations of living aromatic plants under the conditions of the experimental site. The curve fitting results can be estimated that in the study space used in this study (8.0m long, 5.6m wide and 4.0 m high), the optimal number of single-species configurations are 5 pots of jasmine (in full bloom, de-potted to a height of about 25 cm and crown spread of about 25 cm) and 4 pots of scented peppermint (branching and foliage, de-potted to a height of about 10 cm, and crown spread of about 25 cm), whereas the results of the lemon regression analysis fitting showed that the F test results were all non-significant (p>0.05). Taken together, the results of the study showed that jasmine and fragrant mint were more effective in restoring the attention of university student groups with study tasks, and it is recommended that they should be deployed in appropriate quantities in indoor study spaces in higher education institutions for healing purposes. In the future, the recovery benefits of aromatic plants for college students can be further explored by setting more types of aromatic plants, controlling the duration of odour perception, and quantifying the odour concentration, in order to build a better indoor healing environment on college campuses.
Mental health problems of students in higher education arising from academic performance, career development and interpersonal interactions are of increasing concern to society. Studies have shown that introducing natural elements into learning spaces that are in close contact with students has a positive effect on their physical and mental health recovery. Aromatherapy refers to the use of spices or aromatic plant to treat, alleviate and prevent illnesses. By stimulating the olfactory nerves, aromatic plant volatiles can have a special effect on the physiological level of human beings, thus triggering a specific emotional response and promoting physical and mental health. Jasmine, lemon and peppermint, as representative species of aromatic plants, have demonstrated their restorative potential in relevant studies. However, most of the studies on these aromatic plant species have focused on verifying the restorative effects, and there is a lack of comparisons between different species and intensities of effects, as well as a lack of studies that have shown attention to the special restorative needs of college students, such as restoration of oriented attention. The experimental procedure was divided into two main parts: the odour strength determination experiment and the attention recovery experiment. The odour intensity experiment determined the specific number of pots corresponding to three specific sizes of live aromatic plants at three levels of intensity: weak, moderate and strong. In the attention recovery experiment phase, a total of 36 participants were randomly and equally divided into three groups according to the odour intensity, and received the restorative effects of the living aromatic plants simultaneously under certain means of attention interference. Electroencephalography (EEG) can be used as a reliable indicator to assess the concentration level of the subjects attention in real-life activities, and the BrainCo wearable wireless brainwave detector, a brain-computer interface device, was used in this study to conduct real-time monitoring and data logging of the subjects’ attention state in the immersive environment. The average brainwave value during the attention test was taken as the attention index, and the larger the value represented the better the level of attention concentration and the better the effect of attention recovery. At the same time, Kessler 10 scale was applied as an assessment tool to obtain the initial mental state of the subjects before the experiment and correlate with the attention recovery of the subjects after the experiment. The results of paired T-tests on the experimental data showed that the subjects’ attention indices in the attention concentration test showed some variability among the volatiles of different aromatic plant species and different odour intensities. Six out of nine paired experiments showed that the odour of aromatic plants had a positive effect on the attention recovery of university students, of which four pairs had a significant effect, suggesting that specific living aromatic plants with appropriate odour intensity have an attention recovery effect inindoor learning spaces of universities, which is in line with the findings of aromatherapy research. Jasmine and mint showed more significant attention-restoring effects at both low and moderate odour intensities, whereas lemon had a non-significant attention-restoring effect only at low odour intensities, and at higher odour intensities, it decreased the subjects’ concentration level. Only a few groups showed significant differences in the attention recovery results under each initial psychological condition, and overall, the initial psychological condition of the subjects had a limited effect on the attention recovery effect. At the end of the experiment, further regression analyses of the attention indices of the three living aromatic plants at different odour intensities were carried out to derive the optimal number of configurations of living aromatic plants under the conditions of the experimental site. The curve fitting results can be estimated that in the study space used in this study (8.0m long, 5.6m wide and 4.0 m high), the optimal number of single-species configurations are 5 pots of jasmine (in full bloom, de-potted to a height of about 25 cm and crown spread of about 25 cm) and 4 pots of scented peppermint (branching and foliage, de-potted to a height of about 10 cm, and crown spread of about 25 cm), whereas the results of the lemon regression analysis fitting showed that the F test results were all non-significant (p>0.05). Taken together, the results of the study showed that jasmine and fragrant mint were more effective in restoring the attention of university student groups with study tasks, and it is recommended that they should be deployed in appropriate quantities in indoor study spaces in higher education institutions for healing purposes. In the future, the recovery benefits of aromatic plants for college students can be further explored by setting more types of aromatic plants, controlling the duration of odour perception, and quantifying the odour concentration, in order to build a better indoor healing environment on college campuses.
2025(4),59-65
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240128001
Abstract:
Caohai National Nature Reserve is located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, which is a typical plateau wetland ecosystem, and in recent years, the ecological quality is facing serious problems due to the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors. In order to monitor the changes of the ecological quality in the area, the Remote Sensing-based Ecological Index (RSEI) was constructed by utilizing five periods of Landsat images in 1994, 2002, 2009, 2016 and 2023, and based on the Annual China Land Cover Dataset (CLCD) classification algorithm combined with samples of land classes adapted to the study area to classify the five periods of remote sensing images, selected 1994, 2009, 2023 improved CLCD data to construct the land use transfer matrix, through the time series of RSEI and the land transfer situation of the ecological quality of the Caohai National Nature Reserve for a comprehensive analysis. The results show that: 1) from 1994 to 2023, the average value of RSEI in Caohai National Nature Reserve continued to increase, the growth rate was fast and then slow, and the relevant protection policy was the main factor affecting the ecological quality of the environment. The middle and high values of the RSEI were distributed in the southwest corner and the east of Caohai from the scattered distribution of the RSEI in 1994 to the western, southwestern, and southern part of Caohai in 2023, and the RSEI has been distributed in the western, southwestern, and southern part. The proportion of “poor” and “poor” grades in the study area decreased year by year, while the proportion of “moderate”, “good” and “excellent” grades decreased year by year, and the proportion of “good” and “excellent” grades decreased year by year. “Excellent” grades showed a rising trend year by year, and the growth rate of RSEI accelerated significantly at the beginning of the establishment of the Caohai National Nature Reserve in 1992 and after the comprehensive management was fully launched in 2015, respectively. 2) Through the difference analysis of the RSEI, the ecological quality of the Caohai National Nature Reserve from 1994 to 2023 mainly focuses on “getting better”, and the area of “getting better” during the 29-year period is 82.092 6 km2, accounting for 87.52%; the area of “getting better” is 87.52%; the area of “getting better” is 87.52%; the area of “getting better” is 87.52%. 87.52%; the area of “deterioration” is 11.7099 km2, accounting for 12.48%. 3) Through the comprehensive analysis of 1994-2023 RSEI difference and land use analysis, the RSEI “getting better” factors mainly consist of grassland and forest land, the RSEI “getting worse” part mainly consists of construction land and cultivated land, and the area of cultivated land in Caohai National Nature Reserve has changed the most, and the area of outflow haschanged the most, and the area of cultivated land in Caohai National Nature Reserve has changed the most, and the area of outflow has changed the most. Cultivated land area changed the most, the outflow area was 74.585 km2, and the cultivated land area was reduced by 59.046 km2, which was mainly converted into grassland, and the quality of ecological environment was significantly improved. However, it is worth warning that the area of construction land increased by 12.570 km2, and there is a tendency of spreading in the eastern part of the Caohai and the surrounding area, so it is necessary to pay attention to the environmental damage caused by the extension to the reserve.This paper combines RSEI and land use changes to quantitatively evaluate the ecological quality of the Caohai National Nature Reserve over the past 30 years, and coupled with a comparative analysis of protection policy time nodes. From the establishment of the Caohai National Nature Reserve in 1992 to the full implementation of comprehensive management in 2015, the RESI increased sequentially, and the number of land categories transferred to grassland and woodland gradually increased, and the ecological quality became better obviously. Compared with the evaluation of wetland habitats using a single indicator, this paper introduces the land transfer matrix combined with the time series of RSEI to comprehensively analyze the ecological environment of the land, and intuitively reflect the reasons that prompted the change of RSEI to be better/worse from the time and space. The results of this study can be an appropriate reference for the ecological management of Caohai National Nature Reserve.
Caohai National Nature Reserve is located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, which is a typical plateau wetland ecosystem, and in recent years, the ecological quality is facing serious problems due to the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors. In order to monitor the changes of the ecological quality in the area, the Remote Sensing-based Ecological Index (RSEI) was constructed by utilizing five periods of Landsat images in 1994, 2002, 2009, 2016 and 2023, and based on the Annual China Land Cover Dataset (CLCD) classification algorithm combined with samples of land classes adapted to the study area to classify the five periods of remote sensing images, selected 1994, 2009, 2023 improved CLCD data to construct the land use transfer matrix, through the time series of RSEI and the land transfer situation of the ecological quality of the Caohai National Nature Reserve for a comprehensive analysis. The results show that: 1) from 1994 to 2023, the average value of RSEI in Caohai National Nature Reserve continued to increase, the growth rate was fast and then slow, and the relevant protection policy was the main factor affecting the ecological quality of the environment. The middle and high values of the RSEI were distributed in the southwest corner and the east of Caohai from the scattered distribution of the RSEI in 1994 to the western, southwestern, and southern part of Caohai in 2023, and the RSEI has been distributed in the western, southwestern, and southern part. The proportion of “poor” and “poor” grades in the study area decreased year by year, while the proportion of “moderate”, “good” and “excellent” grades decreased year by year, and the proportion of “good” and “excellent” grades decreased year by year. “Excellent” grades showed a rising trend year by year, and the growth rate of RSEI accelerated significantly at the beginning of the establishment of the Caohai National Nature Reserve in 1992 and after the comprehensive management was fully launched in 2015, respectively. 2) Through the difference analysis of the RSEI, the ecological quality of the Caohai National Nature Reserve from 1994 to 2023 mainly focuses on “getting better”, and the area of “getting better” during the 29-year period is 82.092 6 km2, accounting for 87.52%; the area of “getting better” is 87.52%; the area of “getting better” is 87.52%; the area of “getting better” is 87.52%. 87.52%; the area of “deterioration” is 11.7099 km2, accounting for 12.48%. 3) Through the comprehensive analysis of 1994-2023 RSEI difference and land use analysis, the RSEI “getting better” factors mainly consist of grassland and forest land, the RSEI “getting worse” part mainly consists of construction land and cultivated land, and the area of cultivated land in Caohai National Nature Reserve has changed the most, and the area of outflow haschanged the most, and the area of cultivated land in Caohai National Nature Reserve has changed the most, and the area of outflow has changed the most. Cultivated land area changed the most, the outflow area was 74.585 km2, and the cultivated land area was reduced by 59.046 km2, which was mainly converted into grassland, and the quality of ecological environment was significantly improved. However, it is worth warning that the area of construction land increased by 12.570 km2, and there is a tendency of spreading in the eastern part of the Caohai and the surrounding area, so it is necessary to pay attention to the environmental damage caused by the extension to the reserve.This paper combines RSEI and land use changes to quantitatively evaluate the ecological quality of the Caohai National Nature Reserve over the past 30 years, and coupled with a comparative analysis of protection policy time nodes. From the establishment of the Caohai National Nature Reserve in 1992 to the full implementation of comprehensive management in 2015, the RESI increased sequentially, and the number of land categories transferred to grassland and woodland gradually increased, and the ecological quality became better obviously. Compared with the evaluation of wetland habitats using a single indicator, this paper introduces the land transfer matrix combined with the time series of RSEI to comprehensively analyze the ecological environment of the land, and intuitively reflect the reasons that prompted the change of RSEI to be better/worse from the time and space. The results of this study can be an appropriate reference for the ecological management of Caohai National Nature Reserve.
2025(4),66-75
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240508002
Abstract:
Clarifying the research progress on community healing environments holds significant theoretical and practical implications for improving the quality of human settlements. Based on grounded theory, this study analyzes interviews with community residents to identify the mechanisms, scene types, and environmental elements of community healing, and constructs a theoretical framework for the impact mechanisms of community healing environments from the residents’ perspective. This framework unfolds progressively across three levels “risk factor control”, “sustained healing benefits” and “highquality healing activation”. This framework unfolds progressively across three levels: “risk factor control”, “sustained healing benefits” and “high-quality healing activation”. At the foundational level, healing effectiveness consists of two processes. Firstly, negative physical and social environments can lead to adverse physical and mental health outcomes, while environments without such negative features do not necessarily promote healing. At this stage, ensuring a safe physical environment, adequate resource provision, and sound management systems is essential. The second level involves the sustained provision of healing benefits, where residents passively recover simply by being in the environment. At this stage, the environment’s healing potential is reflected in the individual’s perception of environmental information. Stress relief, cognitive arousal, attention restoration, low-intensity physical activity, positive emotional activation, social interaction and support, and leisure activities all occur during this phase. The highest level of healing is characterized by active engagement and participation. This stage involves more intense physical activity, richer positive emotions, recreational participation, deeper and broader social interaction, place attachment, and restorative experiences. At this level, individuals can obtain new physical and social resources from the environment. Individuals in neutral environments (first-level healing) do not need to recover depleted energy and resources. Those benefiting from passive healing (second-level) can further achieve high-quality healing outcomes through active interaction with the environment. Based on the interview results, the types of community healing scenes are categorized into five groups: 1)Blue-green spaces (e.g., parks, waterfront areas, gardens); 2) amenity facilities (e. g., dining and leisure, commercial and shopping, fitness and entertainment, cultural and recreational facilities, religious and historical architecture); 3)Indoor spaces (e. g., balconies, interior residential areas); 4)Residential compound environments, and 5)Streets. Residents’ descriptions of comfort-oriented facilities made up the majority of the interview content, suggesting that they do not focus solely on the healing benefits of blue-green spaces. The theoretical framework guided the review of existing empirical studies on community healing. However, current mainstream empirical research has mainly focused on blue-green spaces and their tranquil and natural attributes. Among environmental sensory modalities, vision receives the most attention, followed by natural sounds and thermal comfort. Visually, aspects such as the proportion of natural versus artificialelements, richness of visual features, vegetation cover, and visibility of water bodies are widely discussed topics. The social and historical-cultural characteristics of environmental features are often associated with user preferences and place attachment. Experiencing the community environment inherently involves people and diverse activities, symbolizing community vitality and social attributes. Yet, comfort-oriented facilities and residential compound environments—which do not align with the tranquil and natural features emphasized in many experimental studies—have often been overlooked. The lack of attention to such healing settings also leads to insufficient research on psychologically vulnerable groups such as adolescents and office workers. In China, healing variables reflecting personal will, emotions, self-realization, and cultural-spiritual identity, such as social interaction and support, positive emotions, and place attachment, are still relatively under-researched. This suggests that domestic research still largely focuses on stimulating and maintaining individual health, while less attention has been given to the roles of the environment in promoting well-being, social engagement, self-realization, and emotional healing. Domestically and internationally, research on blue-green spaces and healthcare facilities is generally aligned. Although China started later than some other countries, the development of research methods has been relatively rapid. Moreover, China has developed healing environment research with unique characteristics, such as exploring the restorative effects of landscape openness. In the future, neuroscience in environmental behavior and environmental psychology should place greater emphasis on users’ subjective experiences, such as their understanding of spatial forms, aesthetic preferences, and behavioral intentions. It has become evident that the symbolic and associative meanings of environments, and their complex mechanisms of influence on healing, have already been recognized as important healing factors by international scholars. In China, some researchers have begun using new technologies such as eyetracking, electrodermal activity (EDA), and electrocardiography (ECG) to identify the restorative benefits of street interfaces and green view rates in parks. However, current neuroscience research still predominantly focuses on feedback related to the characteristics of green spaces. Future studies should include more diverse types of community settings to fully explore the comprehensive healing potential of communities. Research should also investigate the mechanisms through which environmental features exert positive impacts on individuals via mediating variables. Interdisciplinary theoretical integration will be essential. Enhancing environments in ways that align with residents’ habits and preferences, and promoting spiritual and cultural healing, will be central themes in future research.
Clarifying the research progress on community healing environments holds significant theoretical and practical implications for improving the quality of human settlements. Based on grounded theory, this study analyzes interviews with community residents to identify the mechanisms, scene types, and environmental elements of community healing, and constructs a theoretical framework for the impact mechanisms of community healing environments from the residents’ perspective. This framework unfolds progressively across three levels “risk factor control”, “sustained healing benefits” and “highquality healing activation”. This framework unfolds progressively across three levels: “risk factor control”, “sustained healing benefits” and “high-quality healing activation”. At the foundational level, healing effectiveness consists of two processes. Firstly, negative physical and social environments can lead to adverse physical and mental health outcomes, while environments without such negative features do not necessarily promote healing. At this stage, ensuring a safe physical environment, adequate resource provision, and sound management systems is essential. The second level involves the sustained provision of healing benefits, where residents passively recover simply by being in the environment. At this stage, the environment’s healing potential is reflected in the individual’s perception of environmental information. Stress relief, cognitive arousal, attention restoration, low-intensity physical activity, positive emotional activation, social interaction and support, and leisure activities all occur during this phase. The highest level of healing is characterized by active engagement and participation. This stage involves more intense physical activity, richer positive emotions, recreational participation, deeper and broader social interaction, place attachment, and restorative experiences. At this level, individuals can obtain new physical and social resources from the environment. Individuals in neutral environments (first-level healing) do not need to recover depleted energy and resources. Those benefiting from passive healing (second-level) can further achieve high-quality healing outcomes through active interaction with the environment. Based on the interview results, the types of community healing scenes are categorized into five groups: 1)Blue-green spaces (e.g., parks, waterfront areas, gardens); 2) amenity facilities (e. g., dining and leisure, commercial and shopping, fitness and entertainment, cultural and recreational facilities, religious and historical architecture); 3)Indoor spaces (e. g., balconies, interior residential areas); 4)Residential compound environments, and 5)Streets. Residents’ descriptions of comfort-oriented facilities made up the majority of the interview content, suggesting that they do not focus solely on the healing benefits of blue-green spaces. The theoretical framework guided the review of existing empirical studies on community healing. However, current mainstream empirical research has mainly focused on blue-green spaces and their tranquil and natural attributes. Among environmental sensory modalities, vision receives the most attention, followed by natural sounds and thermal comfort. Visually, aspects such as the proportion of natural versus artificialelements, richness of visual features, vegetation cover, and visibility of water bodies are widely discussed topics. The social and historical-cultural characteristics of environmental features are often associated with user preferences and place attachment. Experiencing the community environment inherently involves people and diverse activities, symbolizing community vitality and social attributes. Yet, comfort-oriented facilities and residential compound environments—which do not align with the tranquil and natural features emphasized in many experimental studies—have often been overlooked. The lack of attention to such healing settings also leads to insufficient research on psychologically vulnerable groups such as adolescents and office workers. In China, healing variables reflecting personal will, emotions, self-realization, and cultural-spiritual identity, such as social interaction and support, positive emotions, and place attachment, are still relatively under-researched. This suggests that domestic research still largely focuses on stimulating and maintaining individual health, while less attention has been given to the roles of the environment in promoting well-being, social engagement, self-realization, and emotional healing. Domestically and internationally, research on blue-green spaces and healthcare facilities is generally aligned. Although China started later than some other countries, the development of research methods has been relatively rapid. Moreover, China has developed healing environment research with unique characteristics, such as exploring the restorative effects of landscape openness. In the future, neuroscience in environmental behavior and environmental psychology should place greater emphasis on users’ subjective experiences, such as their understanding of spatial forms, aesthetic preferences, and behavioral intentions. It has become evident that the symbolic and associative meanings of environments, and their complex mechanisms of influence on healing, have already been recognized as important healing factors by international scholars. In China, some researchers have begun using new technologies such as eyetracking, electrodermal activity (EDA), and electrocardiography (ECG) to identify the restorative benefits of street interfaces and green view rates in parks. However, current neuroscience research still predominantly focuses on feedback related to the characteristics of green spaces. Future studies should include more diverse types of community settings to fully explore the comprehensive healing potential of communities. Research should also investigate the mechanisms through which environmental features exert positive impacts on individuals via mediating variables. Interdisciplinary theoretical integration will be essential. Enhancing environments in ways that align with residents’ habits and preferences, and promoting spiritual and cultural healing, will be central themes in future research.
2025(4),76-83
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240523003
Abstract:
The key to the market-oriented operation of urban renewal lies in the realization of asset value enhancement and sustainable cash flow through the holding and operation of spatial assets. In this process, the characteristics of the participation of financial institutions and the application of financial tools show obvious differences from those in the new land development during the urban spatial expansion period. Based on the financialization and life-cycle theories, this paper takes the “investment, financing, management, and exit” process of urban renewal spatial asset operation as the analysis framework to reveal the current financial practice characteristics of market entities’ participation in urban renewal. The investment stage is the process of capital intervening in asset targets. Compared with the traditional realestate development model, urban renewal pays more attention to the handling of asset compliance in the context of diversified investment targets, and has gradually formed a cooperation model that separates light and heavy assets of “project operation + property rights holding”, and attaches more importance to the longterm and complexity of investment calculation. The financing stage is the process of magnifying the capital leverage, and the methods mainly include two categories: debt and equity. For debt-based financing, the credit granting characteristics of commercial banks and policy banks for urban renewal projects are reflected in two aspects. Firstly, the characteristics of loan products are in line with the asset characteristics such as low returns and complex compliance presented by some urban renewal projects. Secondly, the creation of loan products often follows the major national strategic directions, reflecting the national macroorientation of tilting financial capital towards weak and key areas of economic and social development. For equity-based financing, the main entities participating in equity investment in urban renewal emerging in the current market mainly include private equity investment institutions, insurance institutions with equity investment business, trust institutions carrying out equity-based trust business, asset management companies (AMCs) involved in equity operation, etc. In recent years, many places have also started to set up government investment funds for urban renewal. The capital costs and investment preferences of various institutions vary. The management stage focuses on realizing the preservation and appreciation of urban renewal assets and increasing project profits. In urban renewal projects, market entities mainly achieve efficiency enhancement and cost reduction and improve project cash flow through principles such as “operationalization” of space design and “refinement” of operation and maintenance. The risks of urban renewal mainly come from space, economy, society. The implementing entities need to establish reasonable control measures to ensure asset safety and increase asset value. In order to achieve the “cost-revenue” balance of urban renewal through more channels, the new practice of market entities and financial institutions is to use urban renewal projects as “customer acquisition scenarios” to expand revenue paths. The exit stage is the way and the final goal for the investment entity to realize the value of the transformed assets, and thus realizing the capital logic loop of the entire project operation. It includes self-holding operation, asset transfer, and REITs listing. The applicable scenarios and characteristics of various exit methods are different. Self-holding operation is suitable for projects with long-term operation potential and stable cash flow that can be generated through continuous operation, such as the renovation of oldresidential areas and rental housing, and can match long-term or policy-based loans. Asset transfer is suitable for projects with significantly increased asset value after renovation, especially high-end properties such as commercial office buildings and commercial complexes, and can match institutional investors with high capital costs and short cycles. The listing of REITs and others is suitable for projects with stable cash flow and suitable for securitization operations, covering industrial parks, rental housing, etc. Immature projects can issue Pre-REITs. Taking the urban village reconstruction project of L Village in Beijing as an example, this paper studies and analyzes the “investment, financing, management, and exit” characteristics of financial institutions as the implementing entities in urban renewal, and depicts the micro-penetration process of spatial financialization in the renewal process through the diachronic analysis of the project. The theoretical contribution of this paper lies in placing the financialization of urban renewal in the institutional environment with Chinese characteristics and comparing it with the previous “land financialization” to reveal the changes in the orientation and mode of financial capital’s intervention in urban renewal.
The key to the market-oriented operation of urban renewal lies in the realization of asset value enhancement and sustainable cash flow through the holding and operation of spatial assets. In this process, the characteristics of the participation of financial institutions and the application of financial tools show obvious differences from those in the new land development during the urban spatial expansion period. Based on the financialization and life-cycle theories, this paper takes the “investment, financing, management, and exit” process of urban renewal spatial asset operation as the analysis framework to reveal the current financial practice characteristics of market entities’ participation in urban renewal. The investment stage is the process of capital intervening in asset targets. Compared with the traditional realestate development model, urban renewal pays more attention to the handling of asset compliance in the context of diversified investment targets, and has gradually formed a cooperation model that separates light and heavy assets of “project operation + property rights holding”, and attaches more importance to the longterm and complexity of investment calculation. The financing stage is the process of magnifying the capital leverage, and the methods mainly include two categories: debt and equity. For debt-based financing, the credit granting characteristics of commercial banks and policy banks for urban renewal projects are reflected in two aspects. Firstly, the characteristics of loan products are in line with the asset characteristics such as low returns and complex compliance presented by some urban renewal projects. Secondly, the creation of loan products often follows the major national strategic directions, reflecting the national macroorientation of tilting financial capital towards weak and key areas of economic and social development. For equity-based financing, the main entities participating in equity investment in urban renewal emerging in the current market mainly include private equity investment institutions, insurance institutions with equity investment business, trust institutions carrying out equity-based trust business, asset management companies (AMCs) involved in equity operation, etc. In recent years, many places have also started to set up government investment funds for urban renewal. The capital costs and investment preferences of various institutions vary. The management stage focuses on realizing the preservation and appreciation of urban renewal assets and increasing project profits. In urban renewal projects, market entities mainly achieve efficiency enhancement and cost reduction and improve project cash flow through principles such as “operationalization” of space design and “refinement” of operation and maintenance. The risks of urban renewal mainly come from space, economy, society. The implementing entities need to establish reasonable control measures to ensure asset safety and increase asset value. In order to achieve the “cost-revenue” balance of urban renewal through more channels, the new practice of market entities and financial institutions is to use urban renewal projects as “customer acquisition scenarios” to expand revenue paths. The exit stage is the way and the final goal for the investment entity to realize the value of the transformed assets, and thus realizing the capital logic loop of the entire project operation. It includes self-holding operation, asset transfer, and REITs listing. The applicable scenarios and characteristics of various exit methods are different. Self-holding operation is suitable for projects with long-term operation potential and stable cash flow that can be generated through continuous operation, such as the renovation of oldresidential areas and rental housing, and can match long-term or policy-based loans. Asset transfer is suitable for projects with significantly increased asset value after renovation, especially high-end properties such as commercial office buildings and commercial complexes, and can match institutional investors with high capital costs and short cycles. The listing of REITs and others is suitable for projects with stable cash flow and suitable for securitization operations, covering industrial parks, rental housing, etc. Immature projects can issue Pre-REITs. Taking the urban village reconstruction project of L Village in Beijing as an example, this paper studies and analyzes the “investment, financing, management, and exit” characteristics of financial institutions as the implementing entities in urban renewal, and depicts the micro-penetration process of spatial financialization in the renewal process through the diachronic analysis of the project. The theoretical contribution of this paper lies in placing the financialization of urban renewal in the institutional environment with Chinese characteristics and comparing it with the previous “land financialization” to reveal the changes in the orientation and mode of financial capital’s intervention in urban renewal.
2025(4),84-91
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240327004
Abstract:
Digital twin city platforms have made significant progress in recent years. However, the existing platforms often have problems “focusing on accuracy of the physical model rather than social cognition” and “focusing on specialized application rather than data system.” The lack of data construction demonstrates that the current digital twin platforms do not pay enough attention to the mapping rates in the physical cities and virtual cities, which makes it difficult to meet the actual needs of refined urban governance. Therefore, it is necessary to define the characteristics of a digital twin platform oriented to urban governance, further explain and parse specific indications in the mapping rate methodology, and build a corresponding refined evaluation mechanism to realize the guidelines for practice. Through this evaluation mechanism, the enhanced attention to the data mapping rate can solve the current problems of data integrity, data timeliness, data consistency, and data interconnection in the construction of the digital twin platform. It can effectively enhance the digital twin city model’s ability to control, strain, and respond to the various needs of the city as a complex system. This study explores the methodology framework of mapping rate, proposing three mapping rate indicators: data resolution, data freshness, and data relevance as the fundamental indicators to evaluate the mapping rate. The three indicators represent the level of data collection, updating, and interconnection, reflecting the development quality of digital twin platforms, and constitute the methodology system of mapping rate. In terms of proposing a quantitative assessment method of the mapping rate, it is necessary to define a data dimensional composition system of the urban digital twin platform. Thus, this study also comprehensively explores the dimensions of urban data based on the practice and needs of urban governance. The urban subjects are divided into four categories: spatial carriers, urban components, social subjects, and urban flows, and aggregated according to three levels: small, medium, and large. Based on the four data categories and the three mapping rate indicators, data resolution, data freshness, and data relevance, a quantifiable evaluation model was built to assess the level of data collection, the data timeliness, and the data network correlation.To evaluate the three specific indicators, this study establishes three corresponding data evaluation models and introduces mathematical algorithms such as Hierarchical Analysis Method (AHP for short), Gaussian Function, Knowledge Graph, and other methods and techniques. Taking the Huamu Sub-district Digital Twin platform in the Pudong New Area in Shanghai as a test bed, each of the three indicators is calculated, and a comprehensive mapping rate is assessed manually. The total Digital Resolution score of the Huamu Sub-district Digital Twin City is 39. 7, the Data Freshness score is 34. 1, and the Data Relevance score is 13. 9 on a 100-point scale, indicating that the platform is still at the initial level of mapping rate. A real-time evaluation platform for the mapping rate could be developed for long-term monitoring and timely feedback. In conclusion, this study achieves a quantitative analysis of the development quality of digital twin city platforms, which was hard to measure accurately before. The data assessment model centered on the mapping rate has been constructed, which is not only applicable to the Huamu Sub-district Digital Twin City but also a universal example in terms of thedata dimensional composition system, the ideal updating cycle of the data, and the data correlation network of multiple co-management, etc. Furthermore, incorporating various techniques, such as fuzzy matching, ensures that the methodology is as free from project-specific bias as possible. Additionally, the data assessment model is designed to be real-time and interactive and aids in the subsequent development of a mapping rate evaluation platform equipped with a self-feedback mechanism. For the context of building a people’s city, this study offers a viable approach to systematic, diverse, and standardized management in smart city construction. The proposal of mapping rate methodology and the construction of an assessment model will expand the development of a digital twin city from the simple reproduction and visualization of physical objects in virtual space to the creation of a multi-dimensional digital governance system centered on data construction. It can help promote the digital twin city platform to respond to the complex needs of urban governance and to facilitate the construction of a “bottom-up” scientific urban governance framework.
Digital twin city platforms have made significant progress in recent years. However, the existing platforms often have problems “focusing on accuracy of the physical model rather than social cognition” and “focusing on specialized application rather than data system.” The lack of data construction demonstrates that the current digital twin platforms do not pay enough attention to the mapping rates in the physical cities and virtual cities, which makes it difficult to meet the actual needs of refined urban governance. Therefore, it is necessary to define the characteristics of a digital twin platform oriented to urban governance, further explain and parse specific indications in the mapping rate methodology, and build a corresponding refined evaluation mechanism to realize the guidelines for practice. Through this evaluation mechanism, the enhanced attention to the data mapping rate can solve the current problems of data integrity, data timeliness, data consistency, and data interconnection in the construction of the digital twin platform. It can effectively enhance the digital twin city model’s ability to control, strain, and respond to the various needs of the city as a complex system. This study explores the methodology framework of mapping rate, proposing three mapping rate indicators: data resolution, data freshness, and data relevance as the fundamental indicators to evaluate the mapping rate. The three indicators represent the level of data collection, updating, and interconnection, reflecting the development quality of digital twin platforms, and constitute the methodology system of mapping rate. In terms of proposing a quantitative assessment method of the mapping rate, it is necessary to define a data dimensional composition system of the urban digital twin platform. Thus, this study also comprehensively explores the dimensions of urban data based on the practice and needs of urban governance. The urban subjects are divided into four categories: spatial carriers, urban components, social subjects, and urban flows, and aggregated according to three levels: small, medium, and large. Based on the four data categories and the three mapping rate indicators, data resolution, data freshness, and data relevance, a quantifiable evaluation model was built to assess the level of data collection, the data timeliness, and the data network correlation.To evaluate the three specific indicators, this study establishes three corresponding data evaluation models and introduces mathematical algorithms such as Hierarchical Analysis Method (AHP for short), Gaussian Function, Knowledge Graph, and other methods and techniques. Taking the Huamu Sub-district Digital Twin platform in the Pudong New Area in Shanghai as a test bed, each of the three indicators is calculated, and a comprehensive mapping rate is assessed manually. The total Digital Resolution score of the Huamu Sub-district Digital Twin City is 39. 7, the Data Freshness score is 34. 1, and the Data Relevance score is 13. 9 on a 100-point scale, indicating that the platform is still at the initial level of mapping rate. A real-time evaluation platform for the mapping rate could be developed for long-term monitoring and timely feedback. In conclusion, this study achieves a quantitative analysis of the development quality of digital twin city platforms, which was hard to measure accurately before. The data assessment model centered on the mapping rate has been constructed, which is not only applicable to the Huamu Sub-district Digital Twin City but also a universal example in terms of thedata dimensional composition system, the ideal updating cycle of the data, and the data correlation network of multiple co-management, etc. Furthermore, incorporating various techniques, such as fuzzy matching, ensures that the methodology is as free from project-specific bias as possible. Additionally, the data assessment model is designed to be real-time and interactive and aids in the subsequent development of a mapping rate evaluation platform equipped with a self-feedback mechanism. For the context of building a people’s city, this study offers a viable approach to systematic, diverse, and standardized management in smart city construction. The proposal of mapping rate methodology and the construction of an assessment model will expand the development of a digital twin city from the simple reproduction and visualization of physical objects in virtual space to the creation of a multi-dimensional digital governance system centered on data construction. It can help promote the digital twin city platform to respond to the complex needs of urban governance and to facilitate the construction of a “bottom-up” scientific urban governance framework.
2025(4),92-100
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250106003
Abstract:
In the trajectory of early modern history of China, the Nanjing National Government demonstrated superior urban governance wisdom compared to other contemporary regimes. It is particularly evident in its state intervention in the Shanghai concessions real estate market. The establishment of the Shanghai concessions provided the material foundation for the transplantation of Western modern institutions into China. Rapid industrial and commercial development led to significant population agglomeration within the concessions. The concentration of financial, human, and material resources in the concessions resulted in the majority of Shanghai's progressive interest failing to accrue to the Chinese-controlled areas. Consequently, controlling the spatial growth of the concessions and driving integrated urbanization for Shanghai and China became a paramount task for the Nanjing National Government. To this end, the concession real estate market emerged as a key for the government to achieve checks and balances on the concessions, as it concentrated vast capital, resources, and population due to immense housing demand. Furthermore, residential architectures developed via the real estate market constituted the largest proportion of physical urban space, serving as crucial mediums for advancing concession urbanization. Therefore, researching how the Nanjing National Government intervened in the Shanghai concessions real estate market is essential for understanding state-level strategies of checks and balances. Legislation was a fundamental power of the Nanjing National Government and a primary instrument for intervening in the real estate market. The paper investigates the mechanisms through which the Nanjing National Government intervened in the Shanghai concession real estate market by enacting financial laws between 1927 and 1937, thereby revealing the financial pathways employed by the state to counterbalance concession development. It finds that laws pertaining to the real estate market issued during this period fall into two main categories: constraining laws—including the Banking Act (1931) and the Savings Bank Act (1934); and supportive laws—including the Draft Provisional Measures for Mortgage of Land Deeds (1935), the Proclamation on Implementing the New Monetary Policy (1935), and the Executive Yuan Directive No. 919 (1936). The paper reveals that although the concession authorities possessed legislative power, they did not enact specialized financial laws for the concessions. Consequently, the financial laws promulgated by the Nanjing National Government could influence the land development activities of developers within the concessions. However, the existence of extraterritoriality rights granted foreign developers the privilege to selectively comply with Chinese laws based on self-interest. This resulted in an inequitable phenomenon: Chinese and foreign developers differentially implemented constraining laws but uniformly adhered to supportive laws. The enactment of these two types of laws reflects distinct phases in the concession real estate market's development and embodies two strategies of checks and balances employed by the Nanjing National Government towards the Shanghai concessions: (1) 1927-1934: During this phase of overall market growth, the government enacted constraining laws prohibiting financial institutions, represented byChinese banks, from funding land development using savings deposits. Consequently, Chinese banks could only utilize trust funds. Although both were forms of financial capital in the early modern era, trust funds had a narrower investor base than savings deposits. This reduced the development capital available to Chinese banks, thereby slowing the Chinese developers’ contribution to concession spatial growth. (2) 1934-1937: During this phase, the Shanghai concession real estate market slumped due to the Silver Purchase Act of America, which triggered massive smuggling of silver abroad. Depleted silver reserves forced Chinese financial institutions to cease mortgage lending to developers. The loss of financial capital support depressed the market. The Nanjing National Government thus enacted supportive laws to stimulate financial institutions’ willingness to provide mortgage loans, attempting to restore market vitality and prevent a collapse of the concession system. Concomitantly, these strategies of checks and balances impacted the urban space of the concessions: First, the debt burden of financial capital and the declining purchasing power of lower-income groups led Chinese banks to primarily develop residential architectures catering to middle and upper classes—including garden houses, new-styled lane houses, and multi-story apartments—characterized by low density. The constraining laws thus reduced the development volume of these architectural types. Second, supportive laws enabled both Chinese and foreign developers to access mortgage financing support. Archival data indicates that the development volume of diverse residential architectural types catering to various social strata increased to varying degrees in both concessions. Therefore, under the Nanjing National Government’s intervention, Shanghai concessions exhibited a twophase urban development pattern between 1927 and 1937: constraining a single type of developers for low-density spatial development followed by stimulating diverse types of developers for mixed-density spatial development. This represents a significant manifestation of state power in the holistic governance of Shanghai. Naturally, it is also essential to recognize the limitations of the Nanjing National Government’s intervention to the Shanghai concession real estate market through financial laws, which were inevitably constrained by the historical context of the period. In summary, the analysis presented in the paper also holds reference value for the development of China's contemporary real estate market and urban development.
In the trajectory of early modern history of China, the Nanjing National Government demonstrated superior urban governance wisdom compared to other contemporary regimes. It is particularly evident in its state intervention in the Shanghai concessions real estate market. The establishment of the Shanghai concessions provided the material foundation for the transplantation of Western modern institutions into China. Rapid industrial and commercial development led to significant population agglomeration within the concessions. The concentration of financial, human, and material resources in the concessions resulted in the majority of Shanghai's progressive interest failing to accrue to the Chinese-controlled areas. Consequently, controlling the spatial growth of the concessions and driving integrated urbanization for Shanghai and China became a paramount task for the Nanjing National Government. To this end, the concession real estate market emerged as a key for the government to achieve checks and balances on the concessions, as it concentrated vast capital, resources, and population due to immense housing demand. Furthermore, residential architectures developed via the real estate market constituted the largest proportion of physical urban space, serving as crucial mediums for advancing concession urbanization. Therefore, researching how the Nanjing National Government intervened in the Shanghai concessions real estate market is essential for understanding state-level strategies of checks and balances. Legislation was a fundamental power of the Nanjing National Government and a primary instrument for intervening in the real estate market. The paper investigates the mechanisms through which the Nanjing National Government intervened in the Shanghai concession real estate market by enacting financial laws between 1927 and 1937, thereby revealing the financial pathways employed by the state to counterbalance concession development. It finds that laws pertaining to the real estate market issued during this period fall into two main categories: constraining laws—including the Banking Act (1931) and the Savings Bank Act (1934); and supportive laws—including the Draft Provisional Measures for Mortgage of Land Deeds (1935), the Proclamation on Implementing the New Monetary Policy (1935), and the Executive Yuan Directive No. 919 (1936). The paper reveals that although the concession authorities possessed legislative power, they did not enact specialized financial laws for the concessions. Consequently, the financial laws promulgated by the Nanjing National Government could influence the land development activities of developers within the concessions. However, the existence of extraterritoriality rights granted foreign developers the privilege to selectively comply with Chinese laws based on self-interest. This resulted in an inequitable phenomenon: Chinese and foreign developers differentially implemented constraining laws but uniformly adhered to supportive laws. The enactment of these two types of laws reflects distinct phases in the concession real estate market's development and embodies two strategies of checks and balances employed by the Nanjing National Government towards the Shanghai concessions: (1) 1927-1934: During this phase of overall market growth, the government enacted constraining laws prohibiting financial institutions, represented byChinese banks, from funding land development using savings deposits. Consequently, Chinese banks could only utilize trust funds. Although both were forms of financial capital in the early modern era, trust funds had a narrower investor base than savings deposits. This reduced the development capital available to Chinese banks, thereby slowing the Chinese developers’ contribution to concession spatial growth. (2) 1934-1937: During this phase, the Shanghai concession real estate market slumped due to the Silver Purchase Act of America, which triggered massive smuggling of silver abroad. Depleted silver reserves forced Chinese financial institutions to cease mortgage lending to developers. The loss of financial capital support depressed the market. The Nanjing National Government thus enacted supportive laws to stimulate financial institutions’ willingness to provide mortgage loans, attempting to restore market vitality and prevent a collapse of the concession system. Concomitantly, these strategies of checks and balances impacted the urban space of the concessions: First, the debt burden of financial capital and the declining purchasing power of lower-income groups led Chinese banks to primarily develop residential architectures catering to middle and upper classes—including garden houses, new-styled lane houses, and multi-story apartments—characterized by low density. The constraining laws thus reduced the development volume of these architectural types. Second, supportive laws enabled both Chinese and foreign developers to access mortgage financing support. Archival data indicates that the development volume of diverse residential architectural types catering to various social strata increased to varying degrees in both concessions. Therefore, under the Nanjing National Government’s intervention, Shanghai concessions exhibited a twophase urban development pattern between 1927 and 1937: constraining a single type of developers for low-density spatial development followed by stimulating diverse types of developers for mixed-density spatial development. This represents a significant manifestation of state power in the holistic governance of Shanghai. Naturally, it is also essential to recognize the limitations of the Nanjing National Government’s intervention to the Shanghai concession real estate market through financial laws, which were inevitably constrained by the historical context of the period. In summary, the analysis presented in the paper also holds reference value for the development of China's contemporary real estate market and urban development.
2025(4),101-106
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240727001
Abstract:
The above ground space in the central business district (CBD) of cities is becoming increasingly scarce, and many large and medium-sized cities are starting to use underground space for urban development. From the perspective of national policies, there is huge growth potential for the development of underground space. The current theoretical research on urban above ground and underground space planning and design at home and abroad still lacks a comprehensive coupling planning concept, which fails to effectively integrate the integrated design strategy of transportation stations, commercial complexes, and above ground and underground spaces. This study constructed a systematic framework for coupled planning of above ground and underground spaces. This system integrates both above ground and underground planning levels based on spatial scale and hierarchical management. At the above ground planning level, spatial scale is the main basis for planning space, including strategic planning, presidential planning, and detailed planning. Applying effective methods in planning at different scales can improve the scientificity and operability of the planning. For example, at the macro strategic planning scale, urban development goals and spatial structure can be determined through multi-source data analysis. At the overall planning scale, functional layout optimization and traffic organization design can be combined with GIS technology. At the level of underground planning, the idea of hierarchical management is particularly prominent. Firstly, at the city level, the overall planning of underground space at the municipal level will be formulated to achieve the comprehensive coverage of underground space planning and control guidelines and all elements. At the zoning level, a detailed plan for underground space should be developed in conjunction with the disaster prevention content of national spatial planning, refining key zoning and vertical stratification. At the specific regional level, taking the central business district as an example, clear requirements for block control and underground space management should be implemented to ensure the interconnection between underground rail transit and ground commercial functions. The coupling planning method is a systematic, multi-level, and dynamic planning approach aimed at achieving efficient integration and coordinated development of aboveground and underground spaces in the Central Business District (CBD). This study attempts to construct a coupling planning method from four levels: top-level design, technical implementation, functional coupling, and management collaboration. This method emphasizes treating the above ground and underground spaces as an inseparable whole, establishing an integrated concept through top-level design, and achieving the organic integration of the two. In the planning process, synchronous planning and design are adopted to ensure the coordination and unity of the functional layout, traffic flow, and other aspects of the above ground and underground spaces. At the level of functional coupling, attention should be paid to the rational layout of public service facilities and the integration of ecological and environmental protection concepts, in order to achieve complementary and sustainable development between underground space and ground functions. At the same time, optimizing the underground transportation network, improving transportation efficiency, and providing convenient and efficient travelexperiences for citizens. At the level of management collaboration, formulate and improve relevant laws and policies, clarify power and responsibility relationships, establish cross departmental collaborative management mechanisms, and ensure smooth and efficient implementation of planning. In addition, encouraging public participation in the planning process enhances the democracy and scientificity of planning. This article first defines the coupling planning and design method for underground space in urban central business districts, systematically elaborates on the key points and strategies of coupling planning and design methods, and provides strategies for coupling planning and design methods. Based on the coupling planning and design method, the specific steps of underground space planning and design in urban central business districts are discussed. Firstly, the development ideas are determined by combining the overall urban planning, district planning, specific area planning, land use and other higher-level planning. Then, the characteristics of coupling above ground space and underground space are integrated to create a unified design. Finally, the process and framework of coupling planning and design method for urban underground space are presented. Secondly, based on the theoretical analysis of the coupling planning and design method of underground space in the central business district of the city, a practical case analysis was conducted on the planning and design of the underground space of Chongqing Guanyinqiao Yaoziqiu Zhonghuan Wanxiang City. Firstly, the city level strategy was taken as the overall guiding principle of the planning and design, and the district level positioning was taken as the specific implementation focus. Combined with the characteristics of the central business district, the district planning, transportation planning, commercial planning, rail stations, and ecological red lines were coupled for planning and design, ultimately forming an underground space coupling planning and design scheme that conforms to the characteristics of the central business district. Finally, this article discusses the specific methods and steps of the coupling planning and design of underground space in the central business district from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Subsequent research can use the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate the rationality of the coupling planning and design from the aspects of resource development and utilization, social development suitability, economic development suitability, transportation convenience, and land use suitability. In addition, the proposed research framework of “aboveground underground coupling planning” has achieved the systematization and standardization of the planning process. This framework has been successfully applied in the planning practice of Guanyinqiao commercial district in Chongqing, effectively guiding the collaborative development of above ground and underground spaces.
The above ground space in the central business district (CBD) of cities is becoming increasingly scarce, and many large and medium-sized cities are starting to use underground space for urban development. From the perspective of national policies, there is huge growth potential for the development of underground space. The current theoretical research on urban above ground and underground space planning and design at home and abroad still lacks a comprehensive coupling planning concept, which fails to effectively integrate the integrated design strategy of transportation stations, commercial complexes, and above ground and underground spaces. This study constructed a systematic framework for coupled planning of above ground and underground spaces. This system integrates both above ground and underground planning levels based on spatial scale and hierarchical management. At the above ground planning level, spatial scale is the main basis for planning space, including strategic planning, presidential planning, and detailed planning. Applying effective methods in planning at different scales can improve the scientificity and operability of the planning. For example, at the macro strategic planning scale, urban development goals and spatial structure can be determined through multi-source data analysis. At the overall planning scale, functional layout optimization and traffic organization design can be combined with GIS technology. At the level of underground planning, the idea of hierarchical management is particularly prominent. Firstly, at the city level, the overall planning of underground space at the municipal level will be formulated to achieve the comprehensive coverage of underground space planning and control guidelines and all elements. At the zoning level, a detailed plan for underground space should be developed in conjunction with the disaster prevention content of national spatial planning, refining key zoning and vertical stratification. At the specific regional level, taking the central business district as an example, clear requirements for block control and underground space management should be implemented to ensure the interconnection between underground rail transit and ground commercial functions. The coupling planning method is a systematic, multi-level, and dynamic planning approach aimed at achieving efficient integration and coordinated development of aboveground and underground spaces in the Central Business District (CBD). This study attempts to construct a coupling planning method from four levels: top-level design, technical implementation, functional coupling, and management collaboration. This method emphasizes treating the above ground and underground spaces as an inseparable whole, establishing an integrated concept through top-level design, and achieving the organic integration of the two. In the planning process, synchronous planning and design are adopted to ensure the coordination and unity of the functional layout, traffic flow, and other aspects of the above ground and underground spaces. At the level of functional coupling, attention should be paid to the rational layout of public service facilities and the integration of ecological and environmental protection concepts, in order to achieve complementary and sustainable development between underground space and ground functions. At the same time, optimizing the underground transportation network, improving transportation efficiency, and providing convenient and efficient travelexperiences for citizens. At the level of management collaboration, formulate and improve relevant laws and policies, clarify power and responsibility relationships, establish cross departmental collaborative management mechanisms, and ensure smooth and efficient implementation of planning. In addition, encouraging public participation in the planning process enhances the democracy and scientificity of planning. This article first defines the coupling planning and design method for underground space in urban central business districts, systematically elaborates on the key points and strategies of coupling planning and design methods, and provides strategies for coupling planning and design methods. Based on the coupling planning and design method, the specific steps of underground space planning and design in urban central business districts are discussed. Firstly, the development ideas are determined by combining the overall urban planning, district planning, specific area planning, land use and other higher-level planning. Then, the characteristics of coupling above ground space and underground space are integrated to create a unified design. Finally, the process and framework of coupling planning and design method for urban underground space are presented. Secondly, based on the theoretical analysis of the coupling planning and design method of underground space in the central business district of the city, a practical case analysis was conducted on the planning and design of the underground space of Chongqing Guanyinqiao Yaoziqiu Zhonghuan Wanxiang City. Firstly, the city level strategy was taken as the overall guiding principle of the planning and design, and the district level positioning was taken as the specific implementation focus. Combined with the characteristics of the central business district, the district planning, transportation planning, commercial planning, rail stations, and ecological red lines were coupled for planning and design, ultimately forming an underground space coupling planning and design scheme that conforms to the characteristics of the central business district. Finally, this article discusses the specific methods and steps of the coupling planning and design of underground space in the central business district from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Subsequent research can use the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate the rationality of the coupling planning and design from the aspects of resource development and utilization, social development suitability, economic development suitability, transportation convenience, and land use suitability. In addition, the proposed research framework of “aboveground underground coupling planning” has achieved the systematization and standardization of the planning process. This framework has been successfully applied in the planning practice of Guanyinqiao commercial district in Chongqing, effectively guiding the collaborative development of above ground and underground spaces.
The real dilemmas and planning strategies for rural domestic wastewater recycling in
Northwest China
2025(4),107-114
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240201002
Abstract:
In the broader context of rural human settlement environment improvement in China, the management of domestic sewage has always been a weak link. As the Chinese government increasingly focuses on rural environmental issues, the treatment of domestic sewage is gradually becoming a focal point for policy formulation and implementation. In recent years, the national level has introduced a number of policy documents aimed at promoting effective treatment and resource utilization of domestic sewage in rural areas. Local governments have actively responded and explored a series of suitable governance models according to the actual conditions of their respective regions. Overall, these models show the following trends: the concept of governance is gradually shifting from traditional end-of-pipe treatment to the value of “on-site reuse," and policy standards are also more inclined towards a “cyclic governance” model. In terms of regional practice, the eastern regions, due to their higher level of economic development, are relatively advanced in their governance efforts. However, the northwest region, with its unique natural and socio-economic conditions, faces a series of challenges in the management of domestic sewage in rural areas. The northwest region has vast agricultural production spaces and a large demand for agricultural water, but the level of rural economic development is relatively low. These characteristics provide a natural setting that is suitable for the "treatment through use" model of domestic sewage cyclic governance. However, the gradual decline of traditional cyclic governance methods, the insufficiency of supporting conditions for centralized treatment facilities, and the disconnection between engineering technology and spatial layout all become real dilemmas that constrain the management of domestic sewage in rural areas of the northwest region. To address these issues, this study proposes a comprehensive planning strategy for rural water infrastructure. This strategy draws on the “sourceflow- sink” logic of the natural water cycle, aiming to coordinate the relationship between facility configuration and living space to achieve more efficient and sustainable sewage management. Specifically, the strategy includes three key measures: First, rebuild a local digestion and efficient closed-loop drainage and water cycle system. This means establishing a recycling system within the village that can achieve on-site treatment and reuse of sewage, thereby reducing the impact on the external environment and also providing necessary water resources for agricultural production. Second, construct a “hierarchical resolution” cyclic spatial unit to decompose and implement facility spatial requirements. This measure requires the establishment of different levels of cyclic spatial units in village planning according to the characteristics of sewage generation and treatment to ensure the rational layout and effective operation of sewage treatment facilities. Finally, strengthen the coordination between projects and space to enhance the applicability of governance technology. This involves the close integration of engineering technology and village spatial layout, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of sewage treatment projects through technological innovation and spatial optimization.Through the practical application in the typical case village N, this study has verified the effectiveness of the aforementioned strategies. The practice in Village N has shown that adopting abio-ecological composite green treatment system can not only improve the water environmental quality of the village and enhance the quality of life for residents but also bring economic and social benefits. The specific manifestations are: significantly reducing the construction and operation costs of the sewage treatment station, avoiding high expenditures for equipment updates; using the treated water and fertilizer for local courtyard planting and farmland irrigation, Village N's third group has saved about 13,870 m3 of irrigation water annually and brought economic returns; compared with the traditional engineered model, the ecological treatment method can greatly reduce carbon emissions, with a reduction ratio as high as 60%; the on-site recycling management plan integrates local wisdom, increases the participation of community members, and ensures the continuous effectiveness of the management measures.Overall, this study provides scientific guidance and practical reference for the cyclic treatment of domestic sewage and facility planning in rural areas across the northwest region and even the whole country. It has significant theoretical and practical value in promoting the improvement of rural environmental quality and promoting green and low-carbon transformation. It not only provides new ideas and methods for the treatment of domestic sewage in rural areas but also provides strong support for the sustainable development of rural areas and the construction of ecological civilization. With the further promotion and application of these strategies, it is expected to achieve broader environmental, social, and economic benefits in the future.
In the broader context of rural human settlement environment improvement in China, the management of domestic sewage has always been a weak link. As the Chinese government increasingly focuses on rural environmental issues, the treatment of domestic sewage is gradually becoming a focal point for policy formulation and implementation. In recent years, the national level has introduced a number of policy documents aimed at promoting effective treatment and resource utilization of domestic sewage in rural areas. Local governments have actively responded and explored a series of suitable governance models according to the actual conditions of their respective regions. Overall, these models show the following trends: the concept of governance is gradually shifting from traditional end-of-pipe treatment to the value of “on-site reuse," and policy standards are also more inclined towards a “cyclic governance” model. In terms of regional practice, the eastern regions, due to their higher level of economic development, are relatively advanced in their governance efforts. However, the northwest region, with its unique natural and socio-economic conditions, faces a series of challenges in the management of domestic sewage in rural areas. The northwest region has vast agricultural production spaces and a large demand for agricultural water, but the level of rural economic development is relatively low. These characteristics provide a natural setting that is suitable for the "treatment through use" model of domestic sewage cyclic governance. However, the gradual decline of traditional cyclic governance methods, the insufficiency of supporting conditions for centralized treatment facilities, and the disconnection between engineering technology and spatial layout all become real dilemmas that constrain the management of domestic sewage in rural areas of the northwest region. To address these issues, this study proposes a comprehensive planning strategy for rural water infrastructure. This strategy draws on the “sourceflow- sink” logic of the natural water cycle, aiming to coordinate the relationship between facility configuration and living space to achieve more efficient and sustainable sewage management. Specifically, the strategy includes three key measures: First, rebuild a local digestion and efficient closed-loop drainage and water cycle system. This means establishing a recycling system within the village that can achieve on-site treatment and reuse of sewage, thereby reducing the impact on the external environment and also providing necessary water resources for agricultural production. Second, construct a “hierarchical resolution” cyclic spatial unit to decompose and implement facility spatial requirements. This measure requires the establishment of different levels of cyclic spatial units in village planning according to the characteristics of sewage generation and treatment to ensure the rational layout and effective operation of sewage treatment facilities. Finally, strengthen the coordination between projects and space to enhance the applicability of governance technology. This involves the close integration of engineering technology and village spatial layout, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of sewage treatment projects through technological innovation and spatial optimization.Through the practical application in the typical case village N, this study has verified the effectiveness of the aforementioned strategies. The practice in Village N has shown that adopting abio-ecological composite green treatment system can not only improve the water environmental quality of the village and enhance the quality of life for residents but also bring economic and social benefits. The specific manifestations are: significantly reducing the construction and operation costs of the sewage treatment station, avoiding high expenditures for equipment updates; using the treated water and fertilizer for local courtyard planting and farmland irrigation, Village N's third group has saved about 13,870 m3 of irrigation water annually and brought economic returns; compared with the traditional engineered model, the ecological treatment method can greatly reduce carbon emissions, with a reduction ratio as high as 60%; the on-site recycling management plan integrates local wisdom, increases the participation of community members, and ensures the continuous effectiveness of the management measures.Overall, this study provides scientific guidance and practical reference for the cyclic treatment of domestic sewage and facility planning in rural areas across the northwest region and even the whole country. It has significant theoretical and practical value in promoting the improvement of rural environmental quality and promoting green and low-carbon transformation. It not only provides new ideas and methods for the treatment of domestic sewage in rural areas but also provides strong support for the sustainable development of rural areas and the construction of ecological civilization. With the further promotion and application of these strategies, it is expected to achieve broader environmental, social, and economic benefits in the future.
2025(4),115-121
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240116005
Abstract:
In the context of China’s new urbanization, the supply and demand situation of rural basic education, which is an important part of urban and rural basic public services, is constantly changing, and there is a structural imbalance between supply and demand of some rural educational facilities. Measuring and evaluating the accessibility of educational facilities in rural areas can accurately grasp the level of supply and demand of rural education, which is of great significance in promoting the equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas. Taking Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture as an example, it measured the accessibility level of educational facilities in rural areas based on Amap Direction API, analyzed the overall spatial pattern and spatial agglomeration characteristics of the accessibility level of educational facilities in rural areas by using Kriging interpolation and spatial autocorrelation, and explored the influencing factors and nonlinear relationships of facility accessibility by using random forest model and SHAP method. The results of the study provide data support for practical work such as special planning of public service facilities in national territory space, which can effectively promote the development of urban and rural education equivalence.Firstly, based on the direction API data, a system operation scheme for obtaining the shortest path time is constructed by drawing on the relevant scripting language writing method, so as to extract and analyze the accessibility level of rural educational facilities in Xiangxi. According to the accessibility time specified in the layout standards of educational facilities, the accessibility level of each type of facility is divided into levels, and the overall distribution of the accessibility level of each type of facility is obtained, on the basis of which the Kriging interpolation method is used to analyze the overall characteristics of the spatial pattern of the accessibility level of the rural educational facilities. The results show that the overall level of accessibility of rural educational facilities in Xiangxi is poor, and its spatial pattern has obvious differentiation characteristics. Secondly, the spatial autocorrelation (including global Moran index and local Moran index) was used to analyze the spatial clustering characteristics of the accessibility level of rural educational facilities. The results show that there is significant clustering of similar areas with similar levels of accessibility of educational facilities in rural areas of Xiangxi. The areas with higher accessibility levels are mainly concentrated in the centers of Jishou City and Huayuan County, while the areas with lower accessibility levels are mainly concentrated in Guzhang and Yongshun Counties in the eastern part of Xiangxi Prefecture. In terms of the degree of agglomeration, kindergartens have the strongestdegree of spatial agglomeration, followed by middle schools, and elementary school are the weakest. Finally, based on the existing studies and the characteristics of the study area, combined with the availability of data, multiple factors characterizing the level of economic and social development and the natural environment were selected, and the Random Forest Model and the SHAP algorithm were used to comprehensively detect the factors influencing the level of accessibility of rural educational facilities in western Xiangxi and their nonlinear relationships. The results show that the key factors influencing the accessibility of educational facilities in rural areas of Xiangxi mainly include population density, the proportion of construction land and average elevation, and that the level of urbanization and natural environment characteristics have nonlinear effects on the accessibility level, such as the threshold effect. In the future, it can further explore measures and paths to narrow the gap between urban and rural education levels and promote the equalization of urban and rural educational facilities on a county basis.
In the context of China’s new urbanization, the supply and demand situation of rural basic education, which is an important part of urban and rural basic public services, is constantly changing, and there is a structural imbalance between supply and demand of some rural educational facilities. Measuring and evaluating the accessibility of educational facilities in rural areas can accurately grasp the level of supply and demand of rural education, which is of great significance in promoting the equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas. Taking Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture as an example, it measured the accessibility level of educational facilities in rural areas based on Amap Direction API, analyzed the overall spatial pattern and spatial agglomeration characteristics of the accessibility level of educational facilities in rural areas by using Kriging interpolation and spatial autocorrelation, and explored the influencing factors and nonlinear relationships of facility accessibility by using random forest model and SHAP method. The results of the study provide data support for practical work such as special planning of public service facilities in national territory space, which can effectively promote the development of urban and rural education equivalence.Firstly, based on the direction API data, a system operation scheme for obtaining the shortest path time is constructed by drawing on the relevant scripting language writing method, so as to extract and analyze the accessibility level of rural educational facilities in Xiangxi. According to the accessibility time specified in the layout standards of educational facilities, the accessibility level of each type of facility is divided into levels, and the overall distribution of the accessibility level of each type of facility is obtained, on the basis of which the Kriging interpolation method is used to analyze the overall characteristics of the spatial pattern of the accessibility level of the rural educational facilities. The results show that the overall level of accessibility of rural educational facilities in Xiangxi is poor, and its spatial pattern has obvious differentiation characteristics. Secondly, the spatial autocorrelation (including global Moran index and local Moran index) was used to analyze the spatial clustering characteristics of the accessibility level of rural educational facilities. The results show that there is significant clustering of similar areas with similar levels of accessibility of educational facilities in rural areas of Xiangxi. The areas with higher accessibility levels are mainly concentrated in the centers of Jishou City and Huayuan County, while the areas with lower accessibility levels are mainly concentrated in Guzhang and Yongshun Counties in the eastern part of Xiangxi Prefecture. In terms of the degree of agglomeration, kindergartens have the strongestdegree of spatial agglomeration, followed by middle schools, and elementary school are the weakest. Finally, based on the existing studies and the characteristics of the study area, combined with the availability of data, multiple factors characterizing the level of economic and social development and the natural environment were selected, and the Random Forest Model and the SHAP algorithm were used to comprehensively detect the factors influencing the level of accessibility of rural educational facilities in western Xiangxi and their nonlinear relationships. The results show that the key factors influencing the accessibility of educational facilities in rural areas of Xiangxi mainly include population density, the proportion of construction land and average elevation, and that the level of urbanization and natural environment characteristics have nonlinear effects on the accessibility level, such as the threshold effect. In the future, it can further explore measures and paths to narrow the gap between urban and rural education levels and promote the equalization of urban and rural educational facilities on a county basis.
2025(4),122-131
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest. 20240329002
Abstract:
With the development of digitalization and the maturity of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, big data and geospatial data services, machine learning is expected to bring innovation to spatial analyses and planning tools for rural landscapes. The article mainly focuses on illustrating the most frequent topics, the most popular machine learning algorithms, and the common types of geospatial data used in the spatial analysis of rural landscapes, systematically summarizing machine learning methods in spatial analysis of rural landscapes. This study has settled up literature screening criteria, using the Web of Science (WOS) as the primary resource and Google Scholar as a complementary database, in order to obtain more valuable literatures. The timeframe of literature publication covered the period from 2012 to April 2023, and the selected studies focused on applying machine learning to solve problems in rural landscapes as well as using geospatial data to obtain and analyze relevant information. Finally, 108 papers meeting our criteria were selected using the Web of Science (WOS) as the premier database. After screening the literature, they were analyzed in detail. Key information extracted included title, keywords, publication date, purpose of the study, study area, machine learning methods used and geospatial data. By combing and analyzing them, the conclusions are as follows. Firstly, the research themes were classified into 3 major categories and 9 subcategories, the 3 major categories were rural spatial patterns, environment and socio-economic culture, and the 9 subcategories were the refinement classification of the 3 major categories. It could be able to identify themes that already exist in current research with the thorough literature reviews based on the classification. Rural spatial patterns were divided into rural spatial layouts, rural public spaces, and rural architectural spaces. Besides, the environment aspect was divided into land use, climate, and rural area hazards and risks. Specifically, land use covers agricultural landscapes, water environments, and plant communities, hazards and risks encompass disaster risk and pollution. Last, the socio-economic cultural perspective contains social-ecological systems, cultural landscapes, and the relationship between economic development and the environment. Among these, the study of social-ecological systems focuses on the cultural services of ecosystems and coupled socio-ecological relationships, and the relationship between economic development and the environment encompasses the relationship between poverty and the environment as well as the multidimensional aspects of economic development. Secondly, the most popular machine learning methods are convolutional neural networks, random forests, and support vector machines. Additionally, the most popular data resources are satellite images, land cover, and digital elevation model data (DEM). The machine learning methods used in each study could be classified into five types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, combination of unsupervised and supervised learning, combination of unsupervised learning and natural language processing, and combination of natural language processing and supervised learning, in which supervised learning was widely used in several themes, especially the most notably in the environment theme. In addition, combination of supervised and unsupervised learning was used in multiple themes. In terms of unsupervised learning, it is only solely applied in the subcategories of agricultural landscapes and plant communities in the environment theme, and natural language processing is only applied in the socio-economic and cultural theme. Thirdly, according to the summary statistics, 46% of the cases studied were in Asia, while 18% and17% were in Europe and Africa, with a relatively balanced distribution. But there are relatively few cases in Central America, South America and Oceania. The study cases were mainly concentrated in China and the United States, followed by Spain and Brazil, 86% of research published between 2018 and 2022, and the increasing trend of the number of literatures indicates the rapid development of the field in a recent short period of time. Through the above analysis, it’s possible to discover in depth the current progress of machine learning application in rural landscape spatial analysis, from which the research gaps and future development trends of rural landscape intelligence can be pointed out. This study reveals the heterogeneity of data and its impact on research results, and emphasizes the importance of standardized procedure of both data formulation and processing. At the same time, a growing need has been shown to promote data sharing, enhance cross-regional comprehensive analysis, expand research themes and objectives, enrich data sources, and improve research methods in future studies. With the development of machine learning technology, more innovative methods and solutions are expected to promote the sustainable development of rural landscapes, opening up new revenue for rural landscape protection.
With the development of digitalization and the maturity of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, big data and geospatial data services, machine learning is expected to bring innovation to spatial analyses and planning tools for rural landscapes. The article mainly focuses on illustrating the most frequent topics, the most popular machine learning algorithms, and the common types of geospatial data used in the spatial analysis of rural landscapes, systematically summarizing machine learning methods in spatial analysis of rural landscapes. This study has settled up literature screening criteria, using the Web of Science (WOS) as the primary resource and Google Scholar as a complementary database, in order to obtain more valuable literatures. The timeframe of literature publication covered the period from 2012 to April 2023, and the selected studies focused on applying machine learning to solve problems in rural landscapes as well as using geospatial data to obtain and analyze relevant information. Finally, 108 papers meeting our criteria were selected using the Web of Science (WOS) as the premier database. After screening the literature, they were analyzed in detail. Key information extracted included title, keywords, publication date, purpose of the study, study area, machine learning methods used and geospatial data. By combing and analyzing them, the conclusions are as follows. Firstly, the research themes were classified into 3 major categories and 9 subcategories, the 3 major categories were rural spatial patterns, environment and socio-economic culture, and the 9 subcategories were the refinement classification of the 3 major categories. It could be able to identify themes that already exist in current research with the thorough literature reviews based on the classification. Rural spatial patterns were divided into rural spatial layouts, rural public spaces, and rural architectural spaces. Besides, the environment aspect was divided into land use, climate, and rural area hazards and risks. Specifically, land use covers agricultural landscapes, water environments, and plant communities, hazards and risks encompass disaster risk and pollution. Last, the socio-economic cultural perspective contains social-ecological systems, cultural landscapes, and the relationship between economic development and the environment. Among these, the study of social-ecological systems focuses on the cultural services of ecosystems and coupled socio-ecological relationships, and the relationship between economic development and the environment encompasses the relationship between poverty and the environment as well as the multidimensional aspects of economic development. Secondly, the most popular machine learning methods are convolutional neural networks, random forests, and support vector machines. Additionally, the most popular data resources are satellite images, land cover, and digital elevation model data (DEM). The machine learning methods used in each study could be classified into five types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, combination of unsupervised and supervised learning, combination of unsupervised learning and natural language processing, and combination of natural language processing and supervised learning, in which supervised learning was widely used in several themes, especially the most notably in the environment theme. In addition, combination of supervised and unsupervised learning was used in multiple themes. In terms of unsupervised learning, it is only solely applied in the subcategories of agricultural landscapes and plant communities in the environment theme, and natural language processing is only applied in the socio-economic and cultural theme. Thirdly, according to the summary statistics, 46% of the cases studied were in Asia, while 18% and17% were in Europe and Africa, with a relatively balanced distribution. But there are relatively few cases in Central America, South America and Oceania. The study cases were mainly concentrated in China and the United States, followed by Spain and Brazil, 86% of research published between 2018 and 2022, and the increasing trend of the number of literatures indicates the rapid development of the field in a recent short period of time. Through the above analysis, it’s possible to discover in depth the current progress of machine learning application in rural landscape spatial analysis, from which the research gaps and future development trends of rural landscape intelligence can be pointed out. This study reveals the heterogeneity of data and its impact on research results, and emphasizes the importance of standardized procedure of both data formulation and processing. At the same time, a growing need has been shown to promote data sharing, enhance cross-regional comprehensive analysis, expand research themes and objectives, enrich data sources, and improve research methods in future studies. With the development of machine learning technology, more innovative methods and solutions are expected to promote the sustainable development of rural landscapes, opening up new revenue for rural landscape protection.
2025(4),132-139
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240419001
Abstract:
Hilly areas of the Loess Plateau have fragmented landscapes, intense hydraulic erosion, and rural habitats relying on the construction of small watersheds. The residential environment, due to the excessive hardening of the ground surface and the imperfect construction of the rainwater system, has led to an upsurge in runoff and serious slope erosion. The runoff from residential environments has become an important driver of the current aggravation of soil and water erosion and flooding. At the same time, due to the differences in the spatial layout of the rural residential environment between landforms and under the influence of each landform in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, the distribution of surface runoff aggregation and dispersion, and the degree and location of erosion are changing, so there is an urgent need to explore the study of the optimization of the rural residential environment landscape for the hilly landforms sub-districts. In order to ensure the soil and water security of rural residential environment in hilly areas, and to improve the soil and water conservation service function of human habitat in accordance with local conditions, this study uses the principle of the relationship between landscape pattern and ecological process of landscape ecology to explore the runoff characteristics and landscape optimization of rural residential environment under the influence of different hilly erosive geomorphology at three levels.Firstly, eight typical small watersheds located in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces were extracted. The characterization factors reflecting the current status of geomorphological erosion in small watersheds were selected. The DEM data of hilly areas were processed and calculated by using ArcGIS spatial analysis, 3D analysis and map algebra tools. Through the lateral comparison of the same factor in different landforms and the analysis of runoff characteristics under the joint action of different factors in the same landform, it can understand the erosive geomorphological characteristics of the micro-watershed where the villages are located. It is also possible to understand the difference in the degree of hydraulic erosion on the complete topographic unit, as well as the key position of erosion and the spatial distribution of runoff aggregation and dispersal. By clarifying the spatial constraints on the siting of residential environments in hilly villages, it proposes the principle of siting residential environments in such a way as to “seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, and taking precautions first”. Secondly, the rural village area covers an area of about a few square kilometers, and the rural settlement environment is inextricably linked to the agricultural production environment and the natural ecological environment. The settlement environment and the adjacent space span one or more microwatershed units and are arranged on a complete terrain in the vertical direction. On the basis of the proximity of the residential environment to the agricultural and ecological environment, the proximity is defined as “juxtaposition”, “occlusion” and “separation”. The study analyses the process of convergence in residential environments by extracting remote sensing images of the countryside, cad mapping, and field research. On this basis, the adjacent space is superimposed to analyze the relationship between the combined morphological pattern and runoff erosion, thus clarifying the impact of incoming water around the residential environment and the erosion of runoff discharge. Therefore, it is proposed that the landscape optimization of the residential environment based on the adjoining relationship mainly adopts the method of “channeling or gradual dissolution” to resist the runoff from the incoming water surface, while the external runoff from the residential environmentmainly adopts the method of “combination of storage and drainage” to discharge the runoff in an organized manner. Runoff control on vertically intact slopes is achieved through landscape measures that regulate the spatial distribution of water. Finally, the residential environments are distributed on some of the topographic units in the vertical direction of the micro-watershed, and the landscape pattern of residential environments influences surface flow generation and catchment processes. Using SWMM to set up simulation conditions for rainfall-surface runoff under single rainfall conditions. By clarifying the relationship between the influencing factors of the residential environment and the runoff characteristics, and then analyzing the runoff characteristics of the current residential environment landscape, it is proposed to achieve the internal adjustment of runoff by the landscape design method of “slow release and slow discharge, and storage instead of discharge”. Combining different hilly terrain proposes a landscape pathway for residential environments that collects rain at source, optimizes runoff discharge pathways and identifies key locations for runoff utilization. The resulting landscape pathways are used to further outline the focus of landscape optimization for residential environments under different hilly terrain constraints. This is an interpretation of the landscape of the rural residential environment in the loess hilly and gully region, and provides a reference for the ecological restoration of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes and grasses at the township and village levels.
Hilly areas of the Loess Plateau have fragmented landscapes, intense hydraulic erosion, and rural habitats relying on the construction of small watersheds. The residential environment, due to the excessive hardening of the ground surface and the imperfect construction of the rainwater system, has led to an upsurge in runoff and serious slope erosion. The runoff from residential environments has become an important driver of the current aggravation of soil and water erosion and flooding. At the same time, due to the differences in the spatial layout of the rural residential environment between landforms and under the influence of each landform in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, the distribution of surface runoff aggregation and dispersion, and the degree and location of erosion are changing, so there is an urgent need to explore the study of the optimization of the rural residential environment landscape for the hilly landforms sub-districts. In order to ensure the soil and water security of rural residential environment in hilly areas, and to improve the soil and water conservation service function of human habitat in accordance with local conditions, this study uses the principle of the relationship between landscape pattern and ecological process of landscape ecology to explore the runoff characteristics and landscape optimization of rural residential environment under the influence of different hilly erosive geomorphology at three levels.Firstly, eight typical small watersheds located in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces were extracted. The characterization factors reflecting the current status of geomorphological erosion in small watersheds were selected. The DEM data of hilly areas were processed and calculated by using ArcGIS spatial analysis, 3D analysis and map algebra tools. Through the lateral comparison of the same factor in different landforms and the analysis of runoff characteristics under the joint action of different factors in the same landform, it can understand the erosive geomorphological characteristics of the micro-watershed where the villages are located. It is also possible to understand the difference in the degree of hydraulic erosion on the complete topographic unit, as well as the key position of erosion and the spatial distribution of runoff aggregation and dispersal. By clarifying the spatial constraints on the siting of residential environments in hilly villages, it proposes the principle of siting residential environments in such a way as to “seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, and taking precautions first”. Secondly, the rural village area covers an area of about a few square kilometers, and the rural settlement environment is inextricably linked to the agricultural production environment and the natural ecological environment. The settlement environment and the adjacent space span one or more microwatershed units and are arranged on a complete terrain in the vertical direction. On the basis of the proximity of the residential environment to the agricultural and ecological environment, the proximity is defined as “juxtaposition”, “occlusion” and “separation”. The study analyses the process of convergence in residential environments by extracting remote sensing images of the countryside, cad mapping, and field research. On this basis, the adjacent space is superimposed to analyze the relationship between the combined morphological pattern and runoff erosion, thus clarifying the impact of incoming water around the residential environment and the erosion of runoff discharge. Therefore, it is proposed that the landscape optimization of the residential environment based on the adjoining relationship mainly adopts the method of “channeling or gradual dissolution” to resist the runoff from the incoming water surface, while the external runoff from the residential environmentmainly adopts the method of “combination of storage and drainage” to discharge the runoff in an organized manner. Runoff control on vertically intact slopes is achieved through landscape measures that regulate the spatial distribution of water. Finally, the residential environments are distributed on some of the topographic units in the vertical direction of the micro-watershed, and the landscape pattern of residential environments influences surface flow generation and catchment processes. Using SWMM to set up simulation conditions for rainfall-surface runoff under single rainfall conditions. By clarifying the relationship between the influencing factors of the residential environment and the runoff characteristics, and then analyzing the runoff characteristics of the current residential environment landscape, it is proposed to achieve the internal adjustment of runoff by the landscape design method of “slow release and slow discharge, and storage instead of discharge”. Combining different hilly terrain proposes a landscape pathway for residential environments that collects rain at source, optimizes runoff discharge pathways and identifies key locations for runoff utilization. The resulting landscape pathways are used to further outline the focus of landscape optimization for residential environments under different hilly terrain constraints. This is an interpretation of the landscape of the rural residential environment in the loess hilly and gully region, and provides a reference for the ecological restoration of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes and grasses at the township and village levels.
2025(4),140-145
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240826001
Abstract:
As the China Lunar Exploration Project (CLEP) progresses, significant advancements have been made in China’s lunar science research, positioning crewed lunar research stations as critical infrastructure. These stations are not only integral for advancing lunar scientific exploration but also serve as a foundation for leveraging the Moon’s unique environment for space development and resource utilization. This paper systematically reviews the existing research on lunar illumination and its associated key technologies, highlighting gaps in the integration of illumination simulation into the design of crewed lunar research stations. Based on the theory of analogical transfer, a novel technical framework is proposed to incorporate illumination simulation into architectural design processes. This framework leverages high-resolution terrain data and advanced illumination simulation techniques to address the challenges of the Moon’s extreme environment. The study identifies three primary methods for lunar illumination simulation: remote sensing imagery, ray tracing, and the maximum altitude angle method. Among these, the maximum altitude angle method is recognized as the most effective for analyzing polar regions, offering higher precision and suitability for long-term illumination studies. Using digital elevation models (DEMs) and DE430 ephemeris data, solar altitude and azimuth angles were calculated for a specific site near the Shackleton crater ridge (coordinates: 89.45°S, 222.61°E), known for its extended periods of sunlight and strategic importance for potential lunar missions. Illumination conditions at this site were analyzed to provide essential data for architectural simulations. The proposed technical route consists of six key steps: 1) calculating solar positional data, including altitude and azimuth angles, using ephemeris data; 2) constructing terrain models from DEM data and deriving maximum terrain angles; 3) evaluating illumination conditions by comparing solar altitude angles with maximum terrain angles to determine sunlight exposure; 4) preparing illumination data as input for architectural simulations; 5) modeling typical architectural forms, such as hemispherical structures, using Rhino and Grasshopper; 6) performing illumination simulations to visualize and optimize building designs. This approach ensures that unique challenges posed by lunar conditions, such as low solar altitude angles and limited illumination variability, are effectively addressed.The study focuses on hemispherical structures due to their structural efficiency and suitability for lunar habitats. By simulating illumination distribution on these structures under lunar and terrestrial polar conditions, the research highlights significant contrasts in illumination patterns. The lunar environment, characterized by consistently low solar altitude angles, results in a more uniform and subdued illumination distribution. In contrast, higher solar angles at the Earth’s poles lead to more varied illumination patterns influenced by building geometry and surface orientation. These findings emphasize the need for lunar architectural designs to prioritize energy efficiency, optimized spatial layout, and adaptability to minimal solar input.Key results demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of the proposed technical framework. The integration of high-resolution terrain data with solar illumination models provides accurate predictions of solar exposure, aiding in the strategic placement of research stations and optimization of building geometries. The use of analogical transfer theory proves effective in adapting terrestrial design principles to extraterrestrialenvironments, bridging gaps in current methodologies. Additionally, the framework enables the generation of visualized results, such as illumination distribution maps, which facilitate intuitive understanding and refinement of architectural designs.This study contributes to the theoretical foundation of lunar architectural design by offering a validated methodology for incorporating solar illumination simulations into building planning. The findings provide practical insights for designing sustainable and functional crewed lunar research stations capable of operating under extreme environmental conditions. Future research should focus on enhancing computational efficiency, improving the integration of terrain and illumination data, and expanding applications to include thermal regulation, energy management, and long-term habitat resilience. Such efforts will further advance the stability and sustainability of architectural designs for crewed lunar research stations.
As the China Lunar Exploration Project (CLEP) progresses, significant advancements have been made in China’s lunar science research, positioning crewed lunar research stations as critical infrastructure. These stations are not only integral for advancing lunar scientific exploration but also serve as a foundation for leveraging the Moon’s unique environment for space development and resource utilization. This paper systematically reviews the existing research on lunar illumination and its associated key technologies, highlighting gaps in the integration of illumination simulation into the design of crewed lunar research stations. Based on the theory of analogical transfer, a novel technical framework is proposed to incorporate illumination simulation into architectural design processes. This framework leverages high-resolution terrain data and advanced illumination simulation techniques to address the challenges of the Moon’s extreme environment. The study identifies three primary methods for lunar illumination simulation: remote sensing imagery, ray tracing, and the maximum altitude angle method. Among these, the maximum altitude angle method is recognized as the most effective for analyzing polar regions, offering higher precision and suitability for long-term illumination studies. Using digital elevation models (DEMs) and DE430 ephemeris data, solar altitude and azimuth angles were calculated for a specific site near the Shackleton crater ridge (coordinates: 89.45°S, 222.61°E), known for its extended periods of sunlight and strategic importance for potential lunar missions. Illumination conditions at this site were analyzed to provide essential data for architectural simulations. The proposed technical route consists of six key steps: 1) calculating solar positional data, including altitude and azimuth angles, using ephemeris data; 2) constructing terrain models from DEM data and deriving maximum terrain angles; 3) evaluating illumination conditions by comparing solar altitude angles with maximum terrain angles to determine sunlight exposure; 4) preparing illumination data as input for architectural simulations; 5) modeling typical architectural forms, such as hemispherical structures, using Rhino and Grasshopper; 6) performing illumination simulations to visualize and optimize building designs. This approach ensures that unique challenges posed by lunar conditions, such as low solar altitude angles and limited illumination variability, are effectively addressed.The study focuses on hemispherical structures due to their structural efficiency and suitability for lunar habitats. By simulating illumination distribution on these structures under lunar and terrestrial polar conditions, the research highlights significant contrasts in illumination patterns. The lunar environment, characterized by consistently low solar altitude angles, results in a more uniform and subdued illumination distribution. In contrast, higher solar angles at the Earth’s poles lead to more varied illumination patterns influenced by building geometry and surface orientation. These findings emphasize the need for lunar architectural designs to prioritize energy efficiency, optimized spatial layout, and adaptability to minimal solar input.Key results demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of the proposed technical framework. The integration of high-resolution terrain data with solar illumination models provides accurate predictions of solar exposure, aiding in the strategic placement of research stations and optimization of building geometries. The use of analogical transfer theory proves effective in adapting terrestrial design principles to extraterrestrialenvironments, bridging gaps in current methodologies. Additionally, the framework enables the generation of visualized results, such as illumination distribution maps, which facilitate intuitive understanding and refinement of architectural designs.This study contributes to the theoretical foundation of lunar architectural design by offering a validated methodology for incorporating solar illumination simulations into building planning. The findings provide practical insights for designing sustainable and functional crewed lunar research stations capable of operating under extreme environmental conditions. Future research should focus on enhancing computational efficiency, improving the integration of terrain and illumination data, and expanding applications to include thermal regulation, energy management, and long-term habitat resilience. Such efforts will further advance the stability and sustainability of architectural designs for crewed lunar research stations.
2025(4),146-151
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240421001
Abstract:
Under the backdrop of the “Third Industrial Revolution” and “Industry 4.0”, digital fabrication and household 3D printing technologies have significantly narrowed the gap between public participation and professional design-manufacturing processes, creating new opportunities for democratized production. Although household 3D printing has been widely adopted for designing and manufacturing small-scale personalized products, its application in human-scale spatial construction remains constrained by three critical limitations: print volume, production speed, and structural integrity. This study employs the research through design (RTD) methodology, using bamboo construction as a medium, to develop, test, and validate a spatial construction system based on household 3D-printed joints. The research explores the feasibility of applying household 3D printing technology to spatial construction while balancing design autonomy, structural reliability, and manufacturing efficiency. Over a 10-month development cycle, the research team conducted three rounds of design iterations and three full-scale prototype tests, ultimately establishing a comprehensive digital fabrication solution. The study begins by systematically reviewing the historical evolution of democratized industrial design, tracing the trajectory from the Arts and Crafts Movement’s revival of handicrafts to modernist mass production, and finally to the current era of personalized customization enabled by digital manufacturing. Through comparative analysis of design characteristics across different industrial revolutions, the research highlights how household 3D printing promotes public participation in manufacturing through open-source platforms and low-cost equipment. Special attention is given to the role of open-source communities in democratizing technology following the expiration of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) patents. However, conventional FDM printers face significant challenges in spatial construction applications: the standard build volume of 300 mm is far smaller than required for human-scale spaces; the typical deposition rate of 50 g/h is insufficient for construction efficiency; and the structural strength of components produced through standard processes fails to meet safety requirements. To address these limitations, this study proposes an innovative solution: a modular construction system that connects raw bamboo members using 3D-printed joints. Leveraging the geometric freedom of 3D printing, the system replaces traditional orthogonal connection methods (e.g., hinged or nailed joints) to achieve material adaptability and multi-angular spatial configurations. Four key technological innovations drive breakthrough progress: 1) development of a 1.75 mm large-diameter nozzle process, adjusting nozzle flow to form a 4 mm wall thickness; 2) optimization of high-temperature extrusion parameters (260 ℃), significantly enhancing interlayer bonding strength; 3) development of customized slicing algorithms based on the Grasshopper platform; 4) innovative spiral ascending printing path to avoid strength weak points inherent in traditional processes. These technological innovations not only substantially improve component strength but also increase printing speed by approximately 10 times. Additionally, an intelligent parametric design tool was developed, enabling users to automatically generate optimized joint designs by simply inputting basic parameters such as bamboo diameter and connection angles. The system was successfully implemented during the competition for 2021 Chengdu Park City International Garden Festival and the 4th BFU international garden-making festival. Using just seven household 3D printers (priced at ￥1 000-3 000 each) and modular assembly techniques, the teamconstructed a bamboo structure with excellent seismic performance. The design employed a graded structural system, utilizing PETG material joints for the main frame and flexible TPU joints for secondary structures, achieving both overall stability and dynamic aesthetic appeal. Despite continuous heavy rainfall and a 6.0- magnitude earthquake, the team completed the earthquake-resistant bamboo structure, which won first prize in the competition. Notably, when power outages prevented the use of electric tools, the system’s prefabricated construction advantages became particularly evident, as assembly was completed using only manual tools. Furthermore, the design achieved “structural poetics” by exposing joint logic while integrating bamboo branches and strategic lighting, creating a harmonious synthesis of industrial precision and natural aesthetics. This study demonstrates that laypersons can autonomously design and rapidly construct geometrically complex, human-scale structures using household 3D printing technology without relying on industrial facilities or heavy machinery. The findings significantly expand the application scope of consumer-grade 3D printers, lower the technical threshold for parametric design implementation, introduce novel jointing methodologies for bamboo architecture, and substantially enhance design freedom in bamboo-based construction. In the future, this construction system and process could be applied to participatory community building, further exploring the democratized spatial construction in the context of “Industry 4.0”.
Under the backdrop of the “Third Industrial Revolution” and “Industry 4.0”, digital fabrication and household 3D printing technologies have significantly narrowed the gap between public participation and professional design-manufacturing processes, creating new opportunities for democratized production. Although household 3D printing has been widely adopted for designing and manufacturing small-scale personalized products, its application in human-scale spatial construction remains constrained by three critical limitations: print volume, production speed, and structural integrity. This study employs the research through design (RTD) methodology, using bamboo construction as a medium, to develop, test, and validate a spatial construction system based on household 3D-printed joints. The research explores the feasibility of applying household 3D printing technology to spatial construction while balancing design autonomy, structural reliability, and manufacturing efficiency. Over a 10-month development cycle, the research team conducted three rounds of design iterations and three full-scale prototype tests, ultimately establishing a comprehensive digital fabrication solution. The study begins by systematically reviewing the historical evolution of democratized industrial design, tracing the trajectory from the Arts and Crafts Movement’s revival of handicrafts to modernist mass production, and finally to the current era of personalized customization enabled by digital manufacturing. Through comparative analysis of design characteristics across different industrial revolutions, the research highlights how household 3D printing promotes public participation in manufacturing through open-source platforms and low-cost equipment. Special attention is given to the role of open-source communities in democratizing technology following the expiration of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) patents. However, conventional FDM printers face significant challenges in spatial construction applications: the standard build volume of 300 mm is far smaller than required for human-scale spaces; the typical deposition rate of 50 g/h is insufficient for construction efficiency; and the structural strength of components produced through standard processes fails to meet safety requirements. To address these limitations, this study proposes an innovative solution: a modular construction system that connects raw bamboo members using 3D-printed joints. Leveraging the geometric freedom of 3D printing, the system replaces traditional orthogonal connection methods (e.g., hinged or nailed joints) to achieve material adaptability and multi-angular spatial configurations. Four key technological innovations drive breakthrough progress: 1) development of a 1.75 mm large-diameter nozzle process, adjusting nozzle flow to form a 4 mm wall thickness; 2) optimization of high-temperature extrusion parameters (260 ℃), significantly enhancing interlayer bonding strength; 3) development of customized slicing algorithms based on the Grasshopper platform; 4) innovative spiral ascending printing path to avoid strength weak points inherent in traditional processes. These technological innovations not only substantially improve component strength but also increase printing speed by approximately 10 times. Additionally, an intelligent parametric design tool was developed, enabling users to automatically generate optimized joint designs by simply inputting basic parameters such as bamboo diameter and connection angles. The system was successfully implemented during the competition for 2021 Chengdu Park City International Garden Festival and the 4th BFU international garden-making festival. Using just seven household 3D printers (priced at ￥1 000-3 000 each) and modular assembly techniques, the teamconstructed a bamboo structure with excellent seismic performance. The design employed a graded structural system, utilizing PETG material joints for the main frame and flexible TPU joints for secondary structures, achieving both overall stability and dynamic aesthetic appeal. Despite continuous heavy rainfall and a 6.0- magnitude earthquake, the team completed the earthquake-resistant bamboo structure, which won first prize in the competition. Notably, when power outages prevented the use of electric tools, the system’s prefabricated construction advantages became particularly evident, as assembly was completed using only manual tools. Furthermore, the design achieved “structural poetics” by exposing joint logic while integrating bamboo branches and strategic lighting, creating a harmonious synthesis of industrial precision and natural aesthetics. This study demonstrates that laypersons can autonomously design and rapidly construct geometrically complex, human-scale structures using household 3D printing technology without relying on industrial facilities or heavy machinery. The findings significantly expand the application scope of consumer-grade 3D printers, lower the technical threshold for parametric design implementation, introduce novel jointing methodologies for bamboo architecture, and substantially enhance design freedom in bamboo-based construction. In the future, this construction system and process could be applied to participatory community building, further exploring the democratized spatial construction in the context of “Industry 4.0”.
2025(4),152-160
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240524002
Abstract:
As vegetation’s role in landscape architecture, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation gains increasing recognition, the need for accurate and efficient plant data acquisition has become urgent. Traditional ground-based vegetation monitoring methods are labor-intensive and suffer from limited spatiotemporal coverage, whereas unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has emerged as an innovative alternative, enabling cost-effective, high-resolution, and operationally flexible aerial surveys. Equipped with diverse sensors such as LiDAR, RGB cameras, multispectral/ hyperspectral sensors, and thermal imaging devices, UAVs facilitate high-frequency, high-precision vegetation monitoring across diverse landscapes. This study reviews advancements in UAV-based plant information acquisition by synthesizing key technologies, methodologies, applications, and future research directions through bibliometric and content analyses of literature from the CNKI and Web of Science databases (2014-2024), with a focus on applications in ecology, agriculture, forestry, and landscape heritage conservation. Temporal analysis of publication trends reveals a significant increase in UAV-related vegetation studies since 2016, driven by advancements in artificial intelligence, remote sensing, and civil drone technology. Research hotspots have gradually shifted from basic photogrammetric modeling and spectral analysis to advanced algorithmic integration, emphasizing intelligent, scalable, and real-time applications. Emerging frontiers include UAV swarm coordination, AI-driven autonomous flight control, and sustainable drone operations. The research demonstrates that UAVs equipped with integrated sensors have significantly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of vegetation data acquisition. LiDAR plays a vital role in retrieving structural parameters such as canopy height, tree diameter, and crown width through dense 3D point clouds, while multispectral and hyperspectral sensors extract physiological and biochemical indicators, including leaf area index, chlorophyll content, and nitrogen status. RGB imagery is extensively applied in vegetation texture recognition, photogrammetric modeling, and orthophoto generation, whereas thermal sensors estimate canopy temperature to monitor drought stress. The selection and deployment of these technical configurations are guided by the characteristics of the target vegetation, prevailing environmental conditions, and specific monitoring objectives. Accordingly, a standardized workflow is established, comprising demand analysis, sensor-platform integration, flight planning, data acquisition, geometric correction, image registration, and algorithmic inversion.The analysis also highlights that machine learning and deep learning algorithms have profoundly transformed UAV data interpretation. Object detection models (e. g., YOLO), semantic segmentation frameworks (e. g., UNet), and classification algorithms (such as Random Forest and SVM) have demonstrated exceptional performance in tasks such as individual tree identification, forest fire risk detection, and vegetation index estimation. These algorithms enable automated processing of UAV-collected imagery, making real-time precision agriculture and ecological monitoring feasible. In terms of application domains, UAV-based plant information acquisition has evolved from early-stage forest inventory and land cover mapping to more complex scenarios, including carbon stock estimation, crop yield modeling, plant disease early warning, and habitat quality assessment. These applications span diverse vegetation types, such as forests, grasslands, wetlands, deserts, and urban green spaces. The study presents a comprehensive cross-matching analysis among vegetation types, disciplinary fields, sensor configurations, and data requirements, highlighting UAVs’ adaptability to address diverse ecologicaland agricultural challenges. UAVs are particularly effective in acquiring data in inaccessible or complex environments, such as steep mountainous terrain, intertidal mangrove zones, or fragmented urban ecosystems.Despite these advancements, several critical challenges persist. Multi-sensor data fusion remains technically challenging, especially in scenarios requiring synchronization of LiDAR and hyperspectral data. Flight stability and obstacle avoidance in dense forests or urban areas remain limitations of current UAV systems. Additionally, the operational management of data collection, storage, and security has not kept pace with the rapid expansion of UAV-based monitoring. These challenges are further compounded by constraints in UAV endurance, payload capacity, and regulatory frameworks. Looking ahead, UAV-based vegetation monitoring is expected to advance in three key directions. Firstly, expanding application scenarios beyond traditional ecosystems is essential, with a focus on understudied vegetation types such as shrubs, ground covers, and low-stature plants— particularly in urban and semi-natural environments—to support comprehensive green infrastructure management and ecological restoration. Secondly, prioritizing multi-sensor data fusion and hybrid algorithm development will address data heterogeneity and enhance detection accuracy in complex settings. Finally, establishing standardized data governance protocols—encompassing secure transmission, storage, and sharing—is critical to balancing technological innovation with privacy and safety, fostering a sustainable and intelligent UAV monitoring ecosystem.In conclusion, UAV-based plant information acquisition is at the forefront of environmental monitoring and precision management. Through continuous technological integration, algorithmic refinement, and application expansion, UAV systems hold the potential to revolutionize plant resource assessment, enabling high-resolution, multidimensional, and intelligent observation for sustainable landscape and ecological governance.
As vegetation’s role in landscape architecture, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation gains increasing recognition, the need for accurate and efficient plant data acquisition has become urgent. Traditional ground-based vegetation monitoring methods are labor-intensive and suffer from limited spatiotemporal coverage, whereas unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has emerged as an innovative alternative, enabling cost-effective, high-resolution, and operationally flexible aerial surveys. Equipped with diverse sensors such as LiDAR, RGB cameras, multispectral/ hyperspectral sensors, and thermal imaging devices, UAVs facilitate high-frequency, high-precision vegetation monitoring across diverse landscapes. This study reviews advancements in UAV-based plant information acquisition by synthesizing key technologies, methodologies, applications, and future research directions through bibliometric and content analyses of literature from the CNKI and Web of Science databases (2014-2024), with a focus on applications in ecology, agriculture, forestry, and landscape heritage conservation. Temporal analysis of publication trends reveals a significant increase in UAV-related vegetation studies since 2016, driven by advancements in artificial intelligence, remote sensing, and civil drone technology. Research hotspots have gradually shifted from basic photogrammetric modeling and spectral analysis to advanced algorithmic integration, emphasizing intelligent, scalable, and real-time applications. Emerging frontiers include UAV swarm coordination, AI-driven autonomous flight control, and sustainable drone operations. The research demonstrates that UAVs equipped with integrated sensors have significantly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of vegetation data acquisition. LiDAR plays a vital role in retrieving structural parameters such as canopy height, tree diameter, and crown width through dense 3D point clouds, while multispectral and hyperspectral sensors extract physiological and biochemical indicators, including leaf area index, chlorophyll content, and nitrogen status. RGB imagery is extensively applied in vegetation texture recognition, photogrammetric modeling, and orthophoto generation, whereas thermal sensors estimate canopy temperature to monitor drought stress. The selection and deployment of these technical configurations are guided by the characteristics of the target vegetation, prevailing environmental conditions, and specific monitoring objectives. Accordingly, a standardized workflow is established, comprising demand analysis, sensor-platform integration, flight planning, data acquisition, geometric correction, image registration, and algorithmic inversion.The analysis also highlights that machine learning and deep learning algorithms have profoundly transformed UAV data interpretation. Object detection models (e. g., YOLO), semantic segmentation frameworks (e. g., UNet), and classification algorithms (such as Random Forest and SVM) have demonstrated exceptional performance in tasks such as individual tree identification, forest fire risk detection, and vegetation index estimation. These algorithms enable automated processing of UAV-collected imagery, making real-time precision agriculture and ecological monitoring feasible. In terms of application domains, UAV-based plant information acquisition has evolved from early-stage forest inventory and land cover mapping to more complex scenarios, including carbon stock estimation, crop yield modeling, plant disease early warning, and habitat quality assessment. These applications span diverse vegetation types, such as forests, grasslands, wetlands, deserts, and urban green spaces. The study presents a comprehensive cross-matching analysis among vegetation types, disciplinary fields, sensor configurations, and data requirements, highlighting UAVs’ adaptability to address diverse ecologicaland agricultural challenges. UAVs are particularly effective in acquiring data in inaccessible or complex environments, such as steep mountainous terrain, intertidal mangrove zones, or fragmented urban ecosystems.Despite these advancements, several critical challenges persist. Multi-sensor data fusion remains technically challenging, especially in scenarios requiring synchronization of LiDAR and hyperspectral data. Flight stability and obstacle avoidance in dense forests or urban areas remain limitations of current UAV systems. Additionally, the operational management of data collection, storage, and security has not kept pace with the rapid expansion of UAV-based monitoring. These challenges are further compounded by constraints in UAV endurance, payload capacity, and regulatory frameworks. Looking ahead, UAV-based vegetation monitoring is expected to advance in three key directions. Firstly, expanding application scenarios beyond traditional ecosystems is essential, with a focus on understudied vegetation types such as shrubs, ground covers, and low-stature plants— particularly in urban and semi-natural environments—to support comprehensive green infrastructure management and ecological restoration. Secondly, prioritizing multi-sensor data fusion and hybrid algorithm development will address data heterogeneity and enhance detection accuracy in complex settings. Finally, establishing standardized data governance protocols—encompassing secure transmission, storage, and sharing—is critical to balancing technological innovation with privacy and safety, fostering a sustainable and intelligent UAV monitoring ecosystem.In conclusion, UAV-based plant information acquisition is at the forefront of environmental monitoring and precision management. Through continuous technological integration, algorithmic refinement, and application expansion, UAV systems hold the potential to revolutionize plant resource assessment, enabling high-resolution, multidimensional, and intelligent observation for sustainable landscape and ecological governance.
2025(4),161-168
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240527003
Abstract:
The urban pedestrian sidewalk system serves as a critical spatial carrier for diverse urban activities, directly influencing residents’ walking experiences and the overall quality of urban travel. Scientific evaluation of the walking environment and the development of efficient, real-time, and retrospective auditing methods are essential for enhancing pedestrian infrastructure and promoting sustainable urban development. This study proposes a novel sidewalk purification audit method that integrates unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) orthophotos, and three-dimensional (3D) oblique models within a virtual auditing platform, addressing the limitations of traditional auditing approaches such as high labor costs, delayed problem reporting, and insufficient spatial resolution. The evaluation framework is structured around three core dimensions—sidewalk impediment, safety, and comfort—which are aligned with national guidelines and urban street design standards to address the fundamental needs of pedestrians. Sidewalk impediment focuses on ensuring unobstructed pedestrian flow; safety involves identifying hazards, such as whether there is a barrier between the sidewalk and the bike lane, and whether there are safety hazards such as damaged facilities, uneven pavement, and missing or sunken manhole covers; and comfort considers the overall quality of the pedestrian experience, including the availability of resting and aesthetic features. To capture comprehensive urban data, UAV is employed to acquire detailed images across the study area. These images are then processed to generate accurate 2D orthophotos and 3D oblique models, which allow for precise measurement of key indicators such as effective sidewalk width, the presence of encroachments by motorized and non-motorized vehicles, and the condition of essential features like tactile paving. The integration of computer vision algorithms further enhances the process by automatically detecting and quantifying some issues, thereby improving both the efficiency and objectivity of the audit. A practical demonstration of the method is provided through a case study in Hangzhou. A 1-square-kilometer area surrounding a metro station— encompassing schools, commercial complexes, residential districts, and bus stops—was selected as the study area. Within this zone, the sidewalk network was segmented into uniform 20-meter sections to facilitate detailed, systematic evaluation. UAV flight routes were planned to ensure optimal image capture, even in locations where traditional street-level photography might be obstructed or outdated. This comprehensive dataset was then used to assess various indicators related to sidewalk impediments, safety, and comfort issues. The audit revealed several prevalent issues. In terms of encroachment, there is widespread e-bike occupancy, and many road segments lack designated parking spaces for these vehicles. Pedestrian safety is generally good, but the safety of passage for people with disabilities is often overlooked. In some road segments, continuous turns and unnecessary bends in tactile paving may confuse visually impaired pedestrians during their walk, while discontinuous tactile paving increases their safety risks. Excessive poles and boxes, combined with the lack of resting facilities or landscape features, result in a low level of pedestrian comfort. Based on the audit findings, the study proposes targeted improvement measures. Recommendations include reconfiguring non-motorized vehicle parking to free up sidewalk space, optimizing the design and placement of street furniture and tree pits to enhance effective widths, and standardizing theimplementation of tactile paving to ensure both functionality and safety. The virtual auditing platform is designed to generate detailed improvement lists, assign responsibilities to relevant urban management departments, and even estimate the funds required for the proposed enhancements. These features enable strong operability in multi-department collaboration. Another advantage of the proposed method is the reusability of the collected digital data. The UAV images, orthophotos, and 3D models are stored in an audit database that supports ongoing monitoring and retrospective analysis. Urban planners and decision-makers can compare historical and current data to assess the impact of implemented improvements, promoting a continuous evaluation and enhancement cycle. Despite its strengths, the methodology has certain limitations. Some indicators of sidewalk conditions, such as effective sidewalk width and whether there are safety hazards such as damaged facilities, uneven pavement, and missing or sunken manhole covers, still require manual audit. Future research will aim to integrate more advanced computer vision techniques and detective models to reduce manual input further and enhance overall efficiency. In summary, this study presents a comprehensive and scalable sidewalk purification audit method that leverages UAV imagery and virtual auditing techniques to provide detailed, objective, and reproducible evaluations of urban pedestrian environments. The proposed evaluation method is characterized by the timeliness of data collection, high efficiency of the audit process, and reusability of the audit results to promote the healthy and sustainable renewal of the urban pedestrian environment.
The urban pedestrian sidewalk system serves as a critical spatial carrier for diverse urban activities, directly influencing residents’ walking experiences and the overall quality of urban travel. Scientific evaluation of the walking environment and the development of efficient, real-time, and retrospective auditing methods are essential for enhancing pedestrian infrastructure and promoting sustainable urban development. This study proposes a novel sidewalk purification audit method that integrates unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) orthophotos, and three-dimensional (3D) oblique models within a virtual auditing platform, addressing the limitations of traditional auditing approaches such as high labor costs, delayed problem reporting, and insufficient spatial resolution. The evaluation framework is structured around three core dimensions—sidewalk impediment, safety, and comfort—which are aligned with national guidelines and urban street design standards to address the fundamental needs of pedestrians. Sidewalk impediment focuses on ensuring unobstructed pedestrian flow; safety involves identifying hazards, such as whether there is a barrier between the sidewalk and the bike lane, and whether there are safety hazards such as damaged facilities, uneven pavement, and missing or sunken manhole covers; and comfort considers the overall quality of the pedestrian experience, including the availability of resting and aesthetic features. To capture comprehensive urban data, UAV is employed to acquire detailed images across the study area. These images are then processed to generate accurate 2D orthophotos and 3D oblique models, which allow for precise measurement of key indicators such as effective sidewalk width, the presence of encroachments by motorized and non-motorized vehicles, and the condition of essential features like tactile paving. The integration of computer vision algorithms further enhances the process by automatically detecting and quantifying some issues, thereby improving both the efficiency and objectivity of the audit. A practical demonstration of the method is provided through a case study in Hangzhou. A 1-square-kilometer area surrounding a metro station— encompassing schools, commercial complexes, residential districts, and bus stops—was selected as the study area. Within this zone, the sidewalk network was segmented into uniform 20-meter sections to facilitate detailed, systematic evaluation. UAV flight routes were planned to ensure optimal image capture, even in locations where traditional street-level photography might be obstructed or outdated. This comprehensive dataset was then used to assess various indicators related to sidewalk impediments, safety, and comfort issues. The audit revealed several prevalent issues. In terms of encroachment, there is widespread e-bike occupancy, and many road segments lack designated parking spaces for these vehicles. Pedestrian safety is generally good, but the safety of passage for people with disabilities is often overlooked. In some road segments, continuous turns and unnecessary bends in tactile paving may confuse visually impaired pedestrians during their walk, while discontinuous tactile paving increases their safety risks. Excessive poles and boxes, combined with the lack of resting facilities or landscape features, result in a low level of pedestrian comfort. Based on the audit findings, the study proposes targeted improvement measures. Recommendations include reconfiguring non-motorized vehicle parking to free up sidewalk space, optimizing the design and placement of street furniture and tree pits to enhance effective widths, and standardizing theimplementation of tactile paving to ensure both functionality and safety. The virtual auditing platform is designed to generate detailed improvement lists, assign responsibilities to relevant urban management departments, and even estimate the funds required for the proposed enhancements. These features enable strong operability in multi-department collaboration. Another advantage of the proposed method is the reusability of the collected digital data. The UAV images, orthophotos, and 3D models are stored in an audit database that supports ongoing monitoring and retrospective analysis. Urban planners and decision-makers can compare historical and current data to assess the impact of implemented improvements, promoting a continuous evaluation and enhancement cycle. Despite its strengths, the methodology has certain limitations. Some indicators of sidewalk conditions, such as effective sidewalk width and whether there are safety hazards such as damaged facilities, uneven pavement, and missing or sunken manhole covers, still require manual audit. Future research will aim to integrate more advanced computer vision techniques and detective models to reduce manual input further and enhance overall efficiency. In summary, this study presents a comprehensive and scalable sidewalk purification audit method that leverages UAV imagery and virtual auditing techniques to provide detailed, objective, and reproducible evaluations of urban pedestrian environments. The proposed evaluation method is characterized by the timeliness of data collection, high efficiency of the audit process, and reusability of the audit results to promote the healthy and sustainable renewal of the urban pedestrian environment.
2025(4),169-175
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20241009001
Abstract:
During the time between December 1927 and April 1928, with the impacts of “establishing the capital and building a city”, the Nanjing Special Municipal Government quickly launched urban planning strategies with the goal of “building the capital”. As the first planning strategy after the founding of the capital, Capital City Plan had profound influence on the subsequent urban planning of Nanjing, although it is not as well-known as The 1929 Capital Plan. Its planning thought of “inheriting the glory of history and opening up a new scientific situation” made it a key node in the history of modern urban planning in Nanjing.The development of planning is closely related to the establishment of the capital city, the specialisation of administrative agencies, the demarcation of the city area, the mayor’s ideas and the core role of the Special City Public Works Bureau. On 18 April 1927, Nanjing’s administrative status was clearly defined as the “national political and military centre”, and its urban construction was immediately given national symbolic significance. On June 6, the National Government promulgated the “Nanjing Special City Provisional Regulations”, which for the first time stipulated the planning, construction and management functions of the Public Works Bureau in legal form. On 31 March 1928, the first statutory administrative scope of Nanjing Special City was determined, laying a spatial foundation for the development of urban planning. The first mayor Liu Jiwen gave priority to political symbols, and the successor mayor He Minhun emphasised technical rationality. Their complementary governance concepts and the vision of “focusing on the capital” became the guiding ideology of Capital City Plan.According to the intentions of the two mayors and the city government’s policy program, the Public Works Bureau officially launched the city’s planning work on 28 December 1927. Under the leadership of Director Chen Yangjie of the Public Works Bureau, the design team consisting of Li Zongkan, Chief Engineer of the Public Works Bureau, Ma Yiqun, Chief of the Design Section, technicians Tang Ying, Xu Baikui, and assistant engineer Pu Liangchou, worked for three months to complete the planning scheme. The results include the city’s zoning plan and four architectural plans for administrative areas, industrial and commercial areas, school areas, and residential areas.The core content of the plan consists of zoning design and detailed planning. In terms of zoning design, the city’s administrative area is the planning scope, and the functional zones are divided into short-term and long-term, new and old cities, and administrative districts. In terms of detailed planning, an innovative oblique boulevard is proposed to connect Xiaguan and Gulou, and a north-south axis is designed in the administrative district. The grid-type capital functional space is combined with the freestyle urban functional space, reflecting the spatial order characteristics of “integration of Chinese and Western” and “integration of the capital and the city”.Although the plan has limitations such as lack of old city content, natural renewal and patterning, its unique historical value characteristics cannot be ignored. Its main manifestations are: firstly, it is the first and only time that the special municipal government has taken the lead in the planning of the capital; secondly, it breaks through the normal axis of Nanjing’s historical capital, integrates the traditional Chinese sensory axis and the Western visual axis, and forms the concept and exploration of the north-south central axis trunk road space; thirdly, onthe basis of continuing the traffic direction of The 1926 Nanjing Municipal Plan, it cuts the curve and straightens the road, proposes the direction of the oblique straight road and the functional attributes of the boulevard, and becomes the prototype of today’s Zhongshan Road due to the construction of the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. The formation of this modern axis marks the transformation and development of Nanjing’s urban spatial structure.Through the newly discovered historical documents, the historical research on the “Capital City Plan” not only corrects the academic community’s single positioning of the 1929 Capital Plan, fills the gap in the research of Nanjing’s planning history from 1927 to 1928, but also reveals the initial role of the 1928 plan in the development of Nanjing’s modern urban planning. The study believes that the “Capital City Plan” is a “continuation and expansion” of Nanjing’s urban planning, and its exploration has both historical reference and theoretical enlightenment significance for contemporary urban planning.
During the time between December 1927 and April 1928, with the impacts of “establishing the capital and building a city”, the Nanjing Special Municipal Government quickly launched urban planning strategies with the goal of “building the capital”. As the first planning strategy after the founding of the capital, Capital City Plan had profound influence on the subsequent urban planning of Nanjing, although it is not as well-known as The 1929 Capital Plan. Its planning thought of “inheriting the glory of history and opening up a new scientific situation” made it a key node in the history of modern urban planning in Nanjing.The development of planning is closely related to the establishment of the capital city, the specialisation of administrative agencies, the demarcation of the city area, the mayor’s ideas and the core role of the Special City Public Works Bureau. On 18 April 1927, Nanjing’s administrative status was clearly defined as the “national political and military centre”, and its urban construction was immediately given national symbolic significance. On June 6, the National Government promulgated the “Nanjing Special City Provisional Regulations”, which for the first time stipulated the planning, construction and management functions of the Public Works Bureau in legal form. On 31 March 1928, the first statutory administrative scope of Nanjing Special City was determined, laying a spatial foundation for the development of urban planning. The first mayor Liu Jiwen gave priority to political symbols, and the successor mayor He Minhun emphasised technical rationality. Their complementary governance concepts and the vision of “focusing on the capital” became the guiding ideology of Capital City Plan.According to the intentions of the two mayors and the city government’s policy program, the Public Works Bureau officially launched the city’s planning work on 28 December 1927. Under the leadership of Director Chen Yangjie of the Public Works Bureau, the design team consisting of Li Zongkan, Chief Engineer of the Public Works Bureau, Ma Yiqun, Chief of the Design Section, technicians Tang Ying, Xu Baikui, and assistant engineer Pu Liangchou, worked for three months to complete the planning scheme. The results include the city’s zoning plan and four architectural plans for administrative areas, industrial and commercial areas, school areas, and residential areas.The core content of the plan consists of zoning design and detailed planning. In terms of zoning design, the city’s administrative area is the planning scope, and the functional zones are divided into short-term and long-term, new and old cities, and administrative districts. In terms of detailed planning, an innovative oblique boulevard is proposed to connect Xiaguan and Gulou, and a north-south axis is designed in the administrative district. The grid-type capital functional space is combined with the freestyle urban functional space, reflecting the spatial order characteristics of “integration of Chinese and Western” and “integration of the capital and the city”.Although the plan has limitations such as lack of old city content, natural renewal and patterning, its unique historical value characteristics cannot be ignored. Its main manifestations are: firstly, it is the first and only time that the special municipal government has taken the lead in the planning of the capital; secondly, it breaks through the normal axis of Nanjing’s historical capital, integrates the traditional Chinese sensory axis and the Western visual axis, and forms the concept and exploration of the north-south central axis trunk road space; thirdly, onthe basis of continuing the traffic direction of The 1926 Nanjing Municipal Plan, it cuts the curve and straightens the road, proposes the direction of the oblique straight road and the functional attributes of the boulevard, and becomes the prototype of today’s Zhongshan Road due to the construction of the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. The formation of this modern axis marks the transformation and development of Nanjing’s urban spatial structure.Through the newly discovered historical documents, the historical research on the “Capital City Plan” not only corrects the academic community’s single positioning of the 1929 Capital Plan, fills the gap in the research of Nanjing’s planning history from 1927 to 1928, but also reveals the initial role of the 1928 plan in the development of Nanjing’s modern urban planning. The study believes that the “Capital City Plan” is a “continuation and expansion” of Nanjing’s urban planning, and its exploration has both historical reference and theoretical enlightenment significance for contemporary urban planning.
2025(4),176-182
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250519003
Abstract:
Historic districts, as spatial carriers of regional culture, are important representations of traditional architectural styles. Building facades, in particular, play a critical role in conveying regional identity, historical continuity, and cultural values. However, in current practices of style preservation and urban renewal, there exist numerous challenges. On one hand, different stakeholders—such as government officials, design institutions, and construction teams—often hold divergent understandings of what constitutes “traditionality”. These perceptual deviations frequently lead to inconsistent interpretations of regional characteristics, resulting in the simplification, distortion, or even disappearance of traditional styles. On the other hand, with the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technologies, the extraction and generation of architectural styles have become increasingly reliant on technical tools. While these technologies significantly improve efficiency and reduce manual errors, over-reliance on algorithms—without fully accounting for the complexity and diversity of style-related data sources in historic districts—can result in unclear element recognition, redundant or missing features, and ultimately compromise the accuracy and authenticity of traditional style expression.In response to these issues, this study takes the facade improvement project of the Old Ming and Qing Dynasty Street in Subu, Lu’an City, Anhui Province, as a research opportunity. It selects representative historic districts from both southern and western Anhui—namely Tunxi Old Street, Wan’an Old Street, the Old Street of Maotanchang, and Subu Old Street—as case samples. Through field investigation and facade image collection, the study systematically identifies and catalogs the constituent elements of their architectural styles, with the aim of uncovering the shared compositional features of traditional facades across different regional contexts. Based on this data, a multidimensional dataset was constructed, including features such as doors and windows, wall materials, eaves decorations, and shading structures. A perceptual evaluation was conducted through structured questionnaires to gather public opinions on the perceived “traditionality” of various facade compositions, which served as decision values for the subsequent analytical phase.The study introduces rough set theory as a data analysis framework. By applying attribute reduction techniques, the method extracts the most representative features from complex datasets, identifying the key combinations of elements that constitute the traditional facade style. A traditionality evaluation decision matrix was established to correlate perceptual data with specific facade elements. Analysis results revealed that the ground floor doors, second-story walls, first-story walls, eaves decorations, and overall facade structure were considered the most influential factors in the perception of traditionality. Among these, walls and doors—due to their prominent visibility within the human visual field—emerged as the most dominant visual cues. Further comparative analysis between the southern and western Anhui samples showed that facades in southern Anhui tend to be more richly decorated and exhibit more complex combinations of elements, whereas those in western Anhuifeature simpler ornamentation and more concise composition rules. These differences reflect the diverse expressions of traditional architecture across different regional settings.Building upon the identification of key elements and their combination rules, the study further attempts to integrate the results of rough set analysis with digital generation technologies. By using the extracted traditional facade features as input parameters and controlling the form-language through algorithmic processes, several updated facade designs for Subu’s Old Street were generated using machine learning models and digital modeling platforms. The generated outcomes did not only demonstrate a high degree of visual consistency with public perceptions of traditional style but also exhibited strong design feasibility and adaptability.The research confirms that rough set theory serves as an effective tool for identifying and constructing the rules governing traditional architectural features. When combined with digital generation technologies, this method enhances both the systematization and efficiency of style design, offering a new pathway for the preservation and innovation of historic district facades. Compared with conventional approaches that rely heavily on professional experience or subjective judgment, this integrated method provides more robust data support and operational feasibility. It offers a scientifically grounded framework for the expression, preservation, and revitalization of historic architectural styles in the context of contemporary urban development.In summary, this study, based on field investigations and perceptual evaluations, establishes a logical pathway between traditionality perception and facade style generation. It proposes a complete workflow that spans from the extraction of style elements, to the construction of combination rules, and ultimately to the design generation process. The research offers a referenceable paradigm for the preservation and regeneration of historic districts, and holds significant theoretical and practical value in promoting the digital expression of traditional architectural culture and stimulating the vitality of urban renewal.
Historic districts, as spatial carriers of regional culture, are important representations of traditional architectural styles. Building facades, in particular, play a critical role in conveying regional identity, historical continuity, and cultural values. However, in current practices of style preservation and urban renewal, there exist numerous challenges. On one hand, different stakeholders—such as government officials, design institutions, and construction teams—often hold divergent understandings of what constitutes “traditionality”. These perceptual deviations frequently lead to inconsistent interpretations of regional characteristics, resulting in the simplification, distortion, or even disappearance of traditional styles. On the other hand, with the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technologies, the extraction and generation of architectural styles have become increasingly reliant on technical tools. While these technologies significantly improve efficiency and reduce manual errors, over-reliance on algorithms—without fully accounting for the complexity and diversity of style-related data sources in historic districts—can result in unclear element recognition, redundant or missing features, and ultimately compromise the accuracy and authenticity of traditional style expression.In response to these issues, this study takes the facade improvement project of the Old Ming and Qing Dynasty Street in Subu, Lu’an City, Anhui Province, as a research opportunity. It selects representative historic districts from both southern and western Anhui—namely Tunxi Old Street, Wan’an Old Street, the Old Street of Maotanchang, and Subu Old Street—as case samples. Through field investigation and facade image collection, the study systematically identifies and catalogs the constituent elements of their architectural styles, with the aim of uncovering the shared compositional features of traditional facades across different regional contexts. Based on this data, a multidimensional dataset was constructed, including features such as doors and windows, wall materials, eaves decorations, and shading structures. A perceptual evaluation was conducted through structured questionnaires to gather public opinions on the perceived “traditionality” of various facade compositions, which served as decision values for the subsequent analytical phase.The study introduces rough set theory as a data analysis framework. By applying attribute reduction techniques, the method extracts the most representative features from complex datasets, identifying the key combinations of elements that constitute the traditional facade style. A traditionality evaluation decision matrix was established to correlate perceptual data with specific facade elements. Analysis results revealed that the ground floor doors, second-story walls, first-story walls, eaves decorations, and overall facade structure were considered the most influential factors in the perception of traditionality. Among these, walls and doors—due to their prominent visibility within the human visual field—emerged as the most dominant visual cues. Further comparative analysis between the southern and western Anhui samples showed that facades in southern Anhui tend to be more richly decorated and exhibit more complex combinations of elements, whereas those in western Anhuifeature simpler ornamentation and more concise composition rules. These differences reflect the diverse expressions of traditional architecture across different regional settings.Building upon the identification of key elements and their combination rules, the study further attempts to integrate the results of rough set analysis with digital generation technologies. By using the extracted traditional facade features as input parameters and controlling the form-language through algorithmic processes, several updated facade designs for Subu’s Old Street were generated using machine learning models and digital modeling platforms. The generated outcomes did not only demonstrate a high degree of visual consistency with public perceptions of traditional style but also exhibited strong design feasibility and adaptability.The research confirms that rough set theory serves as an effective tool for identifying and constructing the rules governing traditional architectural features. When combined with digital generation technologies, this method enhances both the systematization and efficiency of style design, offering a new pathway for the preservation and innovation of historic district facades. Compared with conventional approaches that rely heavily on professional experience or subjective judgment, this integrated method provides more robust data support and operational feasibility. It offers a scientifically grounded framework for the expression, preservation, and revitalization of historic architectural styles in the context of contemporary urban development.In summary, this study, based on field investigations and perceptual evaluations, establishes a logical pathway between traditionality perception and facade style generation. It proposes a complete workflow that spans from the extraction of style elements, to the construction of combination rules, and ultimately to the design generation process. The research offers a referenceable paradigm for the preservation and regeneration of historic districts, and holds significant theoretical and practical value in promoting the digital expression of traditional architectural culture and stimulating the vitality of urban renewal.
2025(4),183-189
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240731002
Abstract:
The complexity of the concept of urban culture since the advent of modernity necessitates a dynamic and relational perspective for understanding its evolving role in urban development theory. This study investigates the historical transformation of culture’s mediating function—or the role of “beauty” as a catalyst—in shaping modern urban development across different periods. Employing literature review and integrative analysis, the research traces representative theories and policy practices internationally, using time as a narrative thread to construct a long-term, macro-level view of cultural influence in urban planning and transformation. 1) The study identifies three main phases in the evolution of culture’s mediating role. Firstly, the emergence of urban beautification in the context of rapid urbanization during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the City Beautiful Movement, the institutionalization of public art, and modernist aesthetic interventions. These efforts treated beauty as both a governance strategy and a means of social order. Secondly, from the 1980s onward, cultural planning tools such as Cultural Mapping and the designation of Cultural Districts marked a shift toward recognizing and utilizing cultural assets as endogenous drivers of economic revitalization and urban identity. Thirdly, the rise of creative economy discourse—from the Creative City paradigm to Creative Class theory and Creative Placemaking—positioned creativity as an integral force in shaping economic competitiveness, spatial production, and community life in cities. 2) The research further conceptualizes urban culture as composed of four interrelated dimensions: beauty, art, culture (as way of life), and creativity. These facets interact as part of a broader cultural mechanism that responds to economic cycles, technological transformations, and social change. Beauty is identified as an aesthetic objective pursued across different stages of urban growth; art serves as a representational vehicle of collective identity; creativity emerges as a dynamic force that produces cultural innovation and value; and culture, in its anthropological sense, anchors tradition and continuity while offering resources for regeneration. Together, these dimensions form a conceptual prism through which the mediating power of culture can be analyzed over time. 3) This prism model is aligned with long-wave theories of economic development, particularly the Schumpeterian notion of techno-economic cycles. The phases of cultural intervention in urban development—beautification, cultural rediscovery, and creative production—coincide with major waves of technological and economic transformation. For instance, urban beautification paralleled the electrification era of the early 20th century; cultural policy innovation matched the emergence of post-industrial society and service economies; and creative strategies have risen alongside the digital revolution and knowledgebased economies since the 1990s. These patterns suggest that cultural mediation is not merely decorative or symbolic but plays a strategic role in urban resilience and adaptation across economic phases. 4) Furthermore, the study highlights how shifts in cultural discourse—from elite high art to everyday aesthetics, community-based art, and participatory culture—have expanded the inclusiveness and applicability of cultural strategies in urban governance. The concept of culture has evolved from being an external add-on to becoming an intrinsic component of urban policy logic. These developments underscore the necessity of understanding culture not just as a static repository of heritage, but as a dynamic system of meanings and practices that can be mobilized to address spatial, social, and economic challenges. In conclusion, this research reveals that the integration of cultural elements—through the evolving functions of beautification, culturalization, and creation—constitutesa coherent and cumulative trajectory in modern urban development theory. By clarifying the mechanisms and dimensions of culture’s mediating role, the study provides a conceptual framework for advancing integrated urban policy and planning. In the context of China’s contemporary urban transformation, this framework offers valuable insight into how cultural vitality can be mobilized as a strategic resource in support of Chinese modernization.
The complexity of the concept of urban culture since the advent of modernity necessitates a dynamic and relational perspective for understanding its evolving role in urban development theory. This study investigates the historical transformation of culture’s mediating function—or the role of “beauty” as a catalyst—in shaping modern urban development across different periods. Employing literature review and integrative analysis, the research traces representative theories and policy practices internationally, using time as a narrative thread to construct a long-term, macro-level view of cultural influence in urban planning and transformation. 1) The study identifies three main phases in the evolution of culture’s mediating role. Firstly, the emergence of urban beautification in the context of rapid urbanization during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the City Beautiful Movement, the institutionalization of public art, and modernist aesthetic interventions. These efforts treated beauty as both a governance strategy and a means of social order. Secondly, from the 1980s onward, cultural planning tools such as Cultural Mapping and the designation of Cultural Districts marked a shift toward recognizing and utilizing cultural assets as endogenous drivers of economic revitalization and urban identity. Thirdly, the rise of creative economy discourse—from the Creative City paradigm to Creative Class theory and Creative Placemaking—positioned creativity as an integral force in shaping economic competitiveness, spatial production, and community life in cities. 2) The research further conceptualizes urban culture as composed of four interrelated dimensions: beauty, art, culture (as way of life), and creativity. These facets interact as part of a broader cultural mechanism that responds to economic cycles, technological transformations, and social change. Beauty is identified as an aesthetic objective pursued across different stages of urban growth; art serves as a representational vehicle of collective identity; creativity emerges as a dynamic force that produces cultural innovation and value; and culture, in its anthropological sense, anchors tradition and continuity while offering resources for regeneration. Together, these dimensions form a conceptual prism through which the mediating power of culture can be analyzed over time. 3) This prism model is aligned with long-wave theories of economic development, particularly the Schumpeterian notion of techno-economic cycles. The phases of cultural intervention in urban development—beautification, cultural rediscovery, and creative production—coincide with major waves of technological and economic transformation. For instance, urban beautification paralleled the electrification era of the early 20th century; cultural policy innovation matched the emergence of post-industrial society and service economies; and creative strategies have risen alongside the digital revolution and knowledgebased economies since the 1990s. These patterns suggest that cultural mediation is not merely decorative or symbolic but plays a strategic role in urban resilience and adaptation across economic phases. 4) Furthermore, the study highlights how shifts in cultural discourse—from elite high art to everyday aesthetics, community-based art, and participatory culture—have expanded the inclusiveness and applicability of cultural strategies in urban governance. The concept of culture has evolved from being an external add-on to becoming an intrinsic component of urban policy logic. These developments underscore the necessity of understanding culture not just as a static repository of heritage, but as a dynamic system of meanings and practices that can be mobilized to address spatial, social, and economic challenges. In conclusion, this research reveals that the integration of cultural elements—through the evolving functions of beautification, culturalization, and creation—constitutesa coherent and cumulative trajectory in modern urban development theory. By clarifying the mechanisms and dimensions of culture’s mediating role, the study provides a conceptual framework for advancing integrated urban policy and planning. In the context of China’s contemporary urban transformation, this framework offers valuable insight into how cultural vitality can be mobilized as a strategic resource in support of Chinese modernization.
2025(4),190-198
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20231106001
Abstract:
As global urbanization intensifies and environmental crises escalate, marine habitation has emerged as a critical area of focus in contemporary architectural research. This paper introduces “mobility” as a new conceptual framework for studying marine habitation, placing the concept of “mobile architecture”, a form of habitation with both historical significance and future potential, within the oceanic context for detailed exploration. Drawing on the research paradigm of architectural sociology, this paper reviews the historical evolution of mobile marine architecture and offers new insights into the future of marine habitation. The research traces the development of mobile marine architecture by following the trajectory “from boathouse to ocean city”, employing a “society-space” interactive research model. By integrating analytical frameworks that consider the dimensions of technology, society, and environment, the paper summarizes key historical characteristics and future trends in mobile marine architecture, while also examining the social relationships that underpin these developments. The research begins by exploring the transition from traditional boathouse settlements to modern floating communities, selecting three case studies as representative examples: the boatdwellings of Tanka people in ancient coastal China, the British barge homes during the industrial period, and the floating residential communities of Seattle in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Tanka, known as “water people”, inhabited boats along China’s southern coast, maintaining a mobile lifestyle that reflected a deep connection to both marine and land-based environments. In Britain, barge homes provided affordable housing for working-class communities during industrialization, presenting a unique response to the pressures of urbanization. Similarly, Seattle’s floating homes, which gained prominence in the late 19th century, offer a modern iteration of marine habitation, blending urban conveniences with the flexibility of water-based living. The research then shifts to examine the futuristic visions of ocean cities, particularly those conceptualized by the Japanese Metabolism movement in the 1960s. The Metabolists envisioned dynamic, evolving cities that would expand onto the ocean, addressing issues of overpopulation and resource scarcity. Their “ocean city” concepts reflect a forward-thinking approach to mobile marine architecture, emphasizing adaptability and sustainability as core principles. In contrast, contemporary architectural responses are largely driven by concerns about climate change and rising sea levels. Current proposals for sustainable ocean cities focus on eco-friendly design and resilience, offering solutions that integrate renewable energy, water management, and social inclusivity to mitigate environmental impacts. The research further synthesizes the evolution and future direction of mobile marine architecture through three key lenses: technological advancements, changes in social organization, and methods of environmental adaptation. Technologically, mobile marine architecture has advanced from simple boat homes to sophisticated floating infrastructures, enabled by innovations in materials, construction techniques, and environmental technologies. These developments have made mobile marine architecture increasingly viable as a response to modern urban challenges. Socially, floating communities have evolved from marginalized spaces to exemplars of adaptive living. Historically overlooked, these communities now provide important lessons in flexibility and sustainability. In terms of environmental adaptation, mobile marine architecture has consistently demonstrated its ability tocoexist with dynamic ocean environments. By utilizing strategies such as modular construction and renewable energy integration, these structures have adapted to changing environmental conditions, illustrating how mobile architecture can support sustainable living practices in an era of climate uncertainty. The paper also argues that historical precedents in mobile marine architecture offer valuable insights into addressing the core needs of constructability, habitability, and adaptability in future marine habitation. Finally, the research concludes that the evolution of mobile marine architecture reflects a broader shift in the relationship between architecture and the environment, from a parasitic model, where humans exploited marine resources, to a symbiotic model, where architecture and the environment are mutually supportive. This transformation highlights the changing ways humans have managed their relationship with the sea across different historical periods. Despite these variations, mobile marine architecture consistently meets the fundamental requirements of constructability, habitability, and adaptability in spatial practice. The paper proposes that “mobile nomadism” represents a proactive social response to contemporary environmental challenges. Mobile marine architecture, as a flexible and adaptive habitation strategy, offers a promising solution to the threats posed by climate change and resource scarcity. The integration of technology, society, and the environment into cohesive design frameworks will be crucial for the sustainable development of future marine habitats. By drawing on both historical precedents and forward-looking architectural visions, the paper underscores the potential of mobile marine architecture to contribute to more sustainable, resilient, and adaptable urban futures. Consequently, this research does not only trace the historical development of mobile marine architecture from a “society-space” perspective but also presents innovative ideas for the future of marine habitation. By examining historical case studies alongside contemporary architectural proposals, the study offers a comprehensive understanding of how mobile architecture can help address global environmental challenges and contribute to the creation of sustainable, adaptive living environments. This research also provides a valuable framework for architects, urban planners, and policymakers seeking to develop innovative strategies for marine habitation in response to global environmental changes.
As global urbanization intensifies and environmental crises escalate, marine habitation has emerged as a critical area of focus in contemporary architectural research. This paper introduces “mobility” as a new conceptual framework for studying marine habitation, placing the concept of “mobile architecture”, a form of habitation with both historical significance and future potential, within the oceanic context for detailed exploration. Drawing on the research paradigm of architectural sociology, this paper reviews the historical evolution of mobile marine architecture and offers new insights into the future of marine habitation. The research traces the development of mobile marine architecture by following the trajectory “from boathouse to ocean city”, employing a “society-space” interactive research model. By integrating analytical frameworks that consider the dimensions of technology, society, and environment, the paper summarizes key historical characteristics and future trends in mobile marine architecture, while also examining the social relationships that underpin these developments. The research begins by exploring the transition from traditional boathouse settlements to modern floating communities, selecting three case studies as representative examples: the boatdwellings of Tanka people in ancient coastal China, the British barge homes during the industrial period, and the floating residential communities of Seattle in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Tanka, known as “water people”, inhabited boats along China’s southern coast, maintaining a mobile lifestyle that reflected a deep connection to both marine and land-based environments. In Britain, barge homes provided affordable housing for working-class communities during industrialization, presenting a unique response to the pressures of urbanization. Similarly, Seattle’s floating homes, which gained prominence in the late 19th century, offer a modern iteration of marine habitation, blending urban conveniences with the flexibility of water-based living. The research then shifts to examine the futuristic visions of ocean cities, particularly those conceptualized by the Japanese Metabolism movement in the 1960s. The Metabolists envisioned dynamic, evolving cities that would expand onto the ocean, addressing issues of overpopulation and resource scarcity. Their “ocean city” concepts reflect a forward-thinking approach to mobile marine architecture, emphasizing adaptability and sustainability as core principles. In contrast, contemporary architectural responses are largely driven by concerns about climate change and rising sea levels. Current proposals for sustainable ocean cities focus on eco-friendly design and resilience, offering solutions that integrate renewable energy, water management, and social inclusivity to mitigate environmental impacts. The research further synthesizes the evolution and future direction of mobile marine architecture through three key lenses: technological advancements, changes in social organization, and methods of environmental adaptation. Technologically, mobile marine architecture has advanced from simple boat homes to sophisticated floating infrastructures, enabled by innovations in materials, construction techniques, and environmental technologies. These developments have made mobile marine architecture increasingly viable as a response to modern urban challenges. Socially, floating communities have evolved from marginalized spaces to exemplars of adaptive living. Historically overlooked, these communities now provide important lessons in flexibility and sustainability. In terms of environmental adaptation, mobile marine architecture has consistently demonstrated its ability tocoexist with dynamic ocean environments. By utilizing strategies such as modular construction and renewable energy integration, these structures have adapted to changing environmental conditions, illustrating how mobile architecture can support sustainable living practices in an era of climate uncertainty. The paper also argues that historical precedents in mobile marine architecture offer valuable insights into addressing the core needs of constructability, habitability, and adaptability in future marine habitation. Finally, the research concludes that the evolution of mobile marine architecture reflects a broader shift in the relationship between architecture and the environment, from a parasitic model, where humans exploited marine resources, to a symbiotic model, where architecture and the environment are mutually supportive. This transformation highlights the changing ways humans have managed their relationship with the sea across different historical periods. Despite these variations, mobile marine architecture consistently meets the fundamental requirements of constructability, habitability, and adaptability in spatial practice. The paper proposes that “mobile nomadism” represents a proactive social response to contemporary environmental challenges. Mobile marine architecture, as a flexible and adaptive habitation strategy, offers a promising solution to the threats posed by climate change and resource scarcity. The integration of technology, society, and the environment into cohesive design frameworks will be crucial for the sustainable development of future marine habitats. By drawing on both historical precedents and forward-looking architectural visions, the paper underscores the potential of mobile marine architecture to contribute to more sustainable, resilient, and adaptable urban futures. Consequently, this research does not only trace the historical development of mobile marine architecture from a “society-space” perspective but also presents innovative ideas for the future of marine habitation. By examining historical case studies alongside contemporary architectural proposals, the study offers a comprehensive understanding of how mobile architecture can help address global environmental challenges and contribute to the creation of sustainable, adaptive living environments. This research also provides a valuable framework for architects, urban planners, and policymakers seeking to develop innovative strategies for marine habitation in response to global environmental changes.
2025(4),199-205
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250408001
Abstract:
Southwest China is a region characterized by its diverse ethnic composition, where each group exhibits distinct cultural, religious, and customary traits in addition to their ability to adapt to the local environment. Among these groups, the Yi nationality stands out as an exemplary representative. Under the comprehensive influence of multi-culture, complex geography, climate, and natural resources, the traditional settlement landscapes with significant regional differences have been formed. With the rapid advancement of national strategies such as rural revitalization, the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group, situated deep in the southwestern hinterland, have gradually emerged at the forefront of development and construction. This has triggered a comprehensive social and economic transformation, resulting in the deterioration of a considerable number of traditional settlements: 1) The overall spatial structure of the settlement has been disrupted, with traditional settlements transforming into isolated islands within the natural environment; 2) Crucial spatial elements of the settlement have been lost, leading to the absence of the prototype that embodies Chinese agricultural civilization and ethnic rural memories; 3) The ecological environment of the settlement has been severely imbalanced. Large-scale village construction and population growth exceeding the environmental carrying capacity have exerted a significant impact on the original natural environment. Consequently, geological disasters such as landslides and mudslides have emerged as environmental factors threatening the safety of Yi settlements. In this context, an increasing number of scholars have commenced to focus on the survival and inheritance of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwest China within the modern society, and have gradually shifted their research perspectives from culture and space to the integration of traditional Yi settlements with the economic and social development requirements of the times. With the continuous advancement of national strategies such as rural revitalization, new-type urbanization, and urban-rural integration, the exigency of contemplating the future development direction of the traditional Yi settlements in southwest China has also intensified. The research concerning the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China has witnessed a transformation from culture to space and then to digitalization, which concurrently reflects the fundamental development trajectory of traditional settlement research in the nation. Nevertheless, at present, there exists an insufficiency of systematic comprehension regarding the research dynamics and future development of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China, and it proves challenging to accurately extract the focus of settlement research precisely. This constraint impedes the depth and scope of future research on the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China. Hence, this paper employs the visualization science literature network analysis tool VOSviewer to analyze the trends of research on the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China and centers the research theme on cultural heritage, spatial environment, and socialdevelopment. This does not only constitute a summary and conclusion of the current research on the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China but also represents a quantitative analytical approach to delineate the future research direction of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China, thereby possessing significant academic value. This paper uses the VOSviewer literature analysis tool to summarize the research trends of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China. It classifies the current mainstream research directions into three categories: cultural heritage preservation, spatial environment, and social development. This paper has a comprehensive understanding of the current research status of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China and has a preliminary grasp of the future research direction of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China. The main research directions are as follows: 1) Creative Inheritance of Culture. The main research directions are quantitative judgment and identification of settlement cultural value, the synergistic relationship between culture and environment, the coordinated development mechanism between culture and space, and the revitalization and industrial development of settlement culture. 2) Environmental Adaptability of Spatial Environment. The main research directions are iterative environmental adaptation of settlement spatial environment, modern interpretation of settlement spatial environment, reconstruction and practice of settlement spatial environment, and the potential application of settlement spatial environment in modern urban construction. 3) Orderly evolution of society. Main research directions include: reconstruction of social relationships in settlements, integration of culture and tourism; modes of industrial upgrading and social transformation, and how to reconcile the contradiction between economic development and cultural protection.
Southwest China is a region characterized by its diverse ethnic composition, where each group exhibits distinct cultural, religious, and customary traits in addition to their ability to adapt to the local environment. Among these groups, the Yi nationality stands out as an exemplary representative. Under the comprehensive influence of multi-culture, complex geography, climate, and natural resources, the traditional settlement landscapes with significant regional differences have been formed. With the rapid advancement of national strategies such as rural revitalization, the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group, situated deep in the southwestern hinterland, have gradually emerged at the forefront of development and construction. This has triggered a comprehensive social and economic transformation, resulting in the deterioration of a considerable number of traditional settlements: 1) The overall spatial structure of the settlement has been disrupted, with traditional settlements transforming into isolated islands within the natural environment; 2) Crucial spatial elements of the settlement have been lost, leading to the absence of the prototype that embodies Chinese agricultural civilization and ethnic rural memories; 3) The ecological environment of the settlement has been severely imbalanced. Large-scale village construction and population growth exceeding the environmental carrying capacity have exerted a significant impact on the original natural environment. Consequently, geological disasters such as landslides and mudslides have emerged as environmental factors threatening the safety of Yi settlements. In this context, an increasing number of scholars have commenced to focus on the survival and inheritance of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwest China within the modern society, and have gradually shifted their research perspectives from culture and space to the integration of traditional Yi settlements with the economic and social development requirements of the times. With the continuous advancement of national strategies such as rural revitalization, new-type urbanization, and urban-rural integration, the exigency of contemplating the future development direction of the traditional Yi settlements in southwest China has also intensified. The research concerning the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China has witnessed a transformation from culture to space and then to digitalization, which concurrently reflects the fundamental development trajectory of traditional settlement research in the nation. Nevertheless, at present, there exists an insufficiency of systematic comprehension regarding the research dynamics and future development of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China, and it proves challenging to accurately extract the focus of settlement research precisely. This constraint impedes the depth and scope of future research on the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China. Hence, this paper employs the visualization science literature network analysis tool VOSviewer to analyze the trends of research on the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China and centers the research theme on cultural heritage, spatial environment, and socialdevelopment. This does not only constitute a summary and conclusion of the current research on the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China but also represents a quantitative analytical approach to delineate the future research direction of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China, thereby possessing significant academic value. This paper uses the VOSviewer literature analysis tool to summarize the research trends of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China. It classifies the current mainstream research directions into three categories: cultural heritage preservation, spatial environment, and social development. This paper has a comprehensive understanding of the current research status of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China and has a preliminary grasp of the future research direction of the traditional settlements of the Yi ethnic group in southwestern China. The main research directions are as follows: 1) Creative Inheritance of Culture. The main research directions are quantitative judgment and identification of settlement cultural value, the synergistic relationship between culture and environment, the coordinated development mechanism between culture and space, and the revitalization and industrial development of settlement culture. 2) Environmental Adaptability of Spatial Environment. The main research directions are iterative environmental adaptation of settlement spatial environment, modern interpretation of settlement spatial environment, reconstruction and practice of settlement spatial environment, and the potential application of settlement spatial environment in modern urban construction. 3) Orderly evolution of society. Main research directions include: reconstruction of social relationships in settlements, integration of culture and tourism; modes of industrial upgrading and social transformation, and how to reconcile the contradiction between economic development and cultural protection.
2025(4),206-212
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20241107001
Abstract:
Intangible cultural heritage is characterized by distinct features such as dynamism, folkloric nature, and regional specificity. Compared with tangible cultural heritage, its protection, inheritance, and innovative utilization involve greater complexity. Analyzing the spatial differentiation characteristics of intangible cultural heritage resources and identifying their influencing factors hold significant importance for the preservation, transmission, and sustainable development of these cultural assets. The Zang-Qiang-Yi Corridor, one of China’s five major ethnic corridors, exhibits complex geographical conditions and high cultural diversity. This region demonstrates strong representativeness for research on the evaluation of intangible cultural heritage resources. This study focuses on the Zang-Qiang-Yi Corridor as the research area. Based on extensive collection of national and provincial-level intangible cultural heritage items and inheritor data, the study analyzes their quantity, categories, and spatial distribution characteristics. The findings reveal that inheritors and heritage items exhibit highly similar distribution patterns, with core distribution areas being predominantly the central cities within the region. To further investigate the spatial distribution patterns and influencing mechanisms in this region, this study constructs an intangible cultural heritage resource abundance index using four indicators: the number of national and provincial-level intangible cultural heritage items and inheritors. Based on this index, the intangible cultural heritage resource levels of county-level administrative divisions are evaluated. Subsequently, spatial autocorrelation analysis is employed to explore the characteristics of spatial distribution patterns. Additionally, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model is applied to identify the influencing factors of intangible cultural heritage resource levels and their spatial heterogeneity.The research findings are as follows. 1) The Zang-Qiang-Yi Corridor boasts a substantial number of intangible cultural heritage items and inheritors, with a structural composition of intangible cultural heritage resources similar to national patterns. Among the ten major intangible cultural heritage categories, traditional dance, traditional music, and traditional craftsmanship exhibit distinct dominance, while categories such as quyi (Chinese folk performing arts) and folk entertainment and acrobatics have significantly fewer inheritors and items. 2) The evaluation results of the constructed intangible cultural heritage resource abundance index were imported into ArcGIS 10.2 for spatial analysis. The spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritage resource levels in the Zang-Qiang-Yi Corridor exhibits a pattern characterized by “one core (Chengguan District, Lhasa City) and multiple high-value clusters” (including Karuo District, Qamdo City; Shangri-La City, Diqing Prefecture; Wenchuan County and Maoxian County, Aba Prefecture; and Tongren City, Huangnan Prefecture). High-value and low-value areas of the intangible cultural heritage resource abundance index are spatially interwoven. Further global spatial autocorrelation analysis of the intangible cultural heritage resource abundance index yielded a Moran’s I index of -0.0933, which passed the significance test atthe 0.1 confidence level. This indicates a negative spatial correlation in the distribution of intangible cultural heritage resource abundance across the corridor. Specifically, areas with higher intangible cultural heritage resource levels tend to neighbor areas with lower levels, and vice versa. 3) Drawing on previous studies, nine indicators were selected from natural and cultural dimensions: annual average temperature, annual precipitation, average slope gradient, average elevation, river network density, road network density, GDP, proportion of ethnic minority population, urbanization rate, and number of traditional villages. Among these, four factors showed significant impacts. Road network density, urbanization rate, slope gradient, and proportion of ethnic minority population exhibited significant positive influences on the intangible cultural heritage resource levels in the Zang-Qiang-Yi Corridor. The explanatory power of road network density, urbanization rate, and ethnic minority population proportion increases from east to west across the corridor. In contrast, the influence of slope gradient diverges from prior studies, showing an increase from south to north. This anomaly is attributed to the region’s unique geographical conditions, which have historically fixed ethnic settlement patterns, thereby shaping the spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritage. Compared to previous studies that predominantly focused on the types and quantities of intangible cultural heritage items as core evaluation criteria while inadequately addressing the role of inheritors, this study constructs an intangible cultural heritage resource abundance index by integrating national and provincial-level intangible cultural heritage items and inheritor data, aiming to enhance the evaluation framework for intangible cultural heritage resource assessment. However, this research also has limitations. The analysis of factors influencing intangible cultural heritage resource levels lacks a temporal dimension, limiting insights into dynamic changes over time. The other is among influencing factors—such as how natural and cultural variables jointly shape spatial patterns—remain unexplored. These limitations will be systematically addressed and refined in subsequent research phases.
Intangible cultural heritage is characterized by distinct features such as dynamism, folkloric nature, and regional specificity. Compared with tangible cultural heritage, its protection, inheritance, and innovative utilization involve greater complexity. Analyzing the spatial differentiation characteristics of intangible cultural heritage resources and identifying their influencing factors hold significant importance for the preservation, transmission, and sustainable development of these cultural assets. The Zang-Qiang-Yi Corridor, one of China’s five major ethnic corridors, exhibits complex geographical conditions and high cultural diversity. This region demonstrates strong representativeness for research on the evaluation of intangible cultural heritage resources. This study focuses on the Zang-Qiang-Yi Corridor as the research area. Based on extensive collection of national and provincial-level intangible cultural heritage items and inheritor data, the study analyzes their quantity, categories, and spatial distribution characteristics. The findings reveal that inheritors and heritage items exhibit highly similar distribution patterns, with core distribution areas being predominantly the central cities within the region. To further investigate the spatial distribution patterns and influencing mechanisms in this region, this study constructs an intangible cultural heritage resource abundance index using four indicators: the number of national and provincial-level intangible cultural heritage items and inheritors. Based on this index, the intangible cultural heritage resource levels of county-level administrative divisions are evaluated. Subsequently, spatial autocorrelation analysis is employed to explore the characteristics of spatial distribution patterns. Additionally, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model is applied to identify the influencing factors of intangible cultural heritage resource levels and their spatial heterogeneity.The research findings are as follows. 1) The Zang-Qiang-Yi Corridor boasts a substantial number of intangible cultural heritage items and inheritors, with a structural composition of intangible cultural heritage resources similar to national patterns. Among the ten major intangible cultural heritage categories, traditional dance, traditional music, and traditional craftsmanship exhibit distinct dominance, while categories such as quyi (Chinese folk performing arts) and folk entertainment and acrobatics have significantly fewer inheritors and items. 2) The evaluation results of the constructed intangible cultural heritage resource abundance index were imported into ArcGIS 10.2 for spatial analysis. The spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritage resource levels in the Zang-Qiang-Yi Corridor exhibits a pattern characterized by “one core (Chengguan District, Lhasa City) and multiple high-value clusters” (including Karuo District, Qamdo City; Shangri-La City, Diqing Prefecture; Wenchuan County and Maoxian County, Aba Prefecture; and Tongren City, Huangnan Prefecture). High-value and low-value areas of the intangible cultural heritage resource abundance index are spatially interwoven. Further global spatial autocorrelation analysis of the intangible cultural heritage resource abundance index yielded a Moran’s I index of -0.0933, which passed the significance test atthe 0.1 confidence level. This indicates a negative spatial correlation in the distribution of intangible cultural heritage resource abundance across the corridor. Specifically, areas with higher intangible cultural heritage resource levels tend to neighbor areas with lower levels, and vice versa. 3) Drawing on previous studies, nine indicators were selected from natural and cultural dimensions: annual average temperature, annual precipitation, average slope gradient, average elevation, river network density, road network density, GDP, proportion of ethnic minority population, urbanization rate, and number of traditional villages. Among these, four factors showed significant impacts. Road network density, urbanization rate, slope gradient, and proportion of ethnic minority population exhibited significant positive influences on the intangible cultural heritage resource levels in the Zang-Qiang-Yi Corridor. The explanatory power of road network density, urbanization rate, and ethnic minority population proportion increases from east to west across the corridor. In contrast, the influence of slope gradient diverges from prior studies, showing an increase from south to north. This anomaly is attributed to the region’s unique geographical conditions, which have historically fixed ethnic settlement patterns, thereby shaping the spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritage. Compared to previous studies that predominantly focused on the types and quantities of intangible cultural heritage items as core evaluation criteria while inadequately addressing the role of inheritors, this study constructs an intangible cultural heritage resource abundance index by integrating national and provincial-level intangible cultural heritage items and inheritor data, aiming to enhance the evaluation framework for intangible cultural heritage resource assessment. However, this research also has limitations. The analysis of factors influencing intangible cultural heritage resource levels lacks a temporal dimension, limiting insights into dynamic changes over time. The other is among influencing factors—such as how natural and cultural variables jointly shape spatial patterns—remain unexplored. These limitations will be systematically addressed and refined in subsequent research phases.
2025(4),213-220
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240118002
Abstract:
Traditional villages are important material carriers of Chinese agrarian civilization. Under the current background of modernization and globalization, with the acceleration of urbanization process, the cultural and ecological balance of rural areas has been gradually broken, and a large number of traditional villages are facing great challenges in protection and development. It has become one of the directions to explore the overall protection and synergistic development mode of traditional villages from regional perspective. As a holistic natural geospatial unit, watershed is a typical area of interaction between human and nature. In this paper, 757 villages in Guizhou province listed in the Chinese traditional villages list are taken as the objects to explore the spatial distribution pattern of traditional villages in the provincial scale from the watershed perspective, and the spatial distribution characteristics of traditional villages and their influencing factors are analyzed in depth from the aspects of the natural environment and the social and humanities by using the tools of ArcGIS and Geodetector. The results show that:Firstly, traditional villages in Guizhou present three clustered distribution areas across the watersheds--Southeast Guizhou, Central Guizhou and Northeast Guizhou, with the highest distribution density in the Liu River Basin and Yuan River Basin in Southern Guizhou. The Liu River Basin is dominated by villages along the northern Duliu River, which are clustered in the upper and lower reaches, and mainly comprise Shui, Miao, and Dong villages; the Yuan River Basin is dominated by Miao villages in the middle and upper reaches of the Qingshui River in the southern part of the country; the Wu River Basin is characterized by the clustered distribution of Han villages in the upper reaches, and the dispersed distribution of Tujia villages in the lower reaches of the country; the Hongshui River Basin is dominated by the Buyi villages in the middle and upper reaches of the country; and the Chishui River Basin is dominated by the dispersed distribution of Han villages in the middle and lower reaches of the country.Secondly, the influence of ethnicity and topographic factors on the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Guizhou is the most significant, followed by economic, demographic, climatic and river factors, and the influence of transportation and urban factors is weaker. The nonlinear enhancement of ethnicity and elevation factors is significant, with the largest number of Miao villages in the Yuanjiang River basin and Dong villages in the Liu River Basin, and the villages in different basins and river segments show obvious differences in ethnic characteristics. The influencing factors of spatial distribution of traditional villages in different watersheds also show differences. Based on the comprehensive analysis of naturalhuman factors, the most significant settlement characteristics of traditional villages in Guizhou can be extracted - mountainous features and multi-ethnic settlement.Thirdly, based on the spatial distribution of the three traditional village cluster areas in the provincial area, six typical traditional village clusters are summarized, and the natural-humanistic characteristics of different traditional village clusters show differences, which highlight the regional characteristics of different watershed units. The Miao village clusters in the upper and middle reaches of the Qingshui River show significant alpine-mountainous village characteristics, the Shui village clusters in the upper reaches of the Duiliu River and the Dong village clusters in the lower reaches of the Duiliu River show low-mountainous-waterfront village characteristics, the Han village clusters in the upper reaches of the Wu River show mounded plains and flat dams village characteristics, the Buyi village clusters in the middle reaches of the Beipan River show alpine-mountainousvillage characteristics, and the Tujia villages in the lower reaches of the Wu River show low-mountainous mountainous village characteristics. The village cluster of Tujia in the lower reaches of the Wu River presents low mountain-mountain type village characteristics.Typical mountain traditional village clusters and clusters of villages of different ethnic groups carry the typical mountain farming culture and diversified minority cultures of Guizhou Province. Therefore, the conservation and development of traditional villages at the regional level needs to be combined with the regional characteristics of different watersheds to formulate targeted strategies. The centralized and contiguous protection of traditional villages can start from the watershed unit, and through the natural geography, history and culture, and socio-economic elements across the administrative boundaries, individual traditional villages can be linked together to become a surface, and the synergistic elements of the traditional village clusters with development potentials can be explored, and the regional resources can be integrated, so that the synergistic level of the various developmental elements of the traditional villages within the traditional village clusters can be improved, and the centralized and contiguous traditional villages of synergistic development of the economy, society, and culture can be formed. The research results can provide scientific basis and reference guidelines for the overall protection and synergistic development of traditional village cultural heritage in Guizhou.
Traditional villages are important material carriers of Chinese agrarian civilization. Under the current background of modernization and globalization, with the acceleration of urbanization process, the cultural and ecological balance of rural areas has been gradually broken, and a large number of traditional villages are facing great challenges in protection and development. It has become one of the directions to explore the overall protection and synergistic development mode of traditional villages from regional perspective. As a holistic natural geospatial unit, watershed is a typical area of interaction between human and nature. In this paper, 757 villages in Guizhou province listed in the Chinese traditional villages list are taken as the objects to explore the spatial distribution pattern of traditional villages in the provincial scale from the watershed perspective, and the spatial distribution characteristics of traditional villages and their influencing factors are analyzed in depth from the aspects of the natural environment and the social and humanities by using the tools of ArcGIS and Geodetector. The results show that:Firstly, traditional villages in Guizhou present three clustered distribution areas across the watersheds--Southeast Guizhou, Central Guizhou and Northeast Guizhou, with the highest distribution density in the Liu River Basin and Yuan River Basin in Southern Guizhou. The Liu River Basin is dominated by villages along the northern Duliu River, which are clustered in the upper and lower reaches, and mainly comprise Shui, Miao, and Dong villages; the Yuan River Basin is dominated by Miao villages in the middle and upper reaches of the Qingshui River in the southern part of the country; the Wu River Basin is characterized by the clustered distribution of Han villages in the upper reaches, and the dispersed distribution of Tujia villages in the lower reaches of the country; the Hongshui River Basin is dominated by the Buyi villages in the middle and upper reaches of the country; and the Chishui River Basin is dominated by the dispersed distribution of Han villages in the middle and lower reaches of the country.Secondly, the influence of ethnicity and topographic factors on the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Guizhou is the most significant, followed by economic, demographic, climatic and river factors, and the influence of transportation and urban factors is weaker. The nonlinear enhancement of ethnicity and elevation factors is significant, with the largest number of Miao villages in the Yuanjiang River basin and Dong villages in the Liu River Basin, and the villages in different basins and river segments show obvious differences in ethnic characteristics. The influencing factors of spatial distribution of traditional villages in different watersheds also show differences. Based on the comprehensive analysis of naturalhuman factors, the most significant settlement characteristics of traditional villages in Guizhou can be extracted - mountainous features and multi-ethnic settlement.Thirdly, based on the spatial distribution of the three traditional village cluster areas in the provincial area, six typical traditional village clusters are summarized, and the natural-humanistic characteristics of different traditional village clusters show differences, which highlight the regional characteristics of different watershed units. The Miao village clusters in the upper and middle reaches of the Qingshui River show significant alpine-mountainous village characteristics, the Shui village clusters in the upper reaches of the Duiliu River and the Dong village clusters in the lower reaches of the Duiliu River show low-mountainous-waterfront village characteristics, the Han village clusters in the upper reaches of the Wu River show mounded plains and flat dams village characteristics, the Buyi village clusters in the middle reaches of the Beipan River show alpine-mountainousvillage characteristics, and the Tujia villages in the lower reaches of the Wu River show low-mountainous mountainous village characteristics. The village cluster of Tujia in the lower reaches of the Wu River presents low mountain-mountain type village characteristics.Typical mountain traditional village clusters and clusters of villages of different ethnic groups carry the typical mountain farming culture and diversified minority cultures of Guizhou Province. Therefore, the conservation and development of traditional villages at the regional level needs to be combined with the regional characteristics of different watersheds to formulate targeted strategies. The centralized and contiguous protection of traditional villages can start from the watershed unit, and through the natural geography, history and culture, and socio-economic elements across the administrative boundaries, individual traditional villages can be linked together to become a surface, and the synergistic elements of the traditional village clusters with development potentials can be explored, and the regional resources can be integrated, so that the synergistic level of the various developmental elements of the traditional villages within the traditional village clusters can be improved, and the centralized and contiguous traditional villages of synergistic development of the economy, society, and culture can be formed. The research results can provide scientific basis and reference guidelines for the overall protection and synergistic development of traditional village cultural heritage in Guizhou.
2025(4),221-228
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230712004
Abstract:
The loess landform in Shanxi Province is both extensively spread and strikingly diverse in its types, firmly positioning the province as one of the pivotal cradles of cave dwellings. Geologically and geographically, this distinct feature has engendered a long-standing and affluent history of cave-dwelling, culminating in an ample reserve of well-conserved traditional cave dwellings. This research article zeroes in on the traditional cave dwellings of Shanxi Province, painstakingly amassing data from 160 villages. The dataset comprehensively incorporates villages inscribed in the List of Chinese Famous Historical and Cultural Towns and Villages, as well as those in the List of Chinese Traditional Villages. Significantly, it also encompasses villages that, notwithstanding the absence of such formal designations, still retain their invaluable traditional cave-dwelling legacies. Given the vast array of cave-dwelling types in Shanxi, it was determined that classifying them merely by the front facade morphology would not accurately elucidate their spatial distribution patterns. Consequently, this study adopted the building materials of these traditional cave dwellings as the primary classification parameter. This methodological approach led to the categorization of cave dwellings into three principal types: earth-built cave dwellings, stonebuilt cave dwellings, and brick-built cave dwellings. Earth-built cave dwellings, specifically, are further sub-divided into three subtypes: cliff-adhering cave dwellings, ingeniously constructed against natural cliffs; adobe-walled cave dwellings, erected with adobe bricks; and sunken-yard cave dwellings, excavated into the ground. Through the application of GIS-based kernel-density analysis, the research successfully mapped out the primary distribution zones for each type of traditional cave dwelling. Among these, brick-built cave dwellings are the most abundant in terms of current prevalence. Although earthbuilt cave dwellings are scattered across the entire province of Shanxi, the passage of time, has led to a substantial number of collapses and deteriorations. As a result, the number of existing villages where earthen kilns are the main form of residence is the smallest. Subsequently, the study probed deeper into the factors influencing the distribution and architectural traits of traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi from two distinct dimensions: the natural environment and the human-social environment. Employing a combination of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods, it was concluded that the natural environment plays a decisive role. The site-selection for cave dwellings and the choice of building materials are intricately linked to the local terrain and landform. Most traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi are situated in mid- to -low -altitude mountainous and hilly regions, with each type of cave dwelling manifesting its own unique distribution pattern. The building materials used in construction are judiciously selected to suit local conditions. Brick-built cave dwellings are predominantly found in areas proximate to coal resources and regions with relatively prosperous economic development, while earthbuilt cave dwellings are ubiquitously distributed across the province. Stone-built cave dwellings, in contrast, are commonly located in earth- and -stone -mountainous areas and along riverbanks. The contrasting climatic conditions between the northern and southern parts of Shanxi have also contributed to marked architectural disparities in cave dwellings. In the southern region, the doors and windows of cave dwellings are typically narrow and diminutive, and the dwellings themselves are relatively tall, with a preponderance of two-story structures. Conversely, in the northern region, cave dwellings are generally low-slung and squat, with thick walls. The doors and windows have a large surface area but a smallopening area, and the integration of the kang (a heated brick bed) and the stove ensures a warm indoor ambiance during the frigid winters. While the natural environment is the preeminent factor, the human-social environment also plays a significant secondary role in shaping the unique architectural characteristics of Shanxi’s cave dwellings. The principles of etiquette and geomancy, deeply ingrained in traditional Chinese culture, have left an indelible imprint on the layout of cave-dwelling courtyards, embodying the traditional concept of hierarchical order. Regional economic disparities and social development levels have further influenced the combination of cave-dwelling forms, the facade appearance, and the nuances of detailed ornamentation. In the southern region, the layout of cave dwellings is more variegated, with courtyards often in the form of squares or narrow, and the internal decoration is elaborate and exquisite. In the northern region, the courtyard types are relatively simplistic, mostly featuring spacious courtyards, and the internal decoration is plain and functional, emphasizing practicality. In summary, under the combined influence of these two sets of factors, traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi exhibit pronounced regional divergences, jointly contributing to the formation of a singular and captivating cave-dwelling architectural culture characteristic of this region.
The loess landform in Shanxi Province is both extensively spread and strikingly diverse in its types, firmly positioning the province as one of the pivotal cradles of cave dwellings. Geologically and geographically, this distinct feature has engendered a long-standing and affluent history of cave-dwelling, culminating in an ample reserve of well-conserved traditional cave dwellings. This research article zeroes in on the traditional cave dwellings of Shanxi Province, painstakingly amassing data from 160 villages. The dataset comprehensively incorporates villages inscribed in the List of Chinese Famous Historical and Cultural Towns and Villages, as well as those in the List of Chinese Traditional Villages. Significantly, it also encompasses villages that, notwithstanding the absence of such formal designations, still retain their invaluable traditional cave-dwelling legacies. Given the vast array of cave-dwelling types in Shanxi, it was determined that classifying them merely by the front facade morphology would not accurately elucidate their spatial distribution patterns. Consequently, this study adopted the building materials of these traditional cave dwellings as the primary classification parameter. This methodological approach led to the categorization of cave dwellings into three principal types: earth-built cave dwellings, stonebuilt cave dwellings, and brick-built cave dwellings. Earth-built cave dwellings, specifically, are further sub-divided into three subtypes: cliff-adhering cave dwellings, ingeniously constructed against natural cliffs; adobe-walled cave dwellings, erected with adobe bricks; and sunken-yard cave dwellings, excavated into the ground. Through the application of GIS-based kernel-density analysis, the research successfully mapped out the primary distribution zones for each type of traditional cave dwelling. Among these, brick-built cave dwellings are the most abundant in terms of current prevalence. Although earthbuilt cave dwellings are scattered across the entire province of Shanxi, the passage of time, has led to a substantial number of collapses and deteriorations. As a result, the number of existing villages where earthen kilns are the main form of residence is the smallest. Subsequently, the study probed deeper into the factors influencing the distribution and architectural traits of traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi from two distinct dimensions: the natural environment and the human-social environment. Employing a combination of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods, it was concluded that the natural environment plays a decisive role. The site-selection for cave dwellings and the choice of building materials are intricately linked to the local terrain and landform. Most traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi are situated in mid- to -low -altitude mountainous and hilly regions, with each type of cave dwelling manifesting its own unique distribution pattern. The building materials used in construction are judiciously selected to suit local conditions. Brick-built cave dwellings are predominantly found in areas proximate to coal resources and regions with relatively prosperous economic development, while earthbuilt cave dwellings are ubiquitously distributed across the province. Stone-built cave dwellings, in contrast, are commonly located in earth- and -stone -mountainous areas and along riverbanks. The contrasting climatic conditions between the northern and southern parts of Shanxi have also contributed to marked architectural disparities in cave dwellings. In the southern region, the doors and windows of cave dwellings are typically narrow and diminutive, and the dwellings themselves are relatively tall, with a preponderance of two-story structures. Conversely, in the northern region, cave dwellings are generally low-slung and squat, with thick walls. The doors and windows have a large surface area but a smallopening area, and the integration of the kang (a heated brick bed) and the stove ensures a warm indoor ambiance during the frigid winters. While the natural environment is the preeminent factor, the human-social environment also plays a significant secondary role in shaping the unique architectural characteristics of Shanxi’s cave dwellings. The principles of etiquette and geomancy, deeply ingrained in traditional Chinese culture, have left an indelible imprint on the layout of cave-dwelling courtyards, embodying the traditional concept of hierarchical order. Regional economic disparities and social development levels have further influenced the combination of cave-dwelling forms, the facade appearance, and the nuances of detailed ornamentation. In the southern region, the layout of cave dwellings is more variegated, with courtyards often in the form of squares or narrow, and the internal decoration is elaborate and exquisite. In the northern region, the courtyard types are relatively simplistic, mostly featuring spacious courtyards, and the internal decoration is plain and functional, emphasizing practicality. In summary, under the combined influence of these two sets of factors, traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi exhibit pronounced regional divergences, jointly contributing to the formation of a singular and captivating cave-dwelling architectural culture characteristic of this region.
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