Prof. Wanmin Zhao
Prof. Wei Zeng
ISSN: 2095-6304
Journal of Human Settlements in West China is formerly known as Interior Design founded in 1986, which officially changed its name in 2013. Journal of Human Settlements in West China, as the first comprehensive academic journal in China under the name of human settlements, will pay extensive attention to the major scientific problems faced by urban and rural human settlements from a global perspective based on the western regions and oriented to both domestic and international authors and readers.
- Online SystemSubmission & Review
- Author login
- Editor login
- Reviewer Login
- Articles in Press
- Current Issue
- All Issues
- Classic Articles
- Themed Collections
2025(2),1-7
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240516001
Abstract:
The concept of land development rights is a crucial theoretical framework in China’s spatial governance system, playing a significant role throughout the processes of land use planning, implementation, and management. As China progresses into a new phase of governance modernization, the relationship between land development rights and spatial policies has attracted considerable scholarly attention. This paper explores the dynamic interactions between land development rights and spatial policies, with the goal of clarifying the evolution of research in this field. Utilizing CiteSpace, an information visualization tool, this study systematically reviews the literature on land development rights from 1994 to 2023, examining how the research has evolved under various spatial policy contexts. By combining visual maps generated through CiteSpace with traditional bibliometric methods, the study identifies three primary stages in the research on land development rights in China: the land-centered urbanization phase, the phase of spatial land-use control under the “integration of multiple plans”, and the phase emphasizing ecological governance, with land development rights gradually centralizing within the central government. First, the intertwining of institutional design and the progression of land development rights research reveals the complexity of policy development. This highlights the need for integrated approaches to address both land rights and spatial policy simultaneously. Second, the ongoing erosion of rural land development rights, alongside the growing disparities between different rural areas, has become an increasingly pronounced trend. The loss of land development rights in rural areas, coupled with the expanding differences between regions, further exacerbates the inequality in land access and utilization. This trend highlights the intensification of rural-urban and intra-rural disparities, underscoring the urgent need for policy measures that address these imbalances and ensure more equitable land rights protection across all rural communities. Third, the inadequacy of compensation mechanisms for land development rights has led to significant regional inequities. This trend points to the need for comprehensive reforms in compensation systems to ensure fair and equitable distribution of land-related benefits, especially in rural areas. Moreover, this paper provides an outlook on the future directions of land development rights research within the national spatial planning framework. It anticipates that future studies will focus on three key areas. The first is spatial development research centered on spatial planning disciplines, which will explore how land development rights interact with national and regional spatial development strategies. This research will examine the role of land rights in shaping the urban-rural development landscape and will focus on sustainable land use practices. The second area of focus is urban and rural spatial governance during the era of land stock updates. As China continues to address issues of land redistribution, urban renewal, and rural revitalization, this research will examine governance mechanisms that manage land development rights across different spatial contexts, aiming to mitigate regional inequalities. The third research direction involves integrating qualitative theoretical studies with spatial layout simulations. This approach willallow scholars to bridge the gap between theory and practice, offering new perspectives on how to optimize land development rights within spatial governance frameworks. Together, these research areas will offer a comprehensive understanding of land development rights within China’s spatial governance framework. This paper suggests that land development rights research will be critical in addressing challenges related to urban-rural integration, ecological sustainability, and equitable development. The integration of land development rights into spatial policies will be fundamental to advancing China’s goal of achieving balanced and sustainable development. By fostering more efficient land governance mechanisms, these studies will contribute to overcoming existing challenges in spatial planning and ensuring that land use benefits are distributed more equitably. In conclusion, this paper underscores the continued importance of research on land development rights within the context of China’s evolving spatial governance system. As it refines its national spatial planning policies, the development of effective governance mechanisms to manage land development rights will become increasingly important. Understanding the complex relationships between land rights, governance structures, and regional disparities will be key to formulating policies that foster equitable and efficient land use strategies. Therefore, land development rights research will remain integral to shaping policies that promote sustainable and inclusive growth in both urban and rural areas across China. By focusing on the relationship between spatial policies and land development rights, future studies will provide valuable insights for the continued advancement of China’s land governance framework, ensuring that land development benefits all regions fairly and equitably. This study provides a framework for future policy development and scholarly inquiry, facilitating deeper exploration of the interactions between land development rights, spatial governance, and equitable land distribution in China.
The concept of land development rights is a crucial theoretical framework in China’s spatial governance system, playing a significant role throughout the processes of land use planning, implementation, and management. As China progresses into a new phase of governance modernization, the relationship between land development rights and spatial policies has attracted considerable scholarly attention. This paper explores the dynamic interactions between land development rights and spatial policies, with the goal of clarifying the evolution of research in this field. Utilizing CiteSpace, an information visualization tool, this study systematically reviews the literature on land development rights from 1994 to 2023, examining how the research has evolved under various spatial policy contexts. By combining visual maps generated through CiteSpace with traditional bibliometric methods, the study identifies three primary stages in the research on land development rights in China: the land-centered urbanization phase, the phase of spatial land-use control under the “integration of multiple plans”, and the phase emphasizing ecological governance, with land development rights gradually centralizing within the central government. First, the intertwining of institutional design and the progression of land development rights research reveals the complexity of policy development. This highlights the need for integrated approaches to address both land rights and spatial policy simultaneously. Second, the ongoing erosion of rural land development rights, alongside the growing disparities between different rural areas, has become an increasingly pronounced trend. The loss of land development rights in rural areas, coupled with the expanding differences between regions, further exacerbates the inequality in land access and utilization. This trend highlights the intensification of rural-urban and intra-rural disparities, underscoring the urgent need for policy measures that address these imbalances and ensure more equitable land rights protection across all rural communities. Third, the inadequacy of compensation mechanisms for land development rights has led to significant regional inequities. This trend points to the need for comprehensive reforms in compensation systems to ensure fair and equitable distribution of land-related benefits, especially in rural areas. Moreover, this paper provides an outlook on the future directions of land development rights research within the national spatial planning framework. It anticipates that future studies will focus on three key areas. The first is spatial development research centered on spatial planning disciplines, which will explore how land development rights interact with national and regional spatial development strategies. This research will examine the role of land rights in shaping the urban-rural development landscape and will focus on sustainable land use practices. The second area of focus is urban and rural spatial governance during the era of land stock updates. As China continues to address issues of land redistribution, urban renewal, and rural revitalization, this research will examine governance mechanisms that manage land development rights across different spatial contexts, aiming to mitigate regional inequalities. The third research direction involves integrating qualitative theoretical studies with spatial layout simulations. This approach willallow scholars to bridge the gap between theory and practice, offering new perspectives on how to optimize land development rights within spatial governance frameworks. Together, these research areas will offer a comprehensive understanding of land development rights within China’s spatial governance framework. This paper suggests that land development rights research will be critical in addressing challenges related to urban-rural integration, ecological sustainability, and equitable development. The integration of land development rights into spatial policies will be fundamental to advancing China’s goal of achieving balanced and sustainable development. By fostering more efficient land governance mechanisms, these studies will contribute to overcoming existing challenges in spatial planning and ensuring that land use benefits are distributed more equitably. In conclusion, this paper underscores the continued importance of research on land development rights within the context of China’s evolving spatial governance system. As it refines its national spatial planning policies, the development of effective governance mechanisms to manage land development rights will become increasingly important. Understanding the complex relationships between land rights, governance structures, and regional disparities will be key to formulating policies that foster equitable and efficient land use strategies. Therefore, land development rights research will remain integral to shaping policies that promote sustainable and inclusive growth in both urban and rural areas across China. By focusing on the relationship between spatial policies and land development rights, future studies will provide valuable insights for the continued advancement of China’s land governance framework, ensuring that land development benefits all regions fairly and equitably. This study provides a framework for future policy development and scholarly inquiry, facilitating deeper exploration of the interactions between land development rights, spatial governance, and equitable land distribution in China.
2025(2),8-16
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250226004
Abstract:
The urban-rural dual structure, marked by significant disparities in economic, social, and political aspects, has long been a fundamental issue in China. These disparities create deep asymmetries in resource allocation, access to social welfare, and development opportunities. This divide leads to unequal access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure, widening the gap in living standards and economic development. The urban-rural divide presents a critical challenge for national governance, and overcoming its contradictions is a central task in China’s development agenda. Achieving fair resource allocation and equal opportunities is urgent, as these factors directly impact national stability and social cohesion. The land system is one of the key institutional mechanisms for addressing this issue. As an important component of the national governance system, the arrangement of property rights, the distribution of benefits, and the protection of development opportunities play a crucial role in resource allocation, social equity, and economic sustainability, profoundly influencing urban-rural relations. Over the years, related research has conducted long-term, longitudinal historical analyses of the evolution of China's land system. However, it often focuses on the distribution of land ownership and the process of market-oriented reforms, with less emphasis on analyzing the structural contradictions of the land system and land rights within the context of the urban-rural dual structure. This paper seeks to fill that gap by providing a systematic review of the evolution of China’s land system, highlighting its internal logic and the various ways it has adapted over time to address the shifting needs of society. The evolution of the land system can be divided into four stages: the New Democratic Revolution period(1921-1949), characterized by breaking the feudal land ownership system; the Socialist Revolution and Construction period(1949-1978), marked by land collectivization and industrial accumulation; the Reform and Opening-up period(1978-2012), which was characterized by market-oriented transformation and the solidification of the urban-rural dual structure; and the New Era of Urban-Rural Integration Development period(2012-present), which is defined by property rights reform and the flow of production factors. One of characteristics of the evolution of the land system is the expansion of rights and powers. Through political, economic, and legal empowerment, the land system gradually subdivides and allocates land rights. In addition to land ownership, new rights such as land contract rights and management rights have emerged, which enhance the property rights associated with land. Another feature is the coordination between regulation and market mechanisms. From administrative control to market-based allocation, an innovative “administrative regulation as the body, market mechanisms as the tool” hybrid governance model has been developed. With political consent, various social classes have become involved挠敩獮猠?慡湮摤?敭湡橮潡祧?杭牥敮慴琬攠牥?摰敡癮敤汩潮灧洠敳湯瑣?牡楬朠桡瑵獴??呯桭楹猠?睮楤氊汩?湣潲瑥?潳湩汮祧?桴敨汥瀠?灰牥潮浮潥瑳敳?畯牦戠慬湡?牤甠牲慩汧?楴湳琬攠杷牨慩瑣楨漠湨?扳甠瑢?慴汴獥潲?摲牥楡癬敩?瑥桤攠?牡敲慭汥楲穳愙琠楲潩湧?潴晳?獡潮捤椠慩汮?敥煲略楳瑴祳??呁栠楴獨?獲瑤甊摣票?慲楡浣獴?瑲潩?灴物潣瘠楯摦攠?瑨桥攠潬牡敮瑤椠捳慹汳?晥潭甠湥摶慯瑬極潴湩獯?愠湩摳?灴牨慥挠瑢楡捬慡汮?牥攠晢敥牴敷湥捥敮猠?晦潦物?浩潥摮散特渠?畮牤戠慦湡?灲汮慥湳湳椮渠杔?慥渠摬?汮慤渊摳?浳慴湥慭朠敨浡敳渠瑥???祶?慤搠摦牲敯獭猠楡渠杳?瑭桰敬?挠漜湤瑩牳慴摲楩换瑵楴潩湯獮?楯湦?瑭桡整?汲慩湡摬”猠祲獥瑬敡浴?慯湮摳?楩浰瀠牴潯瘠業湵杬?瑩栭敬?灶牥潬琬攠捭瑵楬潴湩?潵普?汴慩湯摮?牬椊杰桲瑯獰???桹椠湲慩?捨慴湳?慰捲桯楴敥癣整?浯潮爠敡?扤愠汥慣湯据敯摭?慣渠摩?整煥畲楥瑳慴戠汤敩?牴敲獩潢畵牴捩敯?搮椠獈瑡牮楤扬畩瑮楧漠湴??瀠牲潥浬潡瑴楩湯杮?瑨桩数?桢慥牴海潥湥楮漠略獦?摩散癩敥汮潣灹洠敡湮瑤?潦晡?畲牮扥慳湳?物畳爠慣汲?牣敩污慬琮椠潏湮猠?he one hand, respecting private property rights solves resource allocation issues and enhances efficiency; on the other hand, public power guarantees public interests, addressing fairness concerns. However, despite some transformation in the land system, significant asymmetry in urban-rural relations still persists, manifesting in the imbalance of resourceflow and misalignment of value distribution. At a deeper level, institutional barriers to land rights exist, and under the urban-rural dual structure, the urban-rural relationship remains unequal. The division of ownership, usage rights, and income rights, along with the lack of protection for these rights, has constrained rural economic development, preventing farmers from fully realizing their economic potential. The asymmetry of land rights between urban and rural areas is a core issue that must be addressed in future land system reforms. To promote urban-rural integration and social equity, land system reforms should focus on the dual dimensions of survival rights and development rights. Survival rights refer to the rights that ensure farmers’ basic living needs are met and they can enjoy essential living security. Development rights refer to the right of farmers to use land for production and development, ensuring they can equally participate in economic activities. Land system reforms should not only guarantee farmers’ basic living needs but also provide them with more development opportunities, ensuring that farmers can participate equally in the urban-rural integration pro
The urban-rural dual structure, marked by significant disparities in economic, social, and political aspects, has long been a fundamental issue in China. These disparities create deep asymmetries in resource allocation, access to social welfare, and development opportunities. This divide leads to unequal access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure, widening the gap in living standards and economic development. The urban-rural divide presents a critical challenge for national governance, and overcoming its contradictions is a central task in China’s development agenda. Achieving fair resource allocation and equal opportunities is urgent, as these factors directly impact national stability and social cohesion. The land system is one of the key institutional mechanisms for addressing this issue. As an important component of the national governance system, the arrangement of property rights, the distribution of benefits, and the protection of development opportunities play a crucial role in resource allocation, social equity, and economic sustainability, profoundly influencing urban-rural relations. Over the years, related research has conducted long-term, longitudinal historical analyses of the evolution of China's land system. However, it often focuses on the distribution of land ownership and the process of market-oriented reforms, with less emphasis on analyzing the structural contradictions of the land system and land rights within the context of the urban-rural dual structure. This paper seeks to fill that gap by providing a systematic review of the evolution of China’s land system, highlighting its internal logic and the various ways it has adapted over time to address the shifting needs of society. The evolution of the land system can be divided into four stages: the New Democratic Revolution period(1921-1949), characterized by breaking the feudal land ownership system; the Socialist Revolution and Construction period(1949-1978), marked by land collectivization and industrial accumulation; the Reform and Opening-up period(1978-2012), which was characterized by market-oriented transformation and the solidification of the urban-rural dual structure; and the New Era of Urban-Rural Integration Development period(2012-present), which is defined by property rights reform and the flow of production factors. One of characteristics of the evolution of the land system is the expansion of rights and powers. Through political, economic, and legal empowerment, the land system gradually subdivides and allocates land rights. In addition to land ownership, new rights such as land contract rights and management rights have emerged, which enhance the property rights associated with land. Another feature is the coordination between regulation and market mechanisms. From administrative control to market-based allocation, an innovative “administrative regulation as the body, market mechanisms as the tool” hybrid governance model has been developed. With political consent, various social classes have become involved挠敩獮猠?慡湮摤?敭湡橮潡祧?杭牥敮慴琬攠牥?摰敡癮敤汩潮灧洠敳湯瑣?牡楬朠桡瑵獴??呯桭楹猠?睮楤氊汩?湣潲瑥?潳湩汮祧?桴敨汥瀠?灰牥潮浮潥瑳敳?畯牦戠慬湡?牤甠牲慩汧?楴湳琬攠杷牨慩瑣楨漠湨?扳甠瑢?慴汴獥潲?摲牥楡癬敩?瑥桤攠?牡敲慭汥楲穳愙琠楲潩湧?潴晳?獡潮捤椠慩汮?敥煲略楳瑴祳??呁栠楴獨?獲瑤甊摣票?慲楡浣獴?瑲潩?灴物潣瘠楯摦攠?瑨桥攠潬牡敮瑤椠捳慹汳?晥潭甠湥摶慯瑬極潴湩獯?愠湩摳?灴牨慥挠瑢楡捬慡汮?牥攠晢敥牴敷湥捥敮猠?晦潦物?浩潥摮散特渠?畮牤戠慦湡?灲汮慥湳湳椮渠杔?慥渠摬?汮慤渊摳?浳慴湥慭朠敨浡敳渠瑥???祶?慤搠摦牲敯獭猠楡渠杳?瑭桰敬?挠漜湤瑩牳慴摲楩换瑵楴潩湯獮?楯湦?瑭桡整?汲慩湡摬”猠祲獥瑬敡浴?慯湮摳?楩浰瀠牴潯瘠業湵杬?瑩栭敬?灶牥潬琬攠捭瑵楬潴湩?潵普?汴慩湯摮?牬椊杰桲瑯獰???桹椠湲慩?捨慴湳?慰捲桯楴敥癣整?浯潮爠敡?扤愠汥慣湯据敯摭?慣渠摩?整煥畲楥瑳慴戠汤敩?牴敲獩潢畵牴捩敯?搮椠獈瑡牮楤扬畩瑮楧漠湴??瀠牲潥浬潡瑴楩湯杮?瑨桩数?桢慥牴海潥湥楮漠略獦?摩散癩敥汮潣灹洠敡湮瑤?潦晡?畲牮扥慳湳?物畳爠慣汲?牣敩污慬琮椠潏湮猠?he one hand, respecting private property rights solves resource allocation issues and enhances efficiency; on the other hand, public power guarantees public interests, addressing fairness concerns. However, despite some transformation in the land system, significant asymmetry in urban-rural relations still persists, manifesting in the imbalance of resourceflow and misalignment of value distribution. At a deeper level, institutional barriers to land rights exist, and under the urban-rural dual structure, the urban-rural relationship remains unequal. The division of ownership, usage rights, and income rights, along with the lack of protection for these rights, has constrained rural economic development, preventing farmers from fully realizing their economic potential. The asymmetry of land rights between urban and rural areas is a core issue that must be addressed in future land system reforms. To promote urban-rural integration and social equity, land system reforms should focus on the dual dimensions of survival rights and development rights. Survival rights refer to the rights that ensure farmers’ basic living needs are met and they can enjoy essential living security. Development rights refer to the right of farmers to use land for production and development, ensuring they can equally participate in economic activities. Land system reforms should not only guarantee farmers’ basic living needs but also provide them with more development opportunities, ensuring that farmers can participate equally in the urban-rural integration pro
2025(2),17-24
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250302002
Abstract:
The integration, coordination and coevolution of “formal institution” and “informal institution” are significant features of China’s gradual institutional reform, and rural land property rights are no exception. Focusing on the issues of low quality and insufficient land uses under the transformation towards a modern rural industrial structure, this paper explores the adaptation mechanisms and operational guidance strategies of efficient rural land use development. In accordance with the new institutional economics and modern economic growth theory, the paper illustrates the driving force behind rural land use efficiency as a multi-factor system, with stability of land property rights as its core, supported by rational input of production factors. At a macro level, it explains the heterogeneous stability of rural land property rights throughout the country since reform and opening-up, which is a symbiotic integration of legal leadership by the nation, independent creations of village collectives, and coordinated governance of local governments, unpacks the two basic relationships of production factors input and constructs a cognitive logic for the driving forces behind rural land use efficiency under the “Three Rights Separation” pattern. Taking actual states of rural land uses in Zhejiang Province as a research clue, the paper reveals the differentiated characteristics and adaptation mechanisms behind its leap of land use efficiency. Due to constraints such as a prominent contradiction of large population and land and capital shortages, a “trinity rural land” use pattern has emerged in Zhejiang, characterized by interventionist concentration of agricultural land, flexible management of construction land, and a well-developed “informal economy” in residential land in spite of scarce collective commercial land. The approach taken by local governments of Zhejiang regarding land management is to exchange space for time, linking inclusive infrastructure investment with industrial innovation and growth, promoting a model of efficient land use that starts with “single-point activation in villages” to “multi-point linkage in counties” through the operational mechanism of leveraging capable individuals to drive the upgrading and integration of low-dimensional platforms. It helps to realize urbanization and economic development zones externally, regulating rural land use, strengthening collective land ownership and enhancing the supply of rural public goods internally, achieving more significant rural land use improvements compared to other developed coastal provinces. As urbanization enters the stock redevelopment age, the paper summarizes and anticipates the future rural landscape of a county-level “property right-factor-function” land use community, with the merger of collective land property rights, activation of factor through “one share, one voucher”, and the parameterization and quality control of land use, in order to allow business entities with advantages in production factors to assume the responsibility for rural industrial growth while enabling more farmers to voluntarily and decently exit inefficient land use. The reform experience of the “Three Rights Separation” pattern of rural landuse in Zhejiang provides valuable references for other regions across the country, and lays a theoretical foundation and practical basis for further innovation in building a demonstration area for urban and rural common prosperity and in the reform of the rural land property rights. In the future, a balance between the principles of national legal framework and the autonomous exploration of local practices will be the key to continuously improving rural land use efficiency, providing theoretical exploration and practical support for the further establishment of “formal institution”.
The integration, coordination and coevolution of “formal institution” and “informal institution” are significant features of China’s gradual institutional reform, and rural land property rights are no exception. Focusing on the issues of low quality and insufficient land uses under the transformation towards a modern rural industrial structure, this paper explores the adaptation mechanisms and operational guidance strategies of efficient rural land use development. In accordance with the new institutional economics and modern economic growth theory, the paper illustrates the driving force behind rural land use efficiency as a multi-factor system, with stability of land property rights as its core, supported by rational input of production factors. At a macro level, it explains the heterogeneous stability of rural land property rights throughout the country since reform and opening-up, which is a symbiotic integration of legal leadership by the nation, independent creations of village collectives, and coordinated governance of local governments, unpacks the two basic relationships of production factors input and constructs a cognitive logic for the driving forces behind rural land use efficiency under the “Three Rights Separation” pattern. Taking actual states of rural land uses in Zhejiang Province as a research clue, the paper reveals the differentiated characteristics and adaptation mechanisms behind its leap of land use efficiency. Due to constraints such as a prominent contradiction of large population and land and capital shortages, a “trinity rural land” use pattern has emerged in Zhejiang, characterized by interventionist concentration of agricultural land, flexible management of construction land, and a well-developed “informal economy” in residential land in spite of scarce collective commercial land. The approach taken by local governments of Zhejiang regarding land management is to exchange space for time, linking inclusive infrastructure investment with industrial innovation and growth, promoting a model of efficient land use that starts with “single-point activation in villages” to “multi-point linkage in counties” through the operational mechanism of leveraging capable individuals to drive the upgrading and integration of low-dimensional platforms. It helps to realize urbanization and economic development zones externally, regulating rural land use, strengthening collective land ownership and enhancing the supply of rural public goods internally, achieving more significant rural land use improvements compared to other developed coastal provinces. As urbanization enters the stock redevelopment age, the paper summarizes and anticipates the future rural landscape of a county-level “property right-factor-function” land use community, with the merger of collective land property rights, activation of factor through “one share, one voucher”, and the parameterization and quality control of land use, in order to allow business entities with advantages in production factors to assume the responsibility for rural industrial growth while enabling more farmers to voluntarily and decently exit inefficient land use. The reform experience of the “Three Rights Separation” pattern of rural landuse in Zhejiang provides valuable references for other regions across the country, and lays a theoretical foundation and practical basis for further innovation in building a demonstration area for urban and rural common prosperity and in the reform of the rural land property rights. In the future, a balance between the principles of national legal framework and the autonomous exploration of local practices will be the key to continuously improving rural land use efficiency, providing theoretical exploration and practical support for the further establishment of “formal institution”.
2025(2),25-30
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250101001
Abstract:
With the influence of the new ruralism, the rural ecological outlook, production outlook, and life outlook have undergone a paradigm shift, rural development has entered a new stage with the goal of pursuing high-quality production, life and ecology. The process of rural land use transformation corresponds to the stage of social and economic development, reasonable land use is the key to achieving rural transformation and value enhancement, the transformation of explicit and implicit forms of land use is accompanied by the positive evolution of rural spatial elements, structure and function, which provides a new perspective for understanding the internal mechanism of territorial space value enhancement. The improvement of the value of territorial space depends on the stable operation of land space, which requires the comprehensive integration and optimization of land use elements, structures, functions and systems, the utilization efficiency of space elements and structures, the output benefits of multiple functions, and the overall efficiency of composite systems, which jointly support the improvement of multiple values of territorial space and maintain the sustainable development of rural social ecology. Currently, conflicts in the layout of rural land elements, imbalanced spatial structure, and disordered functional systems have led to insufficient land use efficiency, benefits, and effectiveness, making it difficult to effectively enhance the spatial value of the country. In the new era, innovative exploration of the path to enhance the value of territorial space has become an important task for rural sustainable development. Adheres to the overall logic of theoretical framework analysis, mechanism analysis, evaluation method construction, and practical application exploration. Based on the core connotation of system theory elements structure function, from the perspective of “efficiency benefit efficiency”, it explores the internal logic of rural land use transformation in promoting the enhancement of national territorial space value, it includes the logical basis of space efficiency improvement and value recognition, the logical development of functional benefit play and value translation, and the logical destination of system efficiency release and value improvement. The efficiency level of land use transformation is a quantitative indicator of the improvement of territorial space value, and it is very important to construct a scientific evaluation system and method. The enhancement of the value of rural territorial space is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, following the multi-objective value orientation of intensive and efficient production space, moderate livable living space, and beautiful ecological space, referring to the mature index system construction ideas, classification characteristics, framework content, and evaluation methods such as relevant research literature, through the level of land use spatial efficiency and functional benefits, constructs a method for evaluating the efficiency of territorial space system, a total of 48 specific indicators are used to refine the efficiency relationship withspatial bottom line, structural efficiency, functional efficiency, system service value and other indicators. For example, in terms of ecological space efficiency, the ecological process and ecosystem value are emphasized to ensure regional ecological security and stability, and uses typical villages in Xining metropolitan area as empirical cases to measure their efficiency level using entropy method and coupling coordination model. It is located in the core circle of the metropolitan area and the key area of urban-rural integration development, relying on the location advantages and resource endowment, through land element consolidation and resource development, based on leisure agriculture to create a flower and sea view area, the rapid expansion of tourism and other functional forms, to achieve the development of diversified industries and the transformation of ecological value, in the context of the complex evolution of the perspective of the metropolitan area and the relationship between urban and rural areas, it has shaped the vivid practice of rural land use transformation to promote the value of land space. In this study, field surveys, questionnaire surveys, semi-structured interviews, planning, policy text data analysis and multi-period land use data analysis were used to obtain relevant indicator data. The results show that the efficiency of the territorial space system in Shangshanzhuang Village is at the average level, but the efficiency of production space, living space and ecological space is at the medium level, and the development trend and local characteristics of single type of space are more prominent. On the other hand, it has a great correlation with the urban and rural development stage of Xining metropolitan area. At the same time, the coupling coordination degree of Shangshanzhuang Village is slightly out of balance, and the improvement type is continuously optimized, and the spatial efficiency, functional benefits and efficiency of land use space system in all dimensions still need to be further improved. Based on the element composition, structural characterization and functional system of land use, combined with the core connotation of “efficiency-benefit-effectiveness” of territorial space value enhancement, from the perspective of spatial relevance and system integrity, the resource attributes, functional attributes and system value attributes of land are organically unified, in order to deepen and enrich the theoretical understanding and practical experience of enhancing the value of territorial space under the background of rural land use transformation, and provide sustainable land use solutions for national land space governance.
With the influence of the new ruralism, the rural ecological outlook, production outlook, and life outlook have undergone a paradigm shift, rural development has entered a new stage with the goal of pursuing high-quality production, life and ecology. The process of rural land use transformation corresponds to the stage of social and economic development, reasonable land use is the key to achieving rural transformation and value enhancement, the transformation of explicit and implicit forms of land use is accompanied by the positive evolution of rural spatial elements, structure and function, which provides a new perspective for understanding the internal mechanism of territorial space value enhancement. The improvement of the value of territorial space depends on the stable operation of land space, which requires the comprehensive integration and optimization of land use elements, structures, functions and systems, the utilization efficiency of space elements and structures, the output benefits of multiple functions, and the overall efficiency of composite systems, which jointly support the improvement of multiple values of territorial space and maintain the sustainable development of rural social ecology. Currently, conflicts in the layout of rural land elements, imbalanced spatial structure, and disordered functional systems have led to insufficient land use efficiency, benefits, and effectiveness, making it difficult to effectively enhance the spatial value of the country. In the new era, innovative exploration of the path to enhance the value of territorial space has become an important task for rural sustainable development. Adheres to the overall logic of theoretical framework analysis, mechanism analysis, evaluation method construction, and practical application exploration. Based on the core connotation of system theory elements structure function, from the perspective of “efficiency benefit efficiency”, it explores the internal logic of rural land use transformation in promoting the enhancement of national territorial space value, it includes the logical basis of space efficiency improvement and value recognition, the logical development of functional benefit play and value translation, and the logical destination of system efficiency release and value improvement. The efficiency level of land use transformation is a quantitative indicator of the improvement of territorial space value, and it is very important to construct a scientific evaluation system and method. The enhancement of the value of rural territorial space is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, following the multi-objective value orientation of intensive and efficient production space, moderate livable living space, and beautiful ecological space, referring to the mature index system construction ideas, classification characteristics, framework content, and evaluation methods such as relevant research literature, through the level of land use spatial efficiency and functional benefits, constructs a method for evaluating the efficiency of territorial space system, a total of 48 specific indicators are used to refine the efficiency relationship withspatial bottom line, structural efficiency, functional efficiency, system service value and other indicators. For example, in terms of ecological space efficiency, the ecological process and ecosystem value are emphasized to ensure regional ecological security and stability, and uses typical villages in Xining metropolitan area as empirical cases to measure their efficiency level using entropy method and coupling coordination model. It is located in the core circle of the metropolitan area and the key area of urban-rural integration development, relying on the location advantages and resource endowment, through land element consolidation and resource development, based on leisure agriculture to create a flower and sea view area, the rapid expansion of tourism and other functional forms, to achieve the development of diversified industries and the transformation of ecological value, in the context of the complex evolution of the perspective of the metropolitan area and the relationship between urban and rural areas, it has shaped the vivid practice of rural land use transformation to promote the value of land space. In this study, field surveys, questionnaire surveys, semi-structured interviews, planning, policy text data analysis and multi-period land use data analysis were used to obtain relevant indicator data. The results show that the efficiency of the territorial space system in Shangshanzhuang Village is at the average level, but the efficiency of production space, living space and ecological space is at the medium level, and the development trend and local characteristics of single type of space are more prominent. On the other hand, it has a great correlation with the urban and rural development stage of Xining metropolitan area. At the same time, the coupling coordination degree of Shangshanzhuang Village is slightly out of balance, and the improvement type is continuously optimized, and the spatial efficiency, functional benefits and efficiency of land use space system in all dimensions still need to be further improved. Based on the element composition, structural characterization and functional system of land use, combined with the core connotation of “efficiency-benefit-effectiveness” of territorial space value enhancement, from the perspective of spatial relevance and system integrity, the resource attributes, functional attributes and system value attributes of land are organically unified, in order to deepen and enrich the theoretical understanding and practical experience of enhancing the value of territorial space under the background of rural land use transformation, and provide sustainable land use solutions for national land space governance.
2025(2),31-36
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250305001
Abstract:
The “three rights separation” of rural homesteads in China is a unique land management model designed to enhance land use efficiency, flexibility, and the protection of farmers’ rights. This system distinguishes between homestead ownership, qualification rights, and usage rights, with ownership retained by village collectives, qualification rights held by collective members, and usage rights transferable to other entities. While this framework has improved land utilization and provided new avenues for farmers’ welfare, it has also introduced complexities in coordinating the interests of multiple stakeholders in rural housing design.Village collectives, as the owners of homestead land, prioritize macro-value orientation, overall planning, and public facility construction. They focus on maintaining the rural landscape, ecological environment, and cultural heritage. Villagers, holding qualification and usage rights, are primarily concerned with meeting their living and production needs. They require housing that is safe, comfortable, and functional, with adequate space for both living and agricultural activities. Operating entities, which may include external businesses or individuals, seek to maximize economic benefits. Their involvement often introduces commercial functions into rural housing, such as bed-and-breakfasts, agricultural processing facilities, and other income-generating activities.To address these diverse interests, this study proposes a comprehensive strategy for rural housing design. First, a decision-making mechanism that includes representatives from village collectives, villagers, operating entities, and relevant government departments ensures that all stakeholders’ interests are considered in the planning and design process. Regular consultation meetings provide a platform for expressing needs and concerns, leading to more balanced and acceptable outcomes for all parties involved.Second, an assessment and compensation mechanism is essential. Professional teams should evaluate the impact of land transfer and housing renovation on stakeholders’ rights and interests. Based on these assessments, subsidies and compensation should be provided to those who suffer losses for the sake of public interests. This mechanism helps to ensure that the interests of all parties are balanced and that rural housing construction can proceed smoothly. Third, the integration of cultural and technological elements is crucial. Rural housing design should not only preserve traditional architectural symbols but also embody the lifestyle concepts behind them. By combining modern construction techniques with traditional elements, it is possible to enhance the functionality, economy, and comfort of rural housing while maintaining local cultural heritage. Additionally, the use of local materials and traditional craftsmanship can help preserve the rural landscape, while the application of modern technologies, such as energy-saving and prefabricated systems, can improve building performance and safety. Practical applications of these strategies can be seen in Yanqing District, Beijing. A two-level guidance framework, comprising “design guidelines” and “recommended solutions”, has been developed to balance the interests of village collectives and individual villagers. The design guidelines provide clear regulations and positive/negative lists for rural housing construction, ensuring compliance with overall planning and style requirements. The recommended solutions offer a range of design options that cater to different family structures, functional needs, and economic conditions, allowing villagers to select the most suitable designs for their specific circumstances.Demonstration projects have also played a significantrole in showcasing high-quality, adaptable housing designs. These projects serve as examples of how to integrate multiple interests and achieve a balance between functionality and aesthetics. Through on-site visits and experience-sharing activities, the positive outcomes of these projects have been disseminated, encouraging the adoption of similar approaches in other rural areas. In conclusion, rural housing design under the “three rights separation” framework must move beyond a singular focus on physical space construction. Instead, it should adopt a holistic approach that integrates ownership, space, and operational considerations. This integrated approach does not only meet the current needs of all stakeholders but also anticipate and accommodate future changes, ensuring sustainable rural development and contributing to the broader goals of rural revitalization. Future efforts should continue to refine these strategies, improve policy support systems, and strengthen collaboration among all parties involved in rural housing construction.
The “three rights separation” of rural homesteads in China is a unique land management model designed to enhance land use efficiency, flexibility, and the protection of farmers’ rights. This system distinguishes between homestead ownership, qualification rights, and usage rights, with ownership retained by village collectives, qualification rights held by collective members, and usage rights transferable to other entities. While this framework has improved land utilization and provided new avenues for farmers’ welfare, it has also introduced complexities in coordinating the interests of multiple stakeholders in rural housing design.Village collectives, as the owners of homestead land, prioritize macro-value orientation, overall planning, and public facility construction. They focus on maintaining the rural landscape, ecological environment, and cultural heritage. Villagers, holding qualification and usage rights, are primarily concerned with meeting their living and production needs. They require housing that is safe, comfortable, and functional, with adequate space for both living and agricultural activities. Operating entities, which may include external businesses or individuals, seek to maximize economic benefits. Their involvement often introduces commercial functions into rural housing, such as bed-and-breakfasts, agricultural processing facilities, and other income-generating activities.To address these diverse interests, this study proposes a comprehensive strategy for rural housing design. First, a decision-making mechanism that includes representatives from village collectives, villagers, operating entities, and relevant government departments ensures that all stakeholders’ interests are considered in the planning and design process. Regular consultation meetings provide a platform for expressing needs and concerns, leading to more balanced and acceptable outcomes for all parties involved.Second, an assessment and compensation mechanism is essential. Professional teams should evaluate the impact of land transfer and housing renovation on stakeholders’ rights and interests. Based on these assessments, subsidies and compensation should be provided to those who suffer losses for the sake of public interests. This mechanism helps to ensure that the interests of all parties are balanced and that rural housing construction can proceed smoothly. Third, the integration of cultural and technological elements is crucial. Rural housing design should not only preserve traditional architectural symbols but also embody the lifestyle concepts behind them. By combining modern construction techniques with traditional elements, it is possible to enhance the functionality, economy, and comfort of rural housing while maintaining local cultural heritage. Additionally, the use of local materials and traditional craftsmanship can help preserve the rural landscape, while the application of modern technologies, such as energy-saving and prefabricated systems, can improve building performance and safety. Practical applications of these strategies can be seen in Yanqing District, Beijing. A two-level guidance framework, comprising “design guidelines” and “recommended solutions”, has been developed to balance the interests of village collectives and individual villagers. The design guidelines provide clear regulations and positive/negative lists for rural housing construction, ensuring compliance with overall planning and style requirements. The recommended solutions offer a range of design options that cater to different family structures, functional needs, and economic conditions, allowing villagers to select the most suitable designs for their specific circumstances.Demonstration projects have also played a significantrole in showcasing high-quality, adaptable housing designs. These projects serve as examples of how to integrate multiple interests and achieve a balance between functionality and aesthetics. Through on-site visits and experience-sharing activities, the positive outcomes of these projects have been disseminated, encouraging the adoption of similar approaches in other rural areas. In conclusion, rural housing design under the “three rights separation” framework must move beyond a singular focus on physical space construction. Instead, it should adopt a holistic approach that integrates ownership, space, and operational considerations. This integrated approach does not only meet the current needs of all stakeholders but also anticipate and accommodate future changes, ensuring sustainable rural development and contributing to the broader goals of rural revitalization. Future efforts should continue to refine these strategies, improve policy support systems, and strengthen collaboration among all parties involved in rural housing construction.
2025(2),37-43
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250121005
Abstract:
With the ongoing implementation of China’s rural revitalization strategy, rural land institutions have undergone significant structural transformations—from collective ownership to household contract responsibility systems. These changes, while promoting economic modernization, have also triggered profound conflicts between land tenure reforms and the protection of traditional villages. This study investigates the underlying causes, manifestations, and coordination mechanisms of conflicts between rural land tenure arrangements and traditional village preservation, with the aim of contributing to both theoretical exploration and policy innovation.The paper begins by outlining the historical evolution and current characteristics of China’s rural land tenure system. It emphasizes the legal and institutional roots of “ownership-use separation,” whereby village collectives retain ownership of rural land while individual farmers hold use rights. This dual-rights system, while beneficial for agricultural production, introduces complications in cases where land is earmarked for development or circulation. Problems such as blurred ownership, ambiguous boundaries between rights holders, and inconsistencies in regulatory implementation frequently emerge—issues that are particularly acute in traditional village contexts where land carries both economic and cultural values. Through a systematic review of land tenure conflicts, the study identifies key tension points, including: 1) the ambiguous delineation of rights in the land certification process; 2) deficiencies in land circulation agreements, especially the absence of clauses protecting cultural heritage; 3) weak enforcement capacity at the grassroots level. Case studies—such as those from Fujian’s Yongding Tulou, Anhui’s Yixian ancient dwellings, and Guangdong’s Yongshan Village—demonstrate how failures in land governance directly lead to the degradation or loss of historical structures, village spatial patterns, and intangible heritage assets. In Yongding, for example, market-oriented land circulation after incomplete certification led to inappropriate commercial conversions of protected Tulou buildings. In Yongshan Village, oversight focused only on iconic landmarks, neglecting the interconnectedness of surrounding earthen houses, which ultimately collapsed due to long-term neglect and unregulated demolition.In analyzing these conflicts, the study frames rural land as more than a production factor—it is a carrier of identity, history, and social cohesion. The failure to integrate land tenure policy with cultural preservation imperatives reflects deeper institutional misalignments between economic development goals and heritage conservation ethics. The study explores the institutional fragmentation across government departments—namely culture, natural resources, housing and urban-rural development—and highlights the urgent need for an interdepartmental coordination mechanism to prevent administrative gaps. To reconcile economic development with cultural preservation, the paper proposes a multi-tiered coordination mechanism. First, it suggests enhancing legal protection for cultural properties in land law by classifying heritage land under special-use zones with strict regulations on use changes and development intensity. Drawing on provincial precedents (e. g., Sichuan’s Traditional Village Protection Ordinance), it proposes introducing composite property rights that recognize both land use and heritage protectionrights. Second, the study recommends refining land circulation agreements by embedding enforceable clauses on building integrity, visual coherence, and construction limits within cultural zones. The paper also argues for the institutionalization of cultural oversight in land-use change approvals, supported by realtime digital platforms for monitoring building modifications and land-use conversions. At the governance level, the paper advocates for strengthening the enforcement capacity of grassroots insti慴瑵楴潩湯?s. It identifies personnel shortages, fiscal constraints, and a lack of professional training as the main barriers to effective heritage-land governance. Solutions include dedicated training programs for village-level cadres, earmarked financial transfers for cultural protection, and the formation of interdisciplinary heritage management teams embedded within rural governance structures. Moreover, the study proposes leveraging blockchain and big data to digitize land tenure and conservation records, thus improving transparency, traceability, and accountability in land-based decisionmaking. Beyond governance structures, the study emphasizes the centrality of local residents—especially farmers—as stewards of both land and culture. By establishing benefit-sharing mechanisms that allow villagers to participate in and profit from heritage protection, the study calls for the alignment of individual incentives with collective conservation goals. Models such as village-owned cooperatives, cultural tourism dividends, and performance-based subsidies are explored as potential instruments to motivate resident participation. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of public education in fostering cultural awareness and empowering communities to advocate for their own heritage. In conclusion, the paper argues that conflicts between rural land tenure and traditional village protection stem from institutional fragmentation, legal ambiguities, and incentive misalignments. Addressing these issues requires not only technical legal reforms, but also a systemic rethinking of governance, participation, and interdepartmental coordination. The proposed coordination mechanism —combining legal innovation, grassroots capacity-building, technological support, and participatory governance—offers a roadmap for harmonizing land use and cultural preservation in the era of rural revitalization. By advancing such integrative solutions, this research contributes to the broader discourse on China’s path toward culturally sustainable rural moderniz
With the ongoing implementation of China’s rural revitalization strategy, rural land institutions have undergone significant structural transformations—from collective ownership to household contract responsibility systems. These changes, while promoting economic modernization, have also triggered profound conflicts between land tenure reforms and the protection of traditional villages. This study investigates the underlying causes, manifestations, and coordination mechanisms of conflicts between rural land tenure arrangements and traditional village preservation, with the aim of contributing to both theoretical exploration and policy innovation.The paper begins by outlining the historical evolution and current characteristics of China’s rural land tenure system. It emphasizes the legal and institutional roots of “ownership-use separation,” whereby village collectives retain ownership of rural land while individual farmers hold use rights. This dual-rights system, while beneficial for agricultural production, introduces complications in cases where land is earmarked for development or circulation. Problems such as blurred ownership, ambiguous boundaries between rights holders, and inconsistencies in regulatory implementation frequently emerge—issues that are particularly acute in traditional village contexts where land carries both economic and cultural values. Through a systematic review of land tenure conflicts, the study identifies key tension points, including: 1) the ambiguous delineation of rights in the land certification process; 2) deficiencies in land circulation agreements, especially the absence of clauses protecting cultural heritage; 3) weak enforcement capacity at the grassroots level. Case studies—such as those from Fujian’s Yongding Tulou, Anhui’s Yixian ancient dwellings, and Guangdong’s Yongshan Village—demonstrate how failures in land governance directly lead to the degradation or loss of historical structures, village spatial patterns, and intangible heritage assets. In Yongding, for example, market-oriented land circulation after incomplete certification led to inappropriate commercial conversions of protected Tulou buildings. In Yongshan Village, oversight focused only on iconic landmarks, neglecting the interconnectedness of surrounding earthen houses, which ultimately collapsed due to long-term neglect and unregulated demolition.In analyzing these conflicts, the study frames rural land as more than a production factor—it is a carrier of identity, history, and social cohesion. The failure to integrate land tenure policy with cultural preservation imperatives reflects deeper institutional misalignments between economic development goals and heritage conservation ethics. The study explores the institutional fragmentation across government departments—namely culture, natural resources, housing and urban-rural development—and highlights the urgent need for an interdepartmental coordination mechanism to prevent administrative gaps. To reconcile economic development with cultural preservation, the paper proposes a multi-tiered coordination mechanism. First, it suggests enhancing legal protection for cultural properties in land law by classifying heritage land under special-use zones with strict regulations on use changes and development intensity. Drawing on provincial precedents (e. g., Sichuan’s Traditional Village Protection Ordinance), it proposes introducing composite property rights that recognize both land use and heritage protectionrights. Second, the study recommends refining land circulation agreements by embedding enforceable clauses on building integrity, visual coherence, and construction limits within cultural zones. The paper also argues for the institutionalization of cultural oversight in land-use change approvals, supported by realtime digital platforms for monitoring building modifications and land-use conversions. At the governance level, the paper advocates for strengthening the enforcement capacity of grassroots insti慴瑵楴潩湯?s. It identifies personnel shortages, fiscal constraints, and a lack of professional training as the main barriers to effective heritage-land governance. Solutions include dedicated training programs for village-level cadres, earmarked financial transfers for cultural protection, and the formation of interdisciplinary heritage management teams embedded within rural governance structures. Moreover, the study proposes leveraging blockchain and big data to digitize land tenure and conservation records, thus improving transparency, traceability, and accountability in land-based decisionmaking. Beyond governance structures, the study emphasizes the centrality of local residents—especially farmers—as stewards of both land and culture. By establishing benefit-sharing mechanisms that allow villagers to participate in and profit from heritage protection, the study calls for the alignment of individual incentives with collective conservation goals. Models such as village-owned cooperatives, cultural tourism dividends, and performance-based subsidies are explored as potential instruments to motivate resident participation. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of public education in fostering cultural awareness and empowering communities to advocate for their own heritage. In conclusion, the paper argues that conflicts between rural land tenure and traditional village protection stem from institutional fragmentation, legal ambiguities, and incentive misalignments. Addressing these issues requires not only technical legal reforms, but also a systemic rethinking of governance, participation, and interdepartmental coordination. The proposed coordination mechanism —combining legal innovation, grassroots capacity-building, technological support, and participatory governance—offers a roadmap for harmonizing land use and cultural preservation in the era of rural revitalization. By advancing such integrative solutions, this research contributes to the broader discourse on China’s path toward culturally sustainable rural moderniz
2025(2),44-50
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20241219005
Abstract:
As China transitions from a phase of rapid economic growth to one of high-quality development, the renewal of rural industrial land has emerged as a critical issue, particularly in regions with developed private economies, such as Xiaoshan District in Zhejiang Province. This study investigates the challenges and potential solutions associated with the renewal of rural industrial land, focusing on the allocation of land development rights, which serves as the core of the interest dynamics among various stakeholders involved in the renewal process. The research identifies significant spatial challenges currently faced by rural industrial land in Zhejiang Province, including fragmented spaces, inefficient utilization, and ineffective planning. These challenges are symptomatic of deeper systemic deficiencies rooted in the decentralized ownership of land, fragmented powers and functions among various administrative levels, and ambiguous rights and responsibilities associated with land development rights under the dual framework of public and private ownership. The study highlights that these issues are exacerbated by the prevalent "public ownership, private occupation" model, which complicates the governance of rural industrial land. To address these challenges, the study emphasizes the need for a clear understanding of the mechanisms obstructing the reconstruction of land development rights and the formulation of appropriate coping strategies. Grounded in the theory of land development rights, the research constructs an analytical framework and applies it to the case of Xiaoshan District. The findings reveal three key issues that hinder effective land renewal: 1) the decentralization of ownership leads to high transaction costs for land integration, which in turn drives inefficiencies in the renewal process; 2) the separation of powers and duties creates a lack of collaborative platforms among stakeholders, impeding the overall renewal process; and 3) ambiguous power dynamics result in mismatched public goods supply, ultimately causing renewal failures.Based on these insights, this paper proposes a spatial renewal strategy centered on the mechanisms of transfer, balance, and supervision of land development rights. This strategy aims to enhance the governance of rural industrial land and facilitate the efficient allocation of spatial resources in regions with well-developed private economies. The proposed framework encourages market participation by local growth-oriented enterprises through equity investment in renewal projects, and it advocates for public-private partnerships (PPP) to leverage local industrial foundations. Additionally, the establishment of specialized industrial funds for rural industrial land renewal is recommended to promote the clustering and development of emerging industries. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of clearly delineating the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders involved in the renewal process. It suggests that the government should focus on administrative approvals, supervision, and compliance with industrial layout planning, while village collectives act as directsuppliers of land resources and beneficiaries of the associated revenues. External social capital should be viewed as project investors and profit-sharing partners. By establishing a cooperative platform that functions as a “professional manager”, the study advocates for a collaborative approach that emphasizes “co-construction, co-management, and co-sharing” as the core principles of sustainable renewal. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide actionable guidance for improving rural industrial land governance and enhancing the efficient allocation of spatial resources. The proposed strategies aim to address the systemic challenges identified in the renewal process, ensuring that rural industrial land can effectively contribute to regional economic growth while meeting the needs of local communities. As rural revitalization efforts continue to gain momentum in the context of China’s modernization, this research highlights the necessity of a balanced approach that integrates efficiency and equity in land development, ultimately fostering sustainable development in rural areas.
As China transitions from a phase of rapid economic growth to one of high-quality development, the renewal of rural industrial land has emerged as a critical issue, particularly in regions with developed private economies, such as Xiaoshan District in Zhejiang Province. This study investigates the challenges and potential solutions associated with the renewal of rural industrial land, focusing on the allocation of land development rights, which serves as the core of the interest dynamics among various stakeholders involved in the renewal process. The research identifies significant spatial challenges currently faced by rural industrial land in Zhejiang Province, including fragmented spaces, inefficient utilization, and ineffective planning. These challenges are symptomatic of deeper systemic deficiencies rooted in the decentralized ownership of land, fragmented powers and functions among various administrative levels, and ambiguous rights and responsibilities associated with land development rights under the dual framework of public and private ownership. The study highlights that these issues are exacerbated by the prevalent "public ownership, private occupation" model, which complicates the governance of rural industrial land. To address these challenges, the study emphasizes the need for a clear understanding of the mechanisms obstructing the reconstruction of land development rights and the formulation of appropriate coping strategies. Grounded in the theory of land development rights, the research constructs an analytical framework and applies it to the case of Xiaoshan District. The findings reveal three key issues that hinder effective land renewal: 1) the decentralization of ownership leads to high transaction costs for land integration, which in turn drives inefficiencies in the renewal process; 2) the separation of powers and duties creates a lack of collaborative platforms among stakeholders, impeding the overall renewal process; and 3) ambiguous power dynamics result in mismatched public goods supply, ultimately causing renewal failures.Based on these insights, this paper proposes a spatial renewal strategy centered on the mechanisms of transfer, balance, and supervision of land development rights. This strategy aims to enhance the governance of rural industrial land and facilitate the efficient allocation of spatial resources in regions with well-developed private economies. The proposed framework encourages market participation by local growth-oriented enterprises through equity investment in renewal projects, and it advocates for public-private partnerships (PPP) to leverage local industrial foundations. Additionally, the establishment of specialized industrial funds for rural industrial land renewal is recommended to promote the clustering and development of emerging industries. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of clearly delineating the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders involved in the renewal process. It suggests that the government should focus on administrative approvals, supervision, and compliance with industrial layout planning, while village collectives act as directsuppliers of land resources and beneficiaries of the associated revenues. External social capital should be viewed as project investors and profit-sharing partners. By establishing a cooperative platform that functions as a “professional manager”, the study advocates for a collaborative approach that emphasizes “co-construction, co-management, and co-sharing” as the core principles of sustainable renewal. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide actionable guidance for improving rural industrial land governance and enhancing the efficient allocation of spatial resources. The proposed strategies aim to address the systemic challenges identified in the renewal process, ensuring that rural industrial land can effectively contribute to regional economic growth while meeting the needs of local communities. As rural revitalization efforts continue to gain momentum in the context of China’s modernization, this research highlights the necessity of a balanced approach that integrates efficiency and equity in land development, ultimately fostering sustainable development in rural areas.
2025(2),51-57
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240116004
Abstract:
In recent years, people pay more attention to the environmental quality of outdoor odor. As an important factor affecting people’s outdoor recreation comfort, the quantitative measurement of odor perception is a necessary means to study the comfort level and health benefits of outdoor odor. However, the current quantification of olfactory perception faces various challenges, including the abundance and interconnectedness of olfactory perception parameters, as well as various measurement techniques and lack of standards. In order to provide reference recommendations for the selection or combined application of odor landscape research techniques in various scenes, this paper summarizes odor perception quantification techniques in three dimensions by analyzing pertinent domestic and international literature. These dimensions include odor concentration and intensity, odor range and frequency, and odor hedonic tone. In terms of odor concentration and odor intensity, odor concentration measurement is mainly based on the sniffer method, with a high degree of standardization. There are clear regulations on the training, number of sniffer and evaluation method, but there are problems such as the inability to continuously detect. In contrast, the portable odor detector has obvious advantages in timeliness and duration, and can achieve continuous detection. However, the response of the instrument to different odors is different, and the feedback values of the instrument under different odors cannot be compared with each other. At the same time, because of its high objectivity, portable odor detector has become an important auxiliary means for laboratory research on simulated odor concentration. Odor intensity is closely related to odor concentration and sensory threshold, and the quantitative method mainly relies on the subjective evaluation method combining sensory evaluation and scale. There is no unified standard for the specific procedure of the method, so the measured results are greatly affected by sample size and individual differences. In terms of odor range and odor frequency, odor range is mainly measured by Smellwalk, which can collect the perception data of fine particle size. Smellwalk are often supplemented with big data techniques such as crawling points of interest to broaden the scale of the study, or with instruments such as portable odor concentration meters to improve data objectivity. Due to the large variability of outdoor odor frequency, grid method and plume method are the main methods for odor frequency measurement, and specific execution procedures are specified by clear standards to strengthen the scientific conclusion. However, time and labor consumption are the main problems of this method, which leads to few studies on odor frequency measurement.Odor hedonic tone is the main research point of odor landscape at present, and there are many quantitative methods. Odor hedonic tone can be measured by multi-dimensional emotional model or scale, but this method cannot fully reflect the complex emotions caused by odor. In order to solve this problem, scholars combine the measurement of physiological indicators such as EEG, EDA, ECG, and fEMG to present the emotional changes caused by odor in real time. It should be noted that the measurement method of physiological indicators has high requirements on the experimental environment, and the data is limited by the accuracy of the instrument, which needs to be selected according to different scenarios.Reviewing the existing odor perception quantification technologies, subjectivity and individual differences are hard to avoid. At present, the objectivity of data is mainly improved by setting the conditions of sensorygroup members, combining odor instruments and big data technology. Therefore, in the future, the standardization research of odor sensory analysis, the integration and practice of technology methods in different fields such as artificial intelligence, medical psychology, materials and instruments will inevitably become a new research trend.
In recent years, people pay more attention to the environmental quality of outdoor odor. As an important factor affecting people’s outdoor recreation comfort, the quantitative measurement of odor perception is a necessary means to study the comfort level and health benefits of outdoor odor. However, the current quantification of olfactory perception faces various challenges, including the abundance and interconnectedness of olfactory perception parameters, as well as various measurement techniques and lack of standards. In order to provide reference recommendations for the selection or combined application of odor landscape research techniques in various scenes, this paper summarizes odor perception quantification techniques in three dimensions by analyzing pertinent domestic and international literature. These dimensions include odor concentration and intensity, odor range and frequency, and odor hedonic tone. In terms of odor concentration and odor intensity, odor concentration measurement is mainly based on the sniffer method, with a high degree of standardization. There are clear regulations on the training, number of sniffer and evaluation method, but there are problems such as the inability to continuously detect. In contrast, the portable odor detector has obvious advantages in timeliness and duration, and can achieve continuous detection. However, the response of the instrument to different odors is different, and the feedback values of the instrument under different odors cannot be compared with each other. At the same time, because of its high objectivity, portable odor detector has become an important auxiliary means for laboratory research on simulated odor concentration. Odor intensity is closely related to odor concentration and sensory threshold, and the quantitative method mainly relies on the subjective evaluation method combining sensory evaluation and scale. There is no unified standard for the specific procedure of the method, so the measured results are greatly affected by sample size and individual differences. In terms of odor range and odor frequency, odor range is mainly measured by Smellwalk, which can collect the perception data of fine particle size. Smellwalk are often supplemented with big data techniques such as crawling points of interest to broaden the scale of the study, or with instruments such as portable odor concentration meters to improve data objectivity. Due to the large variability of outdoor odor frequency, grid method and plume method are the main methods for odor frequency measurement, and specific execution procedures are specified by clear standards to strengthen the scientific conclusion. However, time and labor consumption are the main problems of this method, which leads to few studies on odor frequency measurement.Odor hedonic tone is the main research point of odor landscape at present, and there are many quantitative methods. Odor hedonic tone can be measured by multi-dimensional emotional model or scale, but this method cannot fully reflect the complex emotions caused by odor. In order to solve this problem, scholars combine the measurement of physiological indicators such as EEG, EDA, ECG, and fEMG to present the emotional changes caused by odor in real time. It should be noted that the measurement method of physiological indicators has high requirements on the experimental environment, and the data is limited by the accuracy of the instrument, which needs to be selected according to different scenarios.Reviewing the existing odor perception quantification technologies, subjectivity and individual differences are hard to avoid. At present, the objectivity of data is mainly improved by setting the conditions of sensorygroup members, combining odor instruments and big data technology. Therefore, in the future, the standardization research of odor sensory analysis, the integration and practice of technology methods in different fields such as artificial intelligence, medical psychology, materials and instruments will inevitably become a new research trend.
2025(2),58-65
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20231102001
Abstract:
China’s vast territory and vastly different climate conditions have created traditional residential buildings with regional characteristics and simple ecological experiences in different regions. Traditional residential buildings contain valuable ecological concepts that conform to nature in the construction process, and have tailored design characteristics in creating wind environments. However, over time, the performance of traditional residential buildings gradually ages and declines. Due to the lack of scientific guidance, new residential buildings have many problems in indoor thermal comfort and energy conservation. Against the backdrop of China’s dual carbon goals, drawing on the ecological wisdom of traditional residential buildings and utilizing modern technological means to regulate indoor thermal comfort through wind environment plays an important role in promoting China’s dual carbon strategy goals, inheriting the ecological construction wisdom of traditional residential buildings, and improving indoor thermal comfort. In recent years, the research team has visited representative villages in the Guanzhong area for in-depth investigation and research. Through questionnaire sorting and test data analysis, it was found that buildings in the Guanzhong area have prominent problems of summer humidity and heat. In response to this situation, strengthening natural ventilation can improve indoor thermal comfort environment. This study starts from an ecological perspective, based on the climate characteristics and spatial characteristics of narrow courtyard houses in the Guanzhong region, combined with a large number of questionnaire survey results and testing work, summarizes the typical characteristics of traditional narrow courtyard houses in Guanzhong, and establishes a typical narrow courtyard house model as the research object. With the goal of reducing building energy consumption and improving indoor thermal comfort, this study simulates and analyzes the indoor wind environment and thermal comfort distribution of typical narrow courtyard residential buildings, summarizes and verifies the ecological experience and shortcomings contained therein, and combines modern wind environment technology to optimize the spatial form and door and window openings of typical narrow courtyard residential buildings from the perspective of summer ventilation while maintaining regional characteristics. At the same time, to avoid winter heat loss caused by improved ventilation effect in summer, from the perspective of winter wind protection, an optimization strategy for the airtightness of enclosure structures is proposed to achieve indoor comfort. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) Simulating and calculating the summer wind speed of typical narrow courtyard houses in the Guanzhong area. From the simulation results, it can be seen that the narrow outdoor courtyard of narrow courtyard houses has good ventilation effect. However, due to the lack of reasonable design, the natural wind in the courtyard is difficult to enter the indoor space. Except for the main room with a weak wind speed of 0.011-0.062 m/s, the other rooms in the narrow courtyard are basically in a calm wind state. This layout is very beneficial for winter building wind protection,but it also leads to poor ventilation inside the room in summer. (2) A wind environment ecological optimization strategy is proposed for typical narrow courtyard residential buildings. After analysis and simulation verification, it can be concluded that a reasonable courtyard layout and door and window positions can ensure good natural ventilation indoors. When the distance between the main room and the wing room is adjusted to 3 m, the doors and windows of the wing room are arranged at a 90 ° angle, and windows are opened towards the optimized small courtyard. At the same time, external windows are added to the main room and living room walls, which can increase the average indoor wind speed of narrow courtyard residential buildings in summer by 0.1-0.2 m/s. While strengthening indoor ventilation in summer, to avoid heat loss in winter, improving the airtightness of the original enclosure structure can effectively prevent cold air infiltration and resist winter cold winds. Considering the dense layout of residential buildings in Guanzhong Narrow Courtyard, a simulation analysis was conducted on typical buildings under the obstruction of surrounding buildings. The results showed that the group buildings had a certain blocking effect on incoming air. However, the narrow scale of streets and alleys and the shape of narrow courtyards can still introduce natural wind into the interior of the building group. By relying on the internal narrow courtyard wind environment, the ventilation inside the room can be effectively driven. (3)After ecological optimization, the indoor thermal comfort of narrow courtyard residential buildings has been significantly improved. After optimization, the average indoor PMV of narrow courtyard residential buildings in summer decreased from 2.44 to below 1, and the number of indoor thermal comfort hours in winter significantly increased. The average indoor PMV increased from -1.23 to -1.08. (4)After optimization, the cumulative energy consumption of narrow courtyard residential buildings decreased by 26.34 kW · h/m2 throughout the year. Compared with before optimization, the summer cooling load decreased by 5.93 kW · h/m2, and the winter heating load decreased by 13.8 kW · h/m2. This effectively utilizes natural ventilation to reduce building energy consumption, which is of great significance for promoting the ecological process of traditional residential buildings in the Guanzhong region.
China’s vast territory and vastly different climate conditions have created traditional residential buildings with regional characteristics and simple ecological experiences in different regions. Traditional residential buildings contain valuable ecological concepts that conform to nature in the construction process, and have tailored design characteristics in creating wind environments. However, over time, the performance of traditional residential buildings gradually ages and declines. Due to the lack of scientific guidance, new residential buildings have many problems in indoor thermal comfort and energy conservation. Against the backdrop of China’s dual carbon goals, drawing on the ecological wisdom of traditional residential buildings and utilizing modern technological means to regulate indoor thermal comfort through wind environment plays an important role in promoting China’s dual carbon strategy goals, inheriting the ecological construction wisdom of traditional residential buildings, and improving indoor thermal comfort. In recent years, the research team has visited representative villages in the Guanzhong area for in-depth investigation and research. Through questionnaire sorting and test data analysis, it was found that buildings in the Guanzhong area have prominent problems of summer humidity and heat. In response to this situation, strengthening natural ventilation can improve indoor thermal comfort environment. This study starts from an ecological perspective, based on the climate characteristics and spatial characteristics of narrow courtyard houses in the Guanzhong region, combined with a large number of questionnaire survey results and testing work, summarizes the typical characteristics of traditional narrow courtyard houses in Guanzhong, and establishes a typical narrow courtyard house model as the research object. With the goal of reducing building energy consumption and improving indoor thermal comfort, this study simulates and analyzes the indoor wind environment and thermal comfort distribution of typical narrow courtyard residential buildings, summarizes and verifies the ecological experience and shortcomings contained therein, and combines modern wind environment technology to optimize the spatial form and door and window openings of typical narrow courtyard residential buildings from the perspective of summer ventilation while maintaining regional characteristics. At the same time, to avoid winter heat loss caused by improved ventilation effect in summer, from the perspective of winter wind protection, an optimization strategy for the airtightness of enclosure structures is proposed to achieve indoor comfort. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) Simulating and calculating the summer wind speed of typical narrow courtyard houses in the Guanzhong area. From the simulation results, it can be seen that the narrow outdoor courtyard of narrow courtyard houses has good ventilation effect. However, due to the lack of reasonable design, the natural wind in the courtyard is difficult to enter the indoor space. Except for the main room with a weak wind speed of 0.011-0.062 m/s, the other rooms in the narrow courtyard are basically in a calm wind state. This layout is very beneficial for winter building wind protection,but it also leads to poor ventilation inside the room in summer. (2) A wind environment ecological optimization strategy is proposed for typical narrow courtyard residential buildings. After analysis and simulation verification, it can be concluded that a reasonable courtyard layout and door and window positions can ensure good natural ventilation indoors. When the distance between the main room and the wing room is adjusted to 3 m, the doors and windows of the wing room are arranged at a 90 ° angle, and windows are opened towards the optimized small courtyard. At the same time, external windows are added to the main room and living room walls, which can increase the average indoor wind speed of narrow courtyard residential buildings in summer by 0.1-0.2 m/s. While strengthening indoor ventilation in summer, to avoid heat loss in winter, improving the airtightness of the original enclosure structure can effectively prevent cold air infiltration and resist winter cold winds. Considering the dense layout of residential buildings in Guanzhong Narrow Courtyard, a simulation analysis was conducted on typical buildings under the obstruction of surrounding buildings. The results showed that the group buildings had a certain blocking effect on incoming air. However, the narrow scale of streets and alleys and the shape of narrow courtyards can still introduce natural wind into the interior of the building group. By relying on the internal narrow courtyard wind environment, the ventilation inside the room can be effectively driven. (3)After ecological optimization, the indoor thermal comfort of narrow courtyard residential buildings has been significantly improved. After optimization, the average indoor PMV of narrow courtyard residential buildings in summer decreased from 2.44 to below 1, and the number of indoor thermal comfort hours in winter significantly increased. The average indoor PMV increased from -1.23 to -1.08. (4)After optimization, the cumulative energy consumption of narrow courtyard residential buildings decreased by 26.34 kW · h/m2 throughout the year. Compared with before optimization, the summer cooling load decreased by 5.93 kW · h/m2, and the winter heating load decreased by 13.8 kW · h/m2. This effectively utilizes natural ventilation to reduce building energy consumption, which is of great significance for promoting the ecological process of traditional residential buildings in the Guanzhong region.
2025(2),66-72
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240106001
Abstract:
Since the Qin and Han dynasties, Chinese scholars have been subjected to strict discipline under the centralised system, and their gardening activities have gradually become an important vehicle for balancing the conflicts between the scholars and the private sector, and for supporting their spiritual needs. Whether it is the ‘solo pleasure’ of being alone or the ‘mass pleasure’ of elegant gatherings and associations, all of them reflect the health concepts of the scholars in pursuit of physical and mental harmony and the realisation of the ‘spirit of internal guardianship’. However, the current academic research on the health value of traditional gardens is still in its infancy, mostly based on health, feng shui and other ideological analyses, the lack of systematic theories and the connection of modern healthy living environment. At the same time, globalised research on healthy human environments has formed a mature paradigm, and the health value of traditional gardens urgently needs to be explored in depth, with a view to providing theoretical support for contemporary design. This study aims to explore the health value of the two modes of traditional Chinese gardens, namely ‘solo happiness’ and ‘group happiness’, and to reveal their internal mechanisms and ways of functioning through the analysis of the historical picture. Combined with the needs of contemporary society, the study analyses the implications of traditional gardening activities for the construction of modern healthy living environments, so as to provide a reference for the construction of a theoretical system of healthy gardens with Chinese characteristics. Specifically, the study focuses on the following questions. How did the scholars regulate their body and mind through garden activities? How do different environmental selection preferences affect health benefits? How do the health values of traditional gardens integrate with modern health theories?The study takes paintings from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, as well as literary and historical materials as samples, and adopts a multidisciplinary approach to analyse them. Firstly, representative historical scenes such as Qiu Ying’s ‘Picture of the Garden of Solitude’ and Wen Zhengming’s ‘Picture of Cultivating the Purification of the Orchid Pavilion’ are selected to analyse the spatial characteristics and behavioural patterns of garden activities in conjunction with Sima Guang’s ‘Record of the Garden of Solitude’ and Wang Xizhi’s ‘Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Setting’, and other literature. Secondly, we use iconographic methods to analyse the symbolic meanings of architectural scales, landscape layouts and character interactions in paintings; and through literature analysis methods, we sort out the health ideas embedded in poems and garden records. In addition, the theory of environmental psychology is introduced to explore the mechanism of the role of garden space on emotional recovery and social support, and compared with modern concepts of healing landscape and horticultural therapy to refine the scientific nature of traditional wisdom.The study found that the first is the ‘solitude’ mode: smallscale spaces create a quiet atmosphere and strengthen the experience of the five senses through a sense of enclosure and the delicate design of natural elements. This kind of environment encouragespeople to focus on themselves, realising the spiritual sublimation of ‘unity of things’ and relieving anxiety and stress. The second is the mode of ‘crowded joy’: the ‘goblet’ activity uses the meandering stream as a medium to build an intimate and cohesive space for social interaction. Literati groups not only strengthen their social connections through poetry and wine, but also channel negative emotions through natural perception and collective interaction. Finally, there is the dual dimension of health value: traditional gardens form the health mechanism of ‘physical and mental co-nourishment’ through the complementarity of ‘solo happiness’ and ‘group happiness’, where the space for solitude meets the needs of individual spiritual inner guardianship, and the space for social interaction strengthens the group's emotional and emotional well-being. The space for solitude meets the individual's need for spiritual inner protection, while the space for socialising strengthens the group’s emotional belonging.The significance of the study is as follows. Firstly, theoretical value: it fills the gap of traditional research on health value of gardens, constructs an analytical framework centred on ‘demand-value-practice’, and deepens the interdisciplinary integration of garden history and health science. Secondly,practical significance it provides a reference path for contemporary health garden design. In terms of space creation, the small-scale enclosure strategy of ‘Duluo Park’ can be used to design a quiet healing space; and the mobility layout of ‘Qu Shui Liu Goblet’ can be used to build an open scene for socialising. In terms of cultural heritage, the concept of balancing ‘uniqueness and universality’ can be integrated into modern landscapes to meet the needs of diverse groups, such as community gardens that balance private corners and public activity areas. In terms of policy reference, we can respond to the strategy of ‘Healthy China’, promote the application of traditional health wisdom in the ‘Healthy Building Evaluation Standards’ and other systems, and enhance the mental health support function of the living environment. Thirdly, the mission of the times: the research is to learn from the past and emphasise the contemporary transformation of the health value of traditional gardens, and to contribute Chinese solutions to the construction of a global healthy living environment. By exploring the universal logic of ‘happiness for all and happiness for all’, the study will provide cultural resources and design inspiration to alleviate social problems such as loneliness and social alienation of modern urban people.
Since the Qin and Han dynasties, Chinese scholars have been subjected to strict discipline under the centralised system, and their gardening activities have gradually become an important vehicle for balancing the conflicts between the scholars and the private sector, and for supporting their spiritual needs. Whether it is the ‘solo pleasure’ of being alone or the ‘mass pleasure’ of elegant gatherings and associations, all of them reflect the health concepts of the scholars in pursuit of physical and mental harmony and the realisation of the ‘spirit of internal guardianship’. However, the current academic research on the health value of traditional gardens is still in its infancy, mostly based on health, feng shui and other ideological analyses, the lack of systematic theories and the connection of modern healthy living environment. At the same time, globalised research on healthy human environments has formed a mature paradigm, and the health value of traditional gardens urgently needs to be explored in depth, with a view to providing theoretical support for contemporary design. This study aims to explore the health value of the two modes of traditional Chinese gardens, namely ‘solo happiness’ and ‘group happiness’, and to reveal their internal mechanisms and ways of functioning through the analysis of the historical picture. Combined with the needs of contemporary society, the study analyses the implications of traditional gardening activities for the construction of modern healthy living environments, so as to provide a reference for the construction of a theoretical system of healthy gardens with Chinese characteristics. Specifically, the study focuses on the following questions. How did the scholars regulate their body and mind through garden activities? How do different environmental selection preferences affect health benefits? How do the health values of traditional gardens integrate with modern health theories?The study takes paintings from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, as well as literary and historical materials as samples, and adopts a multidisciplinary approach to analyse them. Firstly, representative historical scenes such as Qiu Ying’s ‘Picture of the Garden of Solitude’ and Wen Zhengming’s ‘Picture of Cultivating the Purification of the Orchid Pavilion’ are selected to analyse the spatial characteristics and behavioural patterns of garden activities in conjunction with Sima Guang’s ‘Record of the Garden of Solitude’ and Wang Xizhi’s ‘Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Setting’, and other literature. Secondly, we use iconographic methods to analyse the symbolic meanings of architectural scales, landscape layouts and character interactions in paintings; and through literature analysis methods, we sort out the health ideas embedded in poems and garden records. In addition, the theory of environmental psychology is introduced to explore the mechanism of the role of garden space on emotional recovery and social support, and compared with modern concepts of healing landscape and horticultural therapy to refine the scientific nature of traditional wisdom.The study found that the first is the ‘solitude’ mode: smallscale spaces create a quiet atmosphere and strengthen the experience of the five senses through a sense of enclosure and the delicate design of natural elements. This kind of environment encouragespeople to focus on themselves, realising the spiritual sublimation of ‘unity of things’ and relieving anxiety and stress. The second is the mode of ‘crowded joy’: the ‘goblet’ activity uses the meandering stream as a medium to build an intimate and cohesive space for social interaction. Literati groups not only strengthen their social connections through poetry and wine, but also channel negative emotions through natural perception and collective interaction. Finally, there is the dual dimension of health value: traditional gardens form the health mechanism of ‘physical and mental co-nourishment’ through the complementarity of ‘solo happiness’ and ‘group happiness’, where the space for solitude meets the needs of individual spiritual inner guardianship, and the space for social interaction strengthens the group's emotional and emotional well-being. The space for solitude meets the individual's need for spiritual inner protection, while the space for socialising strengthens the group’s emotional belonging.The significance of the study is as follows. Firstly, theoretical value: it fills the gap of traditional research on health value of gardens, constructs an analytical framework centred on ‘demand-value-practice’, and deepens the interdisciplinary integration of garden history and health science. Secondly,practical significance it provides a reference path for contemporary health garden design. In terms of space creation, the small-scale enclosure strategy of ‘Duluo Park’ can be used to design a quiet healing space; and the mobility layout of ‘Qu Shui Liu Goblet’ can be used to build an open scene for socialising. In terms of cultural heritage, the concept of balancing ‘uniqueness and universality’ can be integrated into modern landscapes to meet the needs of diverse groups, such as community gardens that balance private corners and public activity areas. In terms of policy reference, we can respond to the strategy of ‘Healthy China’, promote the application of traditional health wisdom in the ‘Healthy Building Evaluation Standards’ and other systems, and enhance the mental health support function of the living environment. Thirdly, the mission of the times: the research is to learn from the past and emphasise the contemporary transformation of the health value of traditional gardens, and to contribute Chinese solutions to the construction of a global healthy living environment. By exploring the universal logic of ‘happiness for all and happiness for all’, the study will provide cultural resources and design inspiration to alleviate social problems such as loneliness and social alienation of modern urban people.
2025(2),73-80
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240327003
Abstract:
With the rapid advancement of urbanization, green public spaces in urban environments have become crucial mediums for children to connect with nature. Creating child-friendly green spaces is an essential aspect of promoting the construction of child-friendly cities. This paper aims to review the literature on child-friendly green space over the past 20 years from a global perspective, summarize the core issues and viewpoints at home and abroad, compare the similarities and differences between domestic and overseas research topics and their causes, and look forward to future research trends. First, this paper screened the literature following the reporting criteria and standards of the systematic review (PRISMA) guidelines, using the Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) as databases, and obtained 1 047 English literature and 162 Chinese literature through identification, screening, qualification review, and inclusion steps. CiteSpace was used to conduct bibliometric analysis, and the specific analysis content included the frequency and centrality of publication countries, keyword clustering timeline analysis, keyword time zone analysis, etc. Through the visualization of the analysis results, hot spot analysis and trend prediction of the current research status in the research field is assisted. The study found that the international core issues can be summarized as focusing on the exploration of the spatial composition characteristics of community green spaces, the multi-dimensional interpretation of child-friendly attributes, and the evaluation and measurement methods of space and population, that is, the research on the three levels of “space”, “population” and “method”. Child-friendly urban green space has also received widespread attention in China. Domestic scholars are more concerned with issues of “space” and “people”, namely, the discussion of child-friendly spatial characteristics and the interpretation of child-friendly attributes, which can be specifically summarized as expanding spatial scale, differentiating community issues, focusing on friendly attributes, and changing group perspectives. Next, this article makes a comprehensive comparison of international and domestic research topics, and analyzes the reasons for their differences from the perspectives of social environment, cultural background, and policy orientation. At the spatial level, among the various types of urban green spaces, domestic and foreign researchers have unanimously chosen community green spaces as the main type of research object. Under the guidance of national policies and social needs such as China’s high-quality development and stock renewal, domestic community issues focus on renewal topics such as “community renewal” and “old residential areas” in old urban areas. In addition, the green spaces that domestic scholars are concerned about cover more types and have more diverse spatial scales, including both large-scale urban comprehensive parks and small-scale pocket parks that have received increasing attention in recent years. In terms of the interpretation of child-friendly attributes, international research has the characteristics of an early start, a wide range of topics, and interdisciplinary development, including the growth and development of children, physical and mental health, behavioral ability, educational development, etc. Compared with foreign topics, the researchfocus of domestic scholars on child-friendly attributes is relatively limited, mainly focusing on children’s physical activities and social activities. In addition, as China’s social population structure has entered a state of moderate aging, research on urban green space that is friendly to the elderly and children from the perspective of intergenerational integration has also emerged. In terms of research methods, foreign research has a more mature use of evaluation scales and technical methods, while the use of evaluation scales in domestic research is slightly insufficient. The rational application of various evaluation scales is crucial to the accuracy, effectiveness, and scientificity of research data acquisition. Finally, based on the review and comparison of research hotspots at home and abroad, combined with research trends and emerging technical methods in recent years, this article predicts the research trends of child-friendly green spaces in the future from the following three points. Fistly, green space tends to be “multi-scale” and “refined”. Research should include green spaces of various scales and types in the scope of child-friendly research, and solve the problem of creating child-friendly spaces at different scales in a targeted manner. It should rationally use various spatial information acquisition methods and technical means to achieve refined and efficient spatial information analysis and calculation. Secondly, child-friendliness tends to be “full-dimensional” and “staged”. Regarding Maslow’s needs theory, child-friendly attributes can be interpreted in full dimensions, namely, children’ growth (physiological needs), children’s health (safety needs), children’s behavior (social needs), children’s education (respect needs) and children’s social participation (self-actualization needs). In addition, it is urgent to establish a development, growth, health, and other topic-related system that is consistent with the age level of children based on the comprehensive ability characteristics of children at different age stages, to promote the generation of more directional and targeted research conclusions. Thirdly, evaluation methods tend to be “standardized” and “diversified”. Child-related evaluation measures need to be included in internationally recognized standardized evaluation scales and assessment tools to achieve comparability of research results at home and abroad. Domestic child-friendly green space evaluation needs to establish a more diversified indicator system and evaluation standards.
With the rapid advancement of urbanization, green public spaces in urban environments have become crucial mediums for children to connect with nature. Creating child-friendly green spaces is an essential aspect of promoting the construction of child-friendly cities. This paper aims to review the literature on child-friendly green space over the past 20 years from a global perspective, summarize the core issues and viewpoints at home and abroad, compare the similarities and differences between domestic and overseas research topics and their causes, and look forward to future research trends. First, this paper screened the literature following the reporting criteria and standards of the systematic review (PRISMA) guidelines, using the Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) as databases, and obtained 1 047 English literature and 162 Chinese literature through identification, screening, qualification review, and inclusion steps. CiteSpace was used to conduct bibliometric analysis, and the specific analysis content included the frequency and centrality of publication countries, keyword clustering timeline analysis, keyword time zone analysis, etc. Through the visualization of the analysis results, hot spot analysis and trend prediction of the current research status in the research field is assisted. The study found that the international core issues can be summarized as focusing on the exploration of the spatial composition characteristics of community green spaces, the multi-dimensional interpretation of child-friendly attributes, and the evaluation and measurement methods of space and population, that is, the research on the three levels of “space”, “population” and “method”. Child-friendly urban green space has also received widespread attention in China. Domestic scholars are more concerned with issues of “space” and “people”, namely, the discussion of child-friendly spatial characteristics and the interpretation of child-friendly attributes, which can be specifically summarized as expanding spatial scale, differentiating community issues, focusing on friendly attributes, and changing group perspectives. Next, this article makes a comprehensive comparison of international and domestic research topics, and analyzes the reasons for their differences from the perspectives of social environment, cultural background, and policy orientation. At the spatial level, among the various types of urban green spaces, domestic and foreign researchers have unanimously chosen community green spaces as the main type of research object. Under the guidance of national policies and social needs such as China’s high-quality development and stock renewal, domestic community issues focus on renewal topics such as “community renewal” and “old residential areas” in old urban areas. In addition, the green spaces that domestic scholars are concerned about cover more types and have more diverse spatial scales, including both large-scale urban comprehensive parks and small-scale pocket parks that have received increasing attention in recent years. In terms of the interpretation of child-friendly attributes, international research has the characteristics of an early start, a wide range of topics, and interdisciplinary development, including the growth and development of children, physical and mental health, behavioral ability, educational development, etc. Compared with foreign topics, the researchfocus of domestic scholars on child-friendly attributes is relatively limited, mainly focusing on children’s physical activities and social activities. In addition, as China’s social population structure has entered a state of moderate aging, research on urban green space that is friendly to the elderly and children from the perspective of intergenerational integration has also emerged. In terms of research methods, foreign research has a more mature use of evaluation scales and technical methods, while the use of evaluation scales in domestic research is slightly insufficient. The rational application of various evaluation scales is crucial to the accuracy, effectiveness, and scientificity of research data acquisition. Finally, based on the review and comparison of research hotspots at home and abroad, combined with research trends and emerging technical methods in recent years, this article predicts the research trends of child-friendly green spaces in the future from the following three points. Fistly, green space tends to be “multi-scale” and “refined”. Research should include green spaces of various scales and types in the scope of child-friendly research, and solve the problem of creating child-friendly spaces at different scales in a targeted manner. It should rationally use various spatial information acquisition methods and technical means to achieve refined and efficient spatial information analysis and calculation. Secondly, child-friendliness tends to be “full-dimensional” and “staged”. Regarding Maslow’s needs theory, child-friendly attributes can be interpreted in full dimensions, namely, children’ growth (physiological needs), children’s health (safety needs), children’s behavior (social needs), children’s education (respect needs) and children’s social participation (self-actualization needs). In addition, it is urgent to establish a development, growth, health, and other topic-related system that is consistent with the age level of children based on the comprehensive ability characteristics of children at different age stages, to promote the generation of more directional and targeted research conclusions. Thirdly, evaluation methods tend to be “standardized” and “diversified”. Child-related evaluation measures need to be included in internationally recognized standardized evaluation scales and assessment tools to achieve comparability of research results at home and abroad. Domestic child-friendly green space evaluation needs to establish a more diversified indicator system and evaluation standards.
2025(2),81-87
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240229004
Abstract:
With the rapid development of urbanization and the transportation, cities are increasingly vulnerable to a variety of public health emergencies. Due to the limit of current knowledge about emerging pathogenic microorganisms, it is challenging to implement timely, accurate, and effective control strategies to prevent the outbreak of infectious diseases in their early stages. To enhance urban resilience and improve the capacity to deal with public health emergencies, this study reviews the literature to summarize the principles and applications of a novel environmental monitoring method— wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), focusing on the research progress of WBE in the prevention and control of major infectious disease outbreaks. This study provides a detailed analysis of the current situation of public health emergency early warning and monitoring systems as well as urban drainage systems in China. Furthermore, it proposes to establish a public health surveillance system based on WBE technology to promote the urban resilience. It also verifies the feasibility of this surveillance system and provide suggestions for the future development. Firstly, the structure and arrangement of underground drainage pipe network system in typical communities in domestic cities and towns are investigated at a graded level to analyze the characteristics of the division of urban community units in China and to obtain the spatial distribution pattern of the laying of the municipal pipe network system in China’s communities. Secondly, because the phenomenon of infiltration into the drainage network is more serious in China, which may dilute the concentration of viral RNA in sewage and affect the accuracy of the WBE monitoring results, consideration can be given to setting up additional sewage sampling points in communities with high population mobility or dense populations that are at risk of potential epidemic transmission. Thirdly, given the potential uncertainty of WBE technology, it is necessary to further delineate the suspected community based on the diagnosis and treatment data from community hospitals, first- and second-tier hospitals, and hospitals for infectious diseases in the area after the initial identification of the suspected risk area, and to send investigators to conduct epidemiological traceability investigations in the suspected risk area. The WBE technology can provide objective information on the health or infection status of the population for the early warning, prediction and surveillance system of public health emergencies through the detection of viruses and their markers in wastewater, which is of potential application value and possibility. Nevertheless, due to the limitations of the existing drainage system and sewage detection technology, there has not been any practical application of WBE-based public health event monitoring system in China. Based on the relevant research results at home and abroad and the future development of China’s drainage system, this study introduces the principle and application of WBE technology in detail, and based on the collection and processing capacity of China’s drainage system, makes suggestions on the specific implementation program of WBE technology and the construction of the urban public health emergency monitoring system in the hope of providing theoretical support to enhance the city’s resistance to the impacts of sudden and major public health events.
With the rapid development of urbanization and the transportation, cities are increasingly vulnerable to a variety of public health emergencies. Due to the limit of current knowledge about emerging pathogenic microorganisms, it is challenging to implement timely, accurate, and effective control strategies to prevent the outbreak of infectious diseases in their early stages. To enhance urban resilience and improve the capacity to deal with public health emergencies, this study reviews the literature to summarize the principles and applications of a novel environmental monitoring method— wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), focusing on the research progress of WBE in the prevention and control of major infectious disease outbreaks. This study provides a detailed analysis of the current situation of public health emergency early warning and monitoring systems as well as urban drainage systems in China. Furthermore, it proposes to establish a public health surveillance system based on WBE technology to promote the urban resilience. It also verifies the feasibility of this surveillance system and provide suggestions for the future development. Firstly, the structure and arrangement of underground drainage pipe network system in typical communities in domestic cities and towns are investigated at a graded level to analyze the characteristics of the division of urban community units in China and to obtain the spatial distribution pattern of the laying of the municipal pipe network system in China’s communities. Secondly, because the phenomenon of infiltration into the drainage network is more serious in China, which may dilute the concentration of viral RNA in sewage and affect the accuracy of the WBE monitoring results, consideration can be given to setting up additional sewage sampling points in communities with high population mobility or dense populations that are at risk of potential epidemic transmission. Thirdly, given the potential uncertainty of WBE technology, it is necessary to further delineate the suspected community based on the diagnosis and treatment data from community hospitals, first- and second-tier hospitals, and hospitals for infectious diseases in the area after the initial identification of the suspected risk area, and to send investigators to conduct epidemiological traceability investigations in the suspected risk area. The WBE technology can provide objective information on the health or infection status of the population for the early warning, prediction and surveillance system of public health emergencies through the detection of viruses and their markers in wastewater, which is of potential application value and possibility. Nevertheless, due to the limitations of the existing drainage system and sewage detection technology, there has not been any practical application of WBE-based public health event monitoring system in China. Based on the relevant research results at home and abroad and the future development of China’s drainage system, this study introduces the principle and application of WBE technology in detail, and based on the collection and processing capacity of China’s drainage system, makes suggestions on the specific implementation program of WBE technology and the construction of the urban public health emergency monitoring system in the hope of providing theoretical support to enhance the city’s resistance to the impacts of sudden and major public health events.
2025(2),88-96
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240827002
Abstract:
As global urbanization accelerates, the sustainable renewal of urban communities has emerged as a central focus in urban development. Sustainability assessment, encompassing design, construction, and management, serves as a vital quantitative tool for monitoring urban renewal processes and fostering sustainable community development. In recent years, governments and research institutions worldwide have developed various assessment systems to advance urban sustainability, ranging from tools for individual buildings to entire cities. This study begins by reviewing exemplary cases of sustainable urban community renewal, such as the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City and Masdar City in the UAE. These projects, by adopting sustainability assessment tools tailored to local climates, economies, and cultures, have successfully achieved holistic community sustainability. In contrast, projects lacking robust assessment frameworks often face challenges, such as ambiguous objectives and implementation difficulties. The study further examines established sustainability assessment systems, including LEED-ND, BREEAM Communities, and DGNB-NS, which address areas such as historic district revitalization, environmental improvements, and optimizing built environments. Despite their global prominence, these standards are largely designed for developed countries and struggle to address China’s unique urban renewal challenges, including aging infrastructure, residential environment upgrades, and transportation network optimization. Furthermore, community-scale assessment systems remain underdeveloped, offering limited applicability and maturity compared to tools for buildings or entire cities. Given the distinct social, economic, and environmental characteristics of cities, existing frameworks often fail to capture the specific conditions of Chinese urban communities due to subjective judgments and regional constraints. Therefore, developing a sustainability assessment system tailored to China’s context is a critical task for guiding community renewal and promoting sustainable development. This study proposes a comprehensive assessment framework for urban community renewal in China, offering precise guidance for sustainable development. By integrating qualitative expert input with quantitative analysis, the study establishes a multidimensional, hierarchical structure of sustainability indicator framework. Key indicators are identified through methods such as the Delphi technique, expert scoring, and literature reviews. Appropriate weights are assigned based on the relative impacts of various factors, using expert knowledge, practical experiences, and mathematical modeling. The framework evaluates community sustainability through quantitative analysis of indicators and aggregates these scores using weighted coefficients to derive an overall score. This process identifies communities requiring priority renewal and highlights critical issues, providing actionable insights for tailored renewal strategies. The framework emphasizes addressing key indicators with significant impacts while incorporating expert perspectives and resident needs to develop targeted solutions. Specifically, the assessment framework comprises four levels—objective, criteria, sub-criteria, and indicators—spanning three core dimensions: environmental ecology, social inclusion, and economicvitality. At the criteria level, core components such as land use, green buildings, and industrial vitality are analyzed. The sub-criteria level captures the community’s actual conditions, while the indicator level includes specific, measurable indicators linked to data collection and analysis. This framework includes three objective layers, 11 criteria layers, 26 sub-criteria layers, and 65 detailed indicators. The environmental ecology dimension evaluates aspects such as land use, green buildings, transportation, resource efficiency, and landscapes. The social inclusion dimension assesses residential environments, social services, safety, and operational management. The economic vitality dimension focuses on economic growth and industrial development. Additionally, the framework introduces an innovative bonus mechanism to encourage the integration of unique local characteristics and indicators. In addition, effective weight allocation is crucial given the varying influence of different factors. The study applies multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, including TOPSIS, VIKOR, and GRA for objective weighting, and AHP, ANP, and BWM for subjective weighting. The chosen or integration of these methods ensures a balanced and scientific approach to weight allocation, enhancing decision-making accuracy in complex renewal scenarios. By analyzing community sustainability scores and indicators, the framework identifies priority renewal areas and critical issues. This provides a foundation for developing cost-effective and issue-specific strategies. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of involving community residents and neighborhood committees in refining the framework to align it with actual needs. In the digital era, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies offer transformative potential for sustainability assessments in urban renewal. AI can support data monitoring, processing, decision-making, and resident engagement, contributing to sustainable community development. Future research should further explore AI’s application in advancing intelligent and sustainable urban community renewal.
As global urbanization accelerates, the sustainable renewal of urban communities has emerged as a central focus in urban development. Sustainability assessment, encompassing design, construction, and management, serves as a vital quantitative tool for monitoring urban renewal processes and fostering sustainable community development. In recent years, governments and research institutions worldwide have developed various assessment systems to advance urban sustainability, ranging from tools for individual buildings to entire cities. This study begins by reviewing exemplary cases of sustainable urban community renewal, such as the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City and Masdar City in the UAE. These projects, by adopting sustainability assessment tools tailored to local climates, economies, and cultures, have successfully achieved holistic community sustainability. In contrast, projects lacking robust assessment frameworks often face challenges, such as ambiguous objectives and implementation difficulties. The study further examines established sustainability assessment systems, including LEED-ND, BREEAM Communities, and DGNB-NS, which address areas such as historic district revitalization, environmental improvements, and optimizing built environments. Despite their global prominence, these standards are largely designed for developed countries and struggle to address China’s unique urban renewal challenges, including aging infrastructure, residential environment upgrades, and transportation network optimization. Furthermore, community-scale assessment systems remain underdeveloped, offering limited applicability and maturity compared to tools for buildings or entire cities. Given the distinct social, economic, and environmental characteristics of cities, existing frameworks often fail to capture the specific conditions of Chinese urban communities due to subjective judgments and regional constraints. Therefore, developing a sustainability assessment system tailored to China’s context is a critical task for guiding community renewal and promoting sustainable development. This study proposes a comprehensive assessment framework for urban community renewal in China, offering precise guidance for sustainable development. By integrating qualitative expert input with quantitative analysis, the study establishes a multidimensional, hierarchical structure of sustainability indicator framework. Key indicators are identified through methods such as the Delphi technique, expert scoring, and literature reviews. Appropriate weights are assigned based on the relative impacts of various factors, using expert knowledge, practical experiences, and mathematical modeling. The framework evaluates community sustainability through quantitative analysis of indicators and aggregates these scores using weighted coefficients to derive an overall score. This process identifies communities requiring priority renewal and highlights critical issues, providing actionable insights for tailored renewal strategies. The framework emphasizes addressing key indicators with significant impacts while incorporating expert perspectives and resident needs to develop targeted solutions. Specifically, the assessment framework comprises four levels—objective, criteria, sub-criteria, and indicators—spanning three core dimensions: environmental ecology, social inclusion, and economicvitality. At the criteria level, core components such as land use, green buildings, and industrial vitality are analyzed. The sub-criteria level captures the community’s actual conditions, while the indicator level includes specific, measurable indicators linked to data collection and analysis. This framework includes three objective layers, 11 criteria layers, 26 sub-criteria layers, and 65 detailed indicators. The environmental ecology dimension evaluates aspects such as land use, green buildings, transportation, resource efficiency, and landscapes. The social inclusion dimension assesses residential environments, social services, safety, and operational management. The economic vitality dimension focuses on economic growth and industrial development. Additionally, the framework introduces an innovative bonus mechanism to encourage the integration of unique local characteristics and indicators. In addition, effective weight allocation is crucial given the varying influence of different factors. The study applies multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, including TOPSIS, VIKOR, and GRA for objective weighting, and AHP, ANP, and BWM for subjective weighting. The chosen or integration of these methods ensures a balanced and scientific approach to weight allocation, enhancing decision-making accuracy in complex renewal scenarios. By analyzing community sustainability scores and indicators, the framework identifies priority renewal areas and critical issues. This provides a foundation for developing cost-effective and issue-specific strategies. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of involving community residents and neighborhood committees in refining the framework to align it with actual needs. In the digital era, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies offer transformative potential for sustainability assessments in urban renewal. AI can support data monitoring, processing, decision-making, and resident engagement, contributing to sustainable community development. Future research should further explore AI’s application in advancing intelligent and sustainable urban community renewal.
2025(2),97-104
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20241017001
Abstract:
Under the goals of Chinese path to modernization governance, urban regeneration should undertake the important mission of high-quality development, realizing the modernization of system and capacity for urban governance. The post-assessment is an important part of the lifecycle management of urban regeneration, and its importance has become more prominent since it was connected with urban physical examination in 2021.This paper uses statistical, bibliometric, and data visualization methods to analyze the current research on post-urban regeneration assessment in China. On the basis of summarizing the spatiotemporal characteristics of post-urban regeneration assessment research in China, this paper constructs an overall analysis framework of “type-scale” and organizes the existing research on post-urban regeneration assessment in China. The main research findings are as follows: In terms of spatiotemporal characteristics: 1) The post-urban regeneration assessment in China has undergone a value transformation from economic benefits to comprehensive benefits. 2) Regions with high urbanization rates, such as Guangdong, Beijing, Shanghai, and Chongqing, exhibit a higher concentration of published studies on post-urban regeneration assessment. Furthermore, research in this domain within these regions demonstrates a rapid pace of development. 3) The existing research on post-urban regeneration assessment are lagging and fragmented, significantly influenced by relevant national and local policies and systems, urban regeneration practices, and actions.Research on the evaluation index system of existing urban regeneration have found that:1) The focus of post-urban regeneration assessment for different types of urban regeneration shares commonalities at the same scale. The macro-scale mainly focuses on its overall connection and interaction with the city, exploring the impact of various types of regeneration on the cultural, economic, social, and environmental functions of the city. At the mid-scale, various types of update objects are often viewed as a whole, and their post-assessment emphasizes more on the changes and effects of the whole itself, with an emphasis on exploring community cohesion. At the micro-scale, post-assessment is often conducted from aspects such as material space facilities and user satisfaction. 2) The type of regeneration and spatial scale are the main factors affecting the differences in postassessment indicator systems. Overall, the selection of indicators is mostly derived from domestic and international standards, established evaluation systems, keywords searches of relevant literature, and expert questionnaires. This approach ensures the scientific rigor and comprehensive coverage of the indicator selection process. Currently, the techniques for post-urban regeneration assessment in China mostly focus on multi-attribute decision-making, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, expert analysis, factor analysis, and other methods derived from sociology, economics, policy analysis, and other fields. In general, the current construction of post-urban regeneration assessment indicators lacks a deep understanding and emphasis on urban modern governance, and the assessment methods are still relatively conventional. Finally, this paper conducted a role reflection and future outlook on post-urban regeneration assessment research under the context of modern governance. we believe that
Under the goals of Chinese path to modernization governance, urban regeneration should undertake the important mission of high-quality development, realizing the modernization of system and capacity for urban governance. The post-assessment is an important part of the lifecycle management of urban regeneration, and its importance has become more prominent since it was connected with urban physical examination in 2021.This paper uses statistical, bibliometric, and data visualization methods to analyze the current research on post-urban regeneration assessment in China. On the basis of summarizing the spatiotemporal characteristics of post-urban regeneration assessment research in China, this paper constructs an overall analysis framework of “type-scale” and organizes the existing research on post-urban regeneration assessment in China. The main research findings are as follows: In terms of spatiotemporal characteristics: 1) The post-urban regeneration assessment in China has undergone a value transformation from economic benefits to comprehensive benefits. 2) Regions with high urbanization rates, such as Guangdong, Beijing, Shanghai, and Chongqing, exhibit a higher concentration of published studies on post-urban regeneration assessment. Furthermore, research in this domain within these regions demonstrates a rapid pace of development. 3) The existing research on post-urban regeneration assessment are lagging and fragmented, significantly influenced by relevant national and local policies and systems, urban regeneration practices, and actions.Research on the evaluation index system of existing urban regeneration have found that:1) The focus of post-urban regeneration assessment for different types of urban regeneration shares commonalities at the same scale. The macro-scale mainly focuses on its overall connection and interaction with the city, exploring the impact of various types of regeneration on the cultural, economic, social, and environmental functions of the city. At the mid-scale, various types of update objects are often viewed as a whole, and their post-assessment emphasizes more on the changes and effects of the whole itself, with an emphasis on exploring community cohesion. At the micro-scale, post-assessment is often conducted from aspects such as material space facilities and user satisfaction. 2) The type of regeneration and spatial scale are the main factors affecting the differences in postassessment indicator systems. Overall, the selection of indicators is mostly derived from domestic and international standards, established evaluation systems, keywords searches of relevant literature, and expert questionnaires. This approach ensures the scientific rigor and comprehensive coverage of the indicator selection process. Currently, the techniques for post-urban regeneration assessment in China mostly focus on multi-attribute decision-making, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, expert analysis, factor analysis, and other methods derived from sociology, economics, policy analysis, and other fields. In general, the current construction of post-urban regeneration assessment indicators lacks a deep understanding and emphasis on urban modern governance, and the assessment methods are still relatively conventional. Finally, this paper conducted a role reflection and future outlook on post-urban regeneration assessment research under the context of modern governance. we believe that
2025(2),105-113
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230301007
Abstract:
With the resurgence of low-carbon travel mode and the improvement of people’s quality of life, the planning of slow systems has gradually emerged as an effective strategy for alleviating traffic congestion. Characteristic slow-moving corridors, as a unique form of slow-moving traffic spaces that can effectively integrate landscape and traffic resources, play a crucial role in mountain-sea areas. These corridors, through their characteristic nodes, significantly enhance the influence and identity of the corridor, which is vital for improving landscape quality and sightseeing experiences in such regions. Compared to ordinary corridors, characteristic slow-moving corridors not only elevate the quality of urban life, but also showcase the distinctive regional natural and cultural landscapes. The planning and design of characteristic slow-moving corridor nodes in mountain-sea areas should consider four spatial characteristics: “terrain-environment-culture-appearance”. Specifically, this refers to the blending of mountain and sea landscapes, the ecological resources of forests, islands, land, and seas, the cultural themes of Chinese and Western integration, and the open spaces near mountains and seas. The planning framework encompasses hierarchical analysis (visual landscape, ecosystem, cultural landscape, open space), superposition analysis (corridor classification planning, node system planning), and specific planning (slow lanes, sign systems, service facilities, etc.), all aimed at highlighting the unique features of mountain-sea areas.Specifically, first of all, the planning and design of characteristic slow-moving corridors in mountain-sea areas can be categorized into urban type and rural types. Urban slow-moving spaces are often anchored around cultural scenic spots and parks, whereas rural spaces are typically established around scenic spots, water bodies, and fields. Based on the characteristics of mountain-sea area, the slow-moving spaces are further subdivided into mountain, waterfront, green space, and traffic types, each tailored to different urban and rural environments. Secondly, by analyzing 40 case studies of nodes around the world, this study identifies the primary node forms as platform nodes, bridge nodes, trail nodes, and square nodes. The viewing platforms are classified into four types: terrace, tower, ladder and suspended; landscape bridges are categorized into linear and non-linear types based on their line types; and square forms are divided into flat-type and spatial-type squares. Finally, significant differences in node design and location between urban and rural environments are summarized. Urban nodes prioritize crowd interaction and the rational use of space, while rural nodes emphasize the perception and adaptation to the natural environment. The selection of nodes requires good viewing conditions and the appropriate form based on the specific environment.The Haicang coastal area of Xiamen is selected as a study area for the aforementioned planning and design methods. Firstly, the planning and design of characteristic slowmoving corridor nodes in the Haicang coastal area is based on mountain and sea resources, resulting in the construction of two slow-moving corridors. The main line of the corridor features a characteristic “from mountain forest to sea” design, and the secondary line enhances the accessibility of the main line by connecting urban spaces. Secondly, based on this framework, four types of slowmoving spaces are delineated, and 17 characteristic nodes are planned, including one portal node and 16 landmark nodes, with site selection suggestions provided. Finally, the study selected three characteristic nodes to propose design intentions: No. 2 Dapingshan East Slope Landscape Trail to handle height differences in a spiral fashion, No.3 Dapingshan Peak Observation Deck to meet multidirectional viewing demands in a stepped manner, and No. 12 Zhonglin Road-Canglin Road Landscape Bridge to enhance urban landscape with a curved suspension bridge.The planning method of characteristic slow-moving corridor nodes in mountain-sea area aligns with the requirements of a livable environment during modern urbanization. It also fills the gap in planning and design methodsand spatial form classification for characteristic slow-moving corridor nodes in such areas, which has practical significance in promoting the construction of these corridor nodes. To ensure the practical value of these methods, it is necessary to incorporate more slow-moving case studies in the future and optimize them through practical projects to form experiences that can be further disseminated.
With the resurgence of low-carbon travel mode and the improvement of people’s quality of life, the planning of slow systems has gradually emerged as an effective strategy for alleviating traffic congestion. Characteristic slow-moving corridors, as a unique form of slow-moving traffic spaces that can effectively integrate landscape and traffic resources, play a crucial role in mountain-sea areas. These corridors, through their characteristic nodes, significantly enhance the influence and identity of the corridor, which is vital for improving landscape quality and sightseeing experiences in such regions. Compared to ordinary corridors, characteristic slow-moving corridors not only elevate the quality of urban life, but also showcase the distinctive regional natural and cultural landscapes. The planning and design of characteristic slow-moving corridor nodes in mountain-sea areas should consider four spatial characteristics: “terrain-environment-culture-appearance”. Specifically, this refers to the blending of mountain and sea landscapes, the ecological resources of forests, islands, land, and seas, the cultural themes of Chinese and Western integration, and the open spaces near mountains and seas. The planning framework encompasses hierarchical analysis (visual landscape, ecosystem, cultural landscape, open space), superposition analysis (corridor classification planning, node system planning), and specific planning (slow lanes, sign systems, service facilities, etc.), all aimed at highlighting the unique features of mountain-sea areas.Specifically, first of all, the planning and design of characteristic slow-moving corridors in mountain-sea areas can be categorized into urban type and rural types. Urban slow-moving spaces are often anchored around cultural scenic spots and parks, whereas rural spaces are typically established around scenic spots, water bodies, and fields. Based on the characteristics of mountain-sea area, the slow-moving spaces are further subdivided into mountain, waterfront, green space, and traffic types, each tailored to different urban and rural environments. Secondly, by analyzing 40 case studies of nodes around the world, this study identifies the primary node forms as platform nodes, bridge nodes, trail nodes, and square nodes. The viewing platforms are classified into four types: terrace, tower, ladder and suspended; landscape bridges are categorized into linear and non-linear types based on their line types; and square forms are divided into flat-type and spatial-type squares. Finally, significant differences in node design and location between urban and rural environments are summarized. Urban nodes prioritize crowd interaction and the rational use of space, while rural nodes emphasize the perception and adaptation to the natural environment. The selection of nodes requires good viewing conditions and the appropriate form based on the specific environment.The Haicang coastal area of Xiamen is selected as a study area for the aforementioned planning and design methods. Firstly, the planning and design of characteristic slowmoving corridor nodes in the Haicang coastal area is based on mountain and sea resources, resulting in the construction of two slow-moving corridors. The main line of the corridor features a characteristic “from mountain forest to sea” design, and the secondary line enhances the accessibility of the main line by connecting urban spaces. Secondly, based on this framework, four types of slowmoving spaces are delineated, and 17 characteristic nodes are planned, including one portal node and 16 landmark nodes, with site selection suggestions provided. Finally, the study selected three characteristic nodes to propose design intentions: No. 2 Dapingshan East Slope Landscape Trail to handle height differences in a spiral fashion, No.3 Dapingshan Peak Observation Deck to meet multidirectional viewing demands in a stepped manner, and No. 12 Zhonglin Road-Canglin Road Landscape Bridge to enhance urban landscape with a curved suspension bridge.The planning method of characteristic slow-moving corridor nodes in mountain-sea area aligns with the requirements of a livable environment during modern urbanization. It also fills the gap in planning and design methodsand spatial form classification for characteristic slow-moving corridor nodes in such areas, which has practical significance in promoting the construction of these corridor nodes. To ensure the practical value of these methods, it is necessary to incorporate more slow-moving case studies in the future and optimize them through practical projects to form experiences that can be further disseminated.
2025(2),114-120
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240412004
Abstract:
Although poverty alleviation through relocation has significantly improved the quality of the human environment in rural settlements in the mountainous areas of southwestern Yunnan, the process of eradicating spatial poverty often neglects the preservation of vernacular styles and ecologically friendly landscapes. This negligence stems mainly from the task, timeliness and indicator requirements of resettlement construction, which makes it difficult to fully take into account the continuation of vernacular style and ecologically friendly landscape, resulting in the relatively urbanised treatment of the geographic landscape elements and structural relationships of the new settlement forms and environmental carriers. To address this issue, this study adopts a novel approach by integrating quantitative morphology and qualitative connotation analyses, diverging from previous studies that relied solely on either qualitative or quantitative methods. Specifically, it employs metrics such as aspect ratio, shape index, and building density to quantitatively analyze the morphological characteristics of settlements across 35 relocation centers in Linxiang District, Lincang City. Furthermore, the study investigates the generative mechanisms behind these morphological characteristics through comprehensive field surveys, aiming to provide a deeper understanding of the factors shaping settlement patterns. By exploring the degree of environmental adaptation and friendliness of the settlement pattern of the relocation centres, and then putting forward suggestions for guiding the subsequent development of the settlements. This study aims to broaden the idea of the natural embedding of the human environment in mountainous relocation settlements with the topography and landscape, and the organic integration with the ecological environment, so as to provide a direction for the future sustainable development, revitalisation and reconstruction of mountainous relocation settlements. The key findings of the study are as follows: 1) The morphological characteristics of settlements in centralized resettlement sites in Linxiang District can be classified into eight distinct types. While each type exhibits unique spatial structures, 85.7% of the settlements have building densities of 0.5 or higher, and 66% display a pronounced tendency toward banding in their morphology. 2) The settlement patterns in Linxiang District have been significantly reshaped due to constraints imposed by the natural environment, policy directives, and the influence of modern functionalities. The spatial configuration of resettlement sites has transitioned from a pre-relocation state of “mountainous terrain and scattered building distribution” to a post-relocation state of “flat area concentration and compact building layout.” Overall, the spatial pattern of resettlement settlements is characterized by “compactness and regularity, scale agglomeration, and internal and external integration.” 3) In Linxiang District, the building organization mode of resettlement sites predominantly adopts a linear layout rather than a centripetalone. While this approach ensures good building orientation, it often lacks sufficient consideration for the cohesion of public spaces, which may hinder community interaction and social cohesion. 4) At present, although the eight types of relocation sites in Linxiang District largely meet the modern living needs of relocated villagers, the original distinctiveness of these settlements in terms of vernacularity, locality, and cultural integration with the natural landscape has been gradually eroded during the relocation process. Most resettlement sites have simplified the integration of buildings with the natural environment, leaning toward urban construction styles. While pursuing short-term benefits during relocation is inevitable, it is equally crucial to consider how to preserve the vernacular style, ecological and environmentally friendly landscapes, and regional cultural heritage for the relocated communities. This study highlights the need for a balanced approach that reconciles immediate practicalities with long-term sustainability, ensuring that the unique cultural and environmental attributes of these regions are preserved while meeting the modern living needs of the relocated populations. Limitations of this study include: 1) The resettlement sites in the mountainous areas of southwestern Yunnan Province are widely distributed and numerous. At this stage, the study is limited to 35 resettlement sites in Linxiang District, Lincang City, which restricts the geographical coverage and generalizability of the findings. 2) Due to limited access to information and research time constraints, the discussion on the generative mechanisms of settlement patterns is primarily qualitative. Future research will aim to incorporate more quantitative analyses to better understand the influencing factors and generative mechanisms of settlement patterns in relocation sites. Additionally, the study will expand its sample to include areas such as Pu’er City and Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture to further validate the universality and effectiveness of the research framework and methodologies. This will provide a more comprehensive empirical basis for the study of relocation sites in the mountainous regions of southwestern Yunnan Province. By addressing these limitations, this study aims to contribute to the broader discussion on sustainable development and ecological conservation in rural relocation settlements, and to provide insights that can be applied to similar situations in southwestern Yunnan. Ultimately, this study aims to provide policymakers and planners with ideas on how to achieve a harmonious balance between modernisation, cultural heritage and ecological conservation in promoting the subsequent development of resettlement sites to ensure that the benefits of poverty alleviation can be sustained in the long term.
Although poverty alleviation through relocation has significantly improved the quality of the human environment in rural settlements in the mountainous areas of southwestern Yunnan, the process of eradicating spatial poverty often neglects the preservation of vernacular styles and ecologically friendly landscapes. This negligence stems mainly from the task, timeliness and indicator requirements of resettlement construction, which makes it difficult to fully take into account the continuation of vernacular style and ecologically friendly landscape, resulting in the relatively urbanised treatment of the geographic landscape elements and structural relationships of the new settlement forms and environmental carriers. To address this issue, this study adopts a novel approach by integrating quantitative morphology and qualitative connotation analyses, diverging from previous studies that relied solely on either qualitative or quantitative methods. Specifically, it employs metrics such as aspect ratio, shape index, and building density to quantitatively analyze the morphological characteristics of settlements across 35 relocation centers in Linxiang District, Lincang City. Furthermore, the study investigates the generative mechanisms behind these morphological characteristics through comprehensive field surveys, aiming to provide a deeper understanding of the factors shaping settlement patterns. By exploring the degree of environmental adaptation and friendliness of the settlement pattern of the relocation centres, and then putting forward suggestions for guiding the subsequent development of the settlements. This study aims to broaden the idea of the natural embedding of the human environment in mountainous relocation settlements with the topography and landscape, and the organic integration with the ecological environment, so as to provide a direction for the future sustainable development, revitalisation and reconstruction of mountainous relocation settlements. The key findings of the study are as follows: 1) The morphological characteristics of settlements in centralized resettlement sites in Linxiang District can be classified into eight distinct types. While each type exhibits unique spatial structures, 85.7% of the settlements have building densities of 0.5 or higher, and 66% display a pronounced tendency toward banding in their morphology. 2) The settlement patterns in Linxiang District have been significantly reshaped due to constraints imposed by the natural environment, policy directives, and the influence of modern functionalities. The spatial configuration of resettlement sites has transitioned from a pre-relocation state of “mountainous terrain and scattered building distribution” to a post-relocation state of “flat area concentration and compact building layout.” Overall, the spatial pattern of resettlement settlements is characterized by “compactness and regularity, scale agglomeration, and internal and external integration.” 3) In Linxiang District, the building organization mode of resettlement sites predominantly adopts a linear layout rather than a centripetalone. While this approach ensures good building orientation, it often lacks sufficient consideration for the cohesion of public spaces, which may hinder community interaction and social cohesion. 4) At present, although the eight types of relocation sites in Linxiang District largely meet the modern living needs of relocated villagers, the original distinctiveness of these settlements in terms of vernacularity, locality, and cultural integration with the natural landscape has been gradually eroded during the relocation process. Most resettlement sites have simplified the integration of buildings with the natural environment, leaning toward urban construction styles. While pursuing short-term benefits during relocation is inevitable, it is equally crucial to consider how to preserve the vernacular style, ecological and environmentally friendly landscapes, and regional cultural heritage for the relocated communities. This study highlights the need for a balanced approach that reconciles immediate practicalities with long-term sustainability, ensuring that the unique cultural and environmental attributes of these regions are preserved while meeting the modern living needs of the relocated populations. Limitations of this study include: 1) The resettlement sites in the mountainous areas of southwestern Yunnan Province are widely distributed and numerous. At this stage, the study is limited to 35 resettlement sites in Linxiang District, Lincang City, which restricts the geographical coverage and generalizability of the findings. 2) Due to limited access to information and research time constraints, the discussion on the generative mechanisms of settlement patterns is primarily qualitative. Future research will aim to incorporate more quantitative analyses to better understand the influencing factors and generative mechanisms of settlement patterns in relocation sites. Additionally, the study will expand its sample to include areas such as Pu’er City and Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture to further validate the universality and effectiveness of the research framework and methodologies. This will provide a more comprehensive empirical basis for the study of relocation sites in the mountainous regions of southwestern Yunnan Province. By addressing these limitations, this study aims to contribute to the broader discussion on sustainable development and ecological conservation in rural relocation settlements, and to provide insights that can be applied to similar situations in southwestern Yunnan. Ultimately, this study aims to provide policymakers and planners with ideas on how to achieve a harmonious balance between modernisation, cultural heritage and ecological conservation in promoting the subsequent development of resettlement sites to ensure that the benefits of poverty alleviation can be sustained in the long term.
2025(2),121-129
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240430002
Abstract:
Under the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality (“dual carbon”), achieving greater socio-economic well-being benefits within limited carbon emission constraints has emerged as a critical challenge for low-carbon development in territorial spatial planning. This study addresses this challenge by integrating the theoretical framework of “ecological well-being performance” with ecosystem service value measurement to construct a carbon emission wellbeing performance (WPCE) model, which establishes an analytical linkage between carbon emissions and the comprehensive well-being level of territorial spaces. Focusing on 64 countylevel units in Jiangsu Province—a region characterized by pronounced economic disparities and ecological diversity—the research employs spatial autocorrelation analysis and a threedimensional matrix model to explore the spatial differentiation characteristics of WPCE and classify low-carbon competitiveness types, thereby providing actionable insights for optimizing territorial spatial planning and advancing dual carbon goals. The findings reveal significant structural disparities in WPCE across the province, with Southern Jiangsu (Sunan) demonstrating a “leading” performance by generating 55.01% of the total well-being benefits while accounting for only 22.96% of provincial carbon emissions, translating to WPCE values of 291 200 yuan/ton, which starkly contrasts with central Jiangsu (suzhong) and northern Jiangsu (subei), where WPCE values drop to 84 400 yuan/ton and 65 300 yuan/ton, respectively. These regional imbalances are further compounded by distinct spatial clustering patterns, as WPCE exhibits a “south-high, northlow” distribution with dual-core agglomerations: high-high (H-H) clusters concentrate in the Pukou District-Jiangning District corridor of Nanjing and the Zhangjiagang-Jiangyin industrial belt spanning Suzhou and Wuxi, forming two innovation-driven cores characterized by advanced manufacturing and service-oriented economies, while low-low (L-L) clusters dominate Huai’an, Suqian, and surrounding areas in subei, reflecting structural challenges in ecological-economic efficiency due to reliance on energy-intensive industries and fragmented land-use planning. To systematically address these disparities, the study introduces a low-carbon competitivenesstypology based on the "emission-performance-well-being" nexus, classifying counties into four categories: High-competitive (Class I, 11 units) such as Pukou and Kunshan, which exemplify low emissions, high WPCE, and high well-being through integrated green infrastructure and circular economy practices; Opportunistic (Class II, five units) like Jiangning and Jingjiang, which exhibit mixed traits with transitional potential due to proximity to innovation hubs but face institutional barriers to decarbonization; Challenged (Class III, 27 units), representing 42.18% of counties, including Xinyi and Suyu, where high emissions and low performance stem from outdated industrial structures and weak environmental governance; and Low-competitive (Class IV, 21 units), prevalent in Subei (e. g., Suining and Xiangshui), marked by multi-dimensional deficiencies in technology, policy coherence, and public participation. Methodologically, the study advances existing approaches by integrating ecosystem service valuation—quantified through equivalence factor and functional value methods—with spatial econometrics, enabling a granular assessment of county-level welfare-carbon dynamics that captures both biophysical and socioeconomic dimensions. The three-dimensional matrix model further decouples emission efficiency, welfare output, and spatial competitiveness, offering a novel framework for diagnosing systemic bottlenecks and prioritizing interventions. For instance, the model identifies that Subei’s low WPCE is driven not only by inefficient energy use but also by undervalued ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration in wetlands and agricultural lands, which remain excluded from regional accounting systems. Policy implications emphasize the urgency of cross-regional synergy, leveraging sunan’s technological and financial expertise to foster green infrastructure investment and knowledge transfer in suzong and subei, particularly in sectors like renewable energy integration and smart agriculture. Additionally, functional zoning strategies are proposed to designate innovation hubs in H-H clusters for piloting carbon-neutral industrial parks while establishing ecological restoration zones in L-L areas to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems and monetize their service value. The study also advocates for smart spatial governance through digital tools, such as geospatial AI platforms, to enable real-time monitoring of emissions and dynamic resource allocation, thereby enhancing adaptive management. By operationalizing the dual carbon agenda into measurable territorial strategies, this research contributes to the global discourse on sustainable spatial planning, with Jiangsu’s empirical insights offering a replicable framework for regions undergoing similar transitions. The integration of ecosystem service valuation with low-carbon competitiveness metrics not only enriches the theoretical understanding of ecological wellbeing performance but also provides policymakers with a data-driven roadmap to reconcile economic growth with emission reduction targets, ultimately fostering inclusive and resilient development pathways in the era of climate urgency.
Under the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality (“dual carbon”), achieving greater socio-economic well-being benefits within limited carbon emission constraints has emerged as a critical challenge for low-carbon development in territorial spatial planning. This study addresses this challenge by integrating the theoretical framework of “ecological well-being performance” with ecosystem service value measurement to construct a carbon emission wellbeing performance (WPCE) model, which establishes an analytical linkage between carbon emissions and the comprehensive well-being level of territorial spaces. Focusing on 64 countylevel units in Jiangsu Province—a region characterized by pronounced economic disparities and ecological diversity—the research employs spatial autocorrelation analysis and a threedimensional matrix model to explore the spatial differentiation characteristics of WPCE and classify low-carbon competitiveness types, thereby providing actionable insights for optimizing territorial spatial planning and advancing dual carbon goals. The findings reveal significant structural disparities in WPCE across the province, with Southern Jiangsu (Sunan) demonstrating a “leading” performance by generating 55.01% of the total well-being benefits while accounting for only 22.96% of provincial carbon emissions, translating to WPCE values of 291 200 yuan/ton, which starkly contrasts with central Jiangsu (suzhong) and northern Jiangsu (subei), where WPCE values drop to 84 400 yuan/ton and 65 300 yuan/ton, respectively. These regional imbalances are further compounded by distinct spatial clustering patterns, as WPCE exhibits a “south-high, northlow” distribution with dual-core agglomerations: high-high (H-H) clusters concentrate in the Pukou District-Jiangning District corridor of Nanjing and the Zhangjiagang-Jiangyin industrial belt spanning Suzhou and Wuxi, forming two innovation-driven cores characterized by advanced manufacturing and service-oriented economies, while low-low (L-L) clusters dominate Huai’an, Suqian, and surrounding areas in subei, reflecting structural challenges in ecological-economic efficiency due to reliance on energy-intensive industries and fragmented land-use planning. To systematically address these disparities, the study introduces a low-carbon competitivenesstypology based on the "emission-performance-well-being" nexus, classifying counties into four categories: High-competitive (Class I, 11 units) such as Pukou and Kunshan, which exemplify low emissions, high WPCE, and high well-being through integrated green infrastructure and circular economy practices; Opportunistic (Class II, five units) like Jiangning and Jingjiang, which exhibit mixed traits with transitional potential due to proximity to innovation hubs but face institutional barriers to decarbonization; Challenged (Class III, 27 units), representing 42.18% of counties, including Xinyi and Suyu, where high emissions and low performance stem from outdated industrial structures and weak environmental governance; and Low-competitive (Class IV, 21 units), prevalent in Subei (e. g., Suining and Xiangshui), marked by multi-dimensional deficiencies in technology, policy coherence, and public participation. Methodologically, the study advances existing approaches by integrating ecosystem service valuation—quantified through equivalence factor and functional value methods—with spatial econometrics, enabling a granular assessment of county-level welfare-carbon dynamics that captures both biophysical and socioeconomic dimensions. The three-dimensional matrix model further decouples emission efficiency, welfare output, and spatial competitiveness, offering a novel framework for diagnosing systemic bottlenecks and prioritizing interventions. For instance, the model identifies that Subei’s low WPCE is driven not only by inefficient energy use but also by undervalued ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration in wetlands and agricultural lands, which remain excluded from regional accounting systems. Policy implications emphasize the urgency of cross-regional synergy, leveraging sunan’s technological and financial expertise to foster green infrastructure investment and knowledge transfer in suzong and subei, particularly in sectors like renewable energy integration and smart agriculture. Additionally, functional zoning strategies are proposed to designate innovation hubs in H-H clusters for piloting carbon-neutral industrial parks while establishing ecological restoration zones in L-L areas to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems and monetize their service value. The study also advocates for smart spatial governance through digital tools, such as geospatial AI platforms, to enable real-time monitoring of emissions and dynamic resource allocation, thereby enhancing adaptive management. By operationalizing the dual carbon agenda into measurable territorial strategies, this research contributes to the global discourse on sustainable spatial planning, with Jiangsu’s empirical insights offering a replicable framework for regions undergoing similar transitions. The integration of ecosystem service valuation with low-carbon competitiveness metrics not only enriches the theoretical understanding of ecological wellbeing performance but also provides policymakers with a data-driven roadmap to reconcile economic growth with emission reduction targets, ultimately fostering inclusive and resilient development pathways in the era of climate urgency.
2025(2),130-140
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest. 20240807001
Abstract:
University campus is a huge carbon emission unit, and accurate carbon emission calculation is the basis for moving towards carbon neutrality, but there are still many deficiencies in the current calculation system of university campus carbon emission calculation. In order to further elucidate the carbon emission calculation of university campuses, the study relies on mainstream databases to sort out the existing research results of carbon emission calculation of university campuses through literature analysis and summarization, and summarizes and analyzes them in terms of the calculation system and calculation results, pointing out the shortcomings of the current research and indicating the possible research directions in the future, so as to provide valuable references for the calculation of carbon emission of university campuses and promote the construction of carbon neutrality of university campuses.First of all, the study summarizes the current standards and practices of carbon emissions from university campuses, and points out that compared with the macro-level national or regional level and the micro-level of building units, university campuses are more functional, densely populated, and equipped with special sources of carbon emissions, such as scientific research activities. As a carbon reduction space at the meso-community level, its carbon emission sources are similar to those of the community, and the calculation method also follows the mainstream carbon emission calculation system. However, the current research on carbon emissions from university campuses has not adopted a relatively unified methodology, which still needs to be further improved.Secondly, literature search and analysis were carried out in the CNKI and Web of Science databases, and at the same time, relevant standards, guidelines and practice cases were also included in the scope of review. It is found that the literature mainly focuses on four aspects: carbon emission calculation of university campuses, summarization and analysis of carbon emission characteristics of university campuses, carbon neutral pathway and carbon neutral assessment of university campuses, and the complete carbon emission calculation system of university campuses includes the calculation boundary, classification of emission sources, calculation method, and the way of obtaining calculation data, and the calculation results are then derived. The summary and analysis of the literature in terms of the calculation system and the calculation results show that the current research is inconsistent and incomplete in the statistics of carbon emission sources in university campuses, especially the Scope 3 carbon emission which plays a key role in carbon neutrality has not been paid attention to, and it also points out the room for improvement of the calculation precision and intelligence, as well as the shortcomings of the construction of the calculation model.Finally, the study proposes that university campuses need to establish a standardized calculation framework for carbon emissions on university campuses, and standardize the list of emission sources and the calculation process. In terms of calculation accuracy and lack of intelligence, although hybrid calculation methods can appropriately improve the calculation accuracy, the application of intelligent technology tools in data acquisition, calculation processing, analysis, etc. and the refinement and improvement of the accuracy of emission factors are still quite important. Moreover, it is necessary to construct a full life cycle carbon emission calculation method for university campuses, and study thecalculation method that adapts to the needs of multiple scenarios such as pre-design. A more complete system for carbon emission calculation on university campuses must be established to meet different needs, promote the carbon neutral construction of university campuses, and lead the low-carbon development of the neighboring regions and the whole society.
University campus is a huge carbon emission unit, and accurate carbon emission calculation is the basis for moving towards carbon neutrality, but there are still many deficiencies in the current calculation system of university campus carbon emission calculation. In order to further elucidate the carbon emission calculation of university campuses, the study relies on mainstream databases to sort out the existing research results of carbon emission calculation of university campuses through literature analysis and summarization, and summarizes and analyzes them in terms of the calculation system and calculation results, pointing out the shortcomings of the current research and indicating the possible research directions in the future, so as to provide valuable references for the calculation of carbon emission of university campuses and promote the construction of carbon neutrality of university campuses.First of all, the study summarizes the current standards and practices of carbon emissions from university campuses, and points out that compared with the macro-level national or regional level and the micro-level of building units, university campuses are more functional, densely populated, and equipped with special sources of carbon emissions, such as scientific research activities. As a carbon reduction space at the meso-community level, its carbon emission sources are similar to those of the community, and the calculation method also follows the mainstream carbon emission calculation system. However, the current research on carbon emissions from university campuses has not adopted a relatively unified methodology, which still needs to be further improved.Secondly, literature search and analysis were carried out in the CNKI and Web of Science databases, and at the same time, relevant standards, guidelines and practice cases were also included in the scope of review. It is found that the literature mainly focuses on four aspects: carbon emission calculation of university campuses, summarization and analysis of carbon emission characteristics of university campuses, carbon neutral pathway and carbon neutral assessment of university campuses, and the complete carbon emission calculation system of university campuses includes the calculation boundary, classification of emission sources, calculation method, and the way of obtaining calculation data, and the calculation results are then derived. The summary and analysis of the literature in terms of the calculation system and the calculation results show that the current research is inconsistent and incomplete in the statistics of carbon emission sources in university campuses, especially the Scope 3 carbon emission which plays a key role in carbon neutrality has not been paid attention to, and it also points out the room for improvement of the calculation precision and intelligence, as well as the shortcomings of the construction of the calculation model.Finally, the study proposes that university campuses need to establish a standardized calculation framework for carbon emissions on university campuses, and standardize the list of emission sources and the calculation process. In terms of calculation accuracy and lack of intelligence, although hybrid calculation methods can appropriately improve the calculation accuracy, the application of intelligent technology tools in data acquisition, calculation processing, analysis, etc. and the refinement and improvement of the accuracy of emission factors are still quite important. Moreover, it is necessary to construct a full life cycle carbon emission calculation method for university campuses, and study thecalculation method that adapts to the needs of multiple scenarios such as pre-design. A more complete system for carbon emission calculation on university campuses must be established to meet different needs, promote the carbon neutral construction of university campuses, and lead the low-carbon development of the neighboring regions and the whole society.
2025(2),141-147
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20231020002
Abstract:
Under the framework of sustainable urban development, it is crucial to realize regional carbon balance, the core of which is to grasp the balance between the type of urban land use structure and ecological land layout. This balance is not only related to the quality of the ecological environment of the city, but also has a direct impact on the city’s carbon emission and carbon storage capacity. Therefore, it is of profound significance to construct a scientific and reasonable spatial pattern of urban carbon sinks according to local conditions, in order to promote urban carbon balance and improve the quality of urban ecological environment.Taking the central city of Nanning as the study area, it constructed the spatial pattern of urban carbon sinks through the theoretical framework of “patch-substrate-corridor” in the ecological network technology, and comprehensively analyzed the landscape pattern of the urban carbon sinks and the net carbon sinks of the land. Based on the ArcGIS 10.6 working platform, the land use types in the study area were reclassified, and forest land, grassland, water body, shrubland and wetland, which are capable of generating natural carbon sinks with high carbon storage capacity, were taken as the foreground, while cropland, man-made surface and bare land were taken as the background, and the Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) was used to obtain seven landscape types, which were used to identify the habitat patches that play an important role in the landscape connectivity in the study area. In order to accurately identify the habitat patches that play an important role in landscape connectivity in the study area, and whose analysis results can directly show the structural elements such as the area of the core area and the number of corridors, the core area was identified as a potential carbon sink, and landscape connectivity analysis was carried out for this landscape type to extract the spatial ecological source of carbon sinks. Based on the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model, in order to realize the systematic and complete ecological network, it selects the resistance factors that have a high degree of relevance to the ecological source of carbon sinks, such as elevation, slope, NDVI, and the current state of land use to construct the resistance surfaces, and combine them with the gravity model to identify the importance of the carbon sink sites and carbon circulation corridors, and then identify the key corridors, so as to construct the urban carbon pool network. Through the identification and analysis, the results obtained: 1) the main land types of carbon sink space ecological source land in the study area are forest land and grassland; 2) the total area of carbon sink space ecological source land is 1 380.87 km2 , which accounts for 21.49% of the total area of the study area, and it is mainly distributed in the south and north of the study area, and it contains 11 key carbon sinks, 16 important carbon sinks, 21 key carbon sink corridors, and 23 important carbon sinks. The total area of the study area is 131.15 km2 , accounting for only 2.03% of the total area of the study area; 3) The spatial pattern of carbon sinks in the study area consists of carbon sink ecological sources, carbon sink corridors and the minimum cumulative resistance surface of carbon sinks, and it cansolve the problem of ecological security of carbon sinks in the region, and improve the level of ecological security of carbon sinks in the whole region. The level of ecological security of carbon sinks in the whole region will be improved.The construction of the spatial pattern of carbon sinks in Nanning City based on the perspective of carbon balance takes into full consideration the actual situation of the main urban area of Nanning City, and theoretically provides strong support for the realization of the city’s carbon balance. With the gradual implementation and improvement of the spatial security pattern of carbon sinks, Nanning City will achieve more significant results in realizing the urban carbon balance and improving the quality of ecological environment. This study does not only provide a specific planning program for the spatial pattern of carbon sinks for Nanning City, but also provides experiences and ideas for other cities and even the global urban carbon balance and sustainable development, and the results of the study are intended to provide theoretical support for the work of Nanning City’s territorial spatial security and construction.
Under the framework of sustainable urban development, it is crucial to realize regional carbon balance, the core of which is to grasp the balance between the type of urban land use structure and ecological land layout. This balance is not only related to the quality of the ecological environment of the city, but also has a direct impact on the city’s carbon emission and carbon storage capacity. Therefore, it is of profound significance to construct a scientific and reasonable spatial pattern of urban carbon sinks according to local conditions, in order to promote urban carbon balance and improve the quality of urban ecological environment.Taking the central city of Nanning as the study area, it constructed the spatial pattern of urban carbon sinks through the theoretical framework of “patch-substrate-corridor” in the ecological network technology, and comprehensively analyzed the landscape pattern of the urban carbon sinks and the net carbon sinks of the land. Based on the ArcGIS 10.6 working platform, the land use types in the study area were reclassified, and forest land, grassland, water body, shrubland and wetland, which are capable of generating natural carbon sinks with high carbon storage capacity, were taken as the foreground, while cropland, man-made surface and bare land were taken as the background, and the Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) was used to obtain seven landscape types, which were used to identify the habitat patches that play an important role in the landscape connectivity in the study area. In order to accurately identify the habitat patches that play an important role in landscape connectivity in the study area, and whose analysis results can directly show the structural elements such as the area of the core area and the number of corridors, the core area was identified as a potential carbon sink, and landscape connectivity analysis was carried out for this landscape type to extract the spatial ecological source of carbon sinks. Based on the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model, in order to realize the systematic and complete ecological network, it selects the resistance factors that have a high degree of relevance to the ecological source of carbon sinks, such as elevation, slope, NDVI, and the current state of land use to construct the resistance surfaces, and combine them with the gravity model to identify the importance of the carbon sink sites and carbon circulation corridors, and then identify the key corridors, so as to construct the urban carbon pool network. Through the identification and analysis, the results obtained: 1) the main land types of carbon sink space ecological source land in the study area are forest land and grassland; 2) the total area of carbon sink space ecological source land is 1 380.87 km2 , which accounts for 21.49% of the total area of the study area, and it is mainly distributed in the south and north of the study area, and it contains 11 key carbon sinks, 16 important carbon sinks, 21 key carbon sink corridors, and 23 important carbon sinks. The total area of the study area is 131.15 km2 , accounting for only 2.03% of the total area of the study area; 3) The spatial pattern of carbon sinks in the study area consists of carbon sink ecological sources, carbon sink corridors and the minimum cumulative resistance surface of carbon sinks, and it cansolve the problem of ecological security of carbon sinks in the region, and improve the level of ecological security of carbon sinks in the whole region. The level of ecological security of carbon sinks in the whole region will be improved.The construction of the spatial pattern of carbon sinks in Nanning City based on the perspective of carbon balance takes into full consideration the actual situation of the main urban area of Nanning City, and theoretically provides strong support for the realization of the city’s carbon balance. With the gradual implementation and improvement of the spatial security pattern of carbon sinks, Nanning City will achieve more significant results in realizing the urban carbon balance and improving the quality of ecological environment. This study does not only provide a specific planning program for the spatial pattern of carbon sinks for Nanning City, but also provides experiences and ideas for other cities and even the global urban carbon balance and sustainable development, and the results of the study are intended to provide theoretical support for the work of Nanning City’s territorial spatial security and construction.
2025(2),148-154
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20231220004
Abstract:
Adaptive thermal comfort (ATC) models can be used to achieve energy savings by dynamically specifying the room set point temperature. The accurate ATC models can assist in indoor environmental control and building energy-saving design. Existing models mainly include adaptive heat balance and adaptive regression models. Due to the complicated PMV index of adaptive heat balance in practice often predicting worse than simple indices (temperatures), the adaptive regression models (such as ASHRAE 55 and EN 16798 models) are more widely used. This study focuses on the regression model, which is a regression equation with outdoor temperatures as the independent variable and neutral temperatures as the dependent variable. The neutral temperature can be calculated using the Griffiths method. The operative temperature is the representative value of the dependent variable of the model, and there are many kinds of representative values of the independent variable (outdoor temperatures). According to the outdoor test data, different processing methods (such as natural daily mean, monthly mean, 7-day running mean, 15-day running mean, 21-day running mean, and so on) result in different representative values of outdoor temperatures. The representative values of the independent variable of the existing models are not uniform, and the models built with different representative values vary greatly. How to determine the appropriate representative values to establish the optimal model? Little research has been done on the above question. There are two traditional methods for establishing ATC models. The first method is that the representative value of the independent variable is directly adopted from existing studies, which has the drawback of not verifying the applicability and effectiveness of the representative value. The second method is to select a reasonable representative value based on the maximum coefficient of determination (R2) to determine the optimal ATC model. The main defect of this method is that it does not consider the estimation standard error (Se) of the equation. The purpose of establishing ATC models is to evaluate and predict. Determining the optimal model should consider not only the degree of prediction (R2) but also the prediction error (Se). Few studies have applied the Se index to determine the optimal ATC model. In this paper, R2 and Se are used as evaluation indexes to determine the optimal ATC model. Since the evaluation indexes are not unique, the optimal solution cannot be obtained using a simple comparison. Multi-objective optimization analysis is required to determine the optimal ATC model. The purpose of this study is as follows. A method to optimize the ATC model is proposed, and a yearround thermal comfort survey of seven dormitory buildings in Bengbu, China, is used as an example to implement and validate the proposed method. The research methods and process are as follows. Firstly, the thermal comfort survey was carried out using simultaneous instrumental tests and questionnaires. The buildings were all operated in natural ventilation mode during the survey. The survey was conducted over one year, in which indoor and outdoor thermal parameters were measured. The outdoor parameters included air temperature and relative humidity, and the testing instrument was placed in a louver box 1.5 meters above the outdoor ground. The questionnaire mainly consists of two parts: objective information and subjective feelings. Then, the literature was consulted to summarize all the representative values of outdoor temperature, and ATC models were built for eachrepresentative value of outdoor temperature. A total of 17 kinds of models were obtained. In addition, classification ATC models were also developed separately by gender and season, as ATC models are affected by gender and season. Afterward, a multi-objective optimization method (grey relational analysis) was used to evaluate all ATC models and ultimately determine the optimal ATC model. Finally, the different models were compared. The optimal annual ATC model obtained from the study was compared with the most internationally recognized ATC models (ASHRAE 55, EN 16798, and GB/T50785) to verify the accuracy of the optimal model in this study. The classification ATC models were compared with the annual model to verify the accuracy of the classification model. The following conclusions are drawn. The optimal ATC model of this study can explain 69.6% of the information in the measured data. In comparison with existing international ATC models, it is found that the optimal ATC model determined in this study has the best prediction accuracy and stability, indirectly confirming the effectiveness of the method proposed in the paper. The difference in predictive performance between the classification ATC model and the annual model is significant. The classification model has better predictive performance than the annual model. Compared with the annual model, the prediction accuracy of ATC models established by seasons improved by 7.7% (winter), 13.6% (summer), and 8.5% (transition season), respectively. This study enriches the adaptive thermal comfort theory and provides a valuable reference for accurately establishing ATC models.
Adaptive thermal comfort (ATC) models can be used to achieve energy savings by dynamically specifying the room set point temperature. The accurate ATC models can assist in indoor environmental control and building energy-saving design. Existing models mainly include adaptive heat balance and adaptive regression models. Due to the complicated PMV index of adaptive heat balance in practice often predicting worse than simple indices (temperatures), the adaptive regression models (such as ASHRAE 55 and EN 16798 models) are more widely used. This study focuses on the regression model, which is a regression equation with outdoor temperatures as the independent variable and neutral temperatures as the dependent variable. The neutral temperature can be calculated using the Griffiths method. The operative temperature is the representative value of the dependent variable of the model, and there are many kinds of representative values of the independent variable (outdoor temperatures). According to the outdoor test data, different processing methods (such as natural daily mean, monthly mean, 7-day running mean, 15-day running mean, 21-day running mean, and so on) result in different representative values of outdoor temperatures. The representative values of the independent variable of the existing models are not uniform, and the models built with different representative values vary greatly. How to determine the appropriate representative values to establish the optimal model? Little research has been done on the above question. There are two traditional methods for establishing ATC models. The first method is that the representative value of the independent variable is directly adopted from existing studies, which has the drawback of not verifying the applicability and effectiveness of the representative value. The second method is to select a reasonable representative value based on the maximum coefficient of determination (R2) to determine the optimal ATC model. The main defect of this method is that it does not consider the estimation standard error (Se) of the equation. The purpose of establishing ATC models is to evaluate and predict. Determining the optimal model should consider not only the degree of prediction (R2) but also the prediction error (Se). Few studies have applied the Se index to determine the optimal ATC model. In this paper, R2 and Se are used as evaluation indexes to determine the optimal ATC model. Since the evaluation indexes are not unique, the optimal solution cannot be obtained using a simple comparison. Multi-objective optimization analysis is required to determine the optimal ATC model. The purpose of this study is as follows. A method to optimize the ATC model is proposed, and a yearround thermal comfort survey of seven dormitory buildings in Bengbu, China, is used as an example to implement and validate the proposed method. The research methods and process are as follows. Firstly, the thermal comfort survey was carried out using simultaneous instrumental tests and questionnaires. The buildings were all operated in natural ventilation mode during the survey. The survey was conducted over one year, in which indoor and outdoor thermal parameters were measured. The outdoor parameters included air temperature and relative humidity, and the testing instrument was placed in a louver box 1.5 meters above the outdoor ground. The questionnaire mainly consists of two parts: objective information and subjective feelings. Then, the literature was consulted to summarize all the representative values of outdoor temperature, and ATC models were built for eachrepresentative value of outdoor temperature. A total of 17 kinds of models were obtained. In addition, classification ATC models were also developed separately by gender and season, as ATC models are affected by gender and season. Afterward, a multi-objective optimization method (grey relational analysis) was used to evaluate all ATC models and ultimately determine the optimal ATC model. Finally, the different models were compared. The optimal annual ATC model obtained from the study was compared with the most internationally recognized ATC models (ASHRAE 55, EN 16798, and GB/T50785) to verify the accuracy of the optimal model in this study. The classification ATC models were compared with the annual model to verify the accuracy of the classification model. The following conclusions are drawn. The optimal ATC model of this study can explain 69.6% of the information in the measured data. In comparison with existing international ATC models, it is found that the optimal ATC model determined in this study has the best prediction accuracy and stability, indirectly confirming the effectiveness of the method proposed in the paper. The difference in predictive performance between the classification ATC model and the annual model is significant. The classification model has better predictive performance than the annual model. Compared with the annual model, the prediction accuracy of ATC models established by seasons improved by 7.7% (winter), 13.6% (summer), and 8.5% (transition season), respectively. This study enriches the adaptive thermal comfort theory and provides a valuable reference for accurately establishing ATC models.
2025(2),155-161
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest. 20231110001
Abstract:
Development zones are special functional areas oriented towards economic development efficiency that were established after China’s reform and opening up. Serving as phased policy objectives, China’s development zones have largely adopted the governance structure of management committees, coexisting and intertwining with administrative divisions organized according to administrative principles, forming a unique “dual-track” spatial governance model. Against this backdrop, the mechanism of administrative districts entrusted to development zones has emerged, which delegating the economic and social management authorities of specific regions originally belonging to different administrative districts to a management committee of a development zone without altering the administrative divisions. It serves as a transitional and informal institutional arrangement. This governance model has largely addressed the issue of insufficient development space in development zones, expanded their authority to allocate spatial resources, and consequently enhanced the efficiency of industrial development. However, as this model has become more widespread and entrenched, conflicts between development zones and administrative districts in spatial governance have gradually emerged, affecting the optimization of the overall urban spatial layout and the improvement of governance performance. Studying the typical spatial types, mechanisms and motivations, spatial governance conflicts, institutional costs and benefits of the administrative trusteeship model in development zones is of significant importance for enhancing the institutional optimization of development zones and the spatial collaborative governance effectiveness between development zones and administrative districts.Firstly, based on observations from the case of Xi’an, the study identifies two main modes of administrative trusteeship in development zones. One is the complete trusteeship model, where certain administrative districts are stripped from their original administrative divisions and fully entrusted to the development zone for comprehensive management. The other is the incomplete trusteeship model, where administrative districts delegate their economic and industrial development functions to the development zone, while retaining social governance functions within the administrative district government.Secondly, the study analyzes the inherent motivations for administrative trusteeship in development zones. From the perspective of prefecture-level governments, the trusteeship model can promote local economic development in terms of industrial development planning, investment attraction, and service enterprises. From the perspective of the management entities of development zones, getting more administrative space is conducive to obtaining greater land development rights and achieving a new round of spatial growth. Thirdly, this study analyzes the spatial governance conflicts arising from administrative trusteeship in development zones, mainly including three aspects. 1) From the perspective of local economic development, the large-scale administrative trusteeship will strengthen the plate boundary between the development zone and the administrative district due to the large difference in the level of industrial development between the development zone and the administrative district, the siphon effect of the development zone on the unmanaged areas of the administrative region will be intensified. 2) Fromthe perspective of overall spatial governance, the strengths of development zone administrative committees lie in planning, construction, and industrial development, but they have shortcomings in terms of capacity building and experience in social space governance. Limited by institutional and personnel configurations, administrative committees of development zones lack the necessary governance capabilities for ecological and agricultural spaces within the entrusted areas, leading to the emergence of governance blind spots. 3) From the perspective of planning formulation and approval, the lack of territorial spatial planning and compilation authority in development zones may result in insufficient planning coordination in boundary areas, insufficient overall planning among functional platforms, and an increasing trend of fragmented land use.Finally, the study explores the evolutionary trends of the trusteeship mechanism in development zones from the perspectives of governance costs and institutional benefits. 1) From the perspective of trusteeship scale, the benefits of trusteeship during the incremental expansion period can generally cover its governance costs. Conversely, blindly expanding the scale of trusteeship in the stock era will significantly increase the governance costs of newly added spaces, making it difficult to cover their benefits. 2) The trusteeship mechanism can effectively promote the development efficiency of growing development zones; however, mature development zones should consider promoting the “administrativization of development zones” and shifting the focus of spatial governance from industrial development to the integrated development and fine-grained governance of overall production, living, and ecological spaces. 3) From the perspective of the location and functional types of development zones, those that have been highly integrated with cities and transformed into comprehensive urban areas should abolish the trusteeship mechanism. Specialized development zones located on the outskirts of cities and focused on industrial production still need to retain the trusteeship mechanism for a certain period.
Development zones are special functional areas oriented towards economic development efficiency that were established after China’s reform and opening up. Serving as phased policy objectives, China’s development zones have largely adopted the governance structure of management committees, coexisting and intertwining with administrative divisions organized according to administrative principles, forming a unique “dual-track” spatial governance model. Against this backdrop, the mechanism of administrative districts entrusted to development zones has emerged, which delegating the economic and social management authorities of specific regions originally belonging to different administrative districts to a management committee of a development zone without altering the administrative divisions. It serves as a transitional and informal institutional arrangement. This governance model has largely addressed the issue of insufficient development space in development zones, expanded their authority to allocate spatial resources, and consequently enhanced the efficiency of industrial development. However, as this model has become more widespread and entrenched, conflicts between development zones and administrative districts in spatial governance have gradually emerged, affecting the optimization of the overall urban spatial layout and the improvement of governance performance. Studying the typical spatial types, mechanisms and motivations, spatial governance conflicts, institutional costs and benefits of the administrative trusteeship model in development zones is of significant importance for enhancing the institutional optimization of development zones and the spatial collaborative governance effectiveness between development zones and administrative districts.Firstly, based on observations from the case of Xi’an, the study identifies two main modes of administrative trusteeship in development zones. One is the complete trusteeship model, where certain administrative districts are stripped from their original administrative divisions and fully entrusted to the development zone for comprehensive management. The other is the incomplete trusteeship model, where administrative districts delegate their economic and industrial development functions to the development zone, while retaining social governance functions within the administrative district government.Secondly, the study analyzes the inherent motivations for administrative trusteeship in development zones. From the perspective of prefecture-level governments, the trusteeship model can promote local economic development in terms of industrial development planning, investment attraction, and service enterprises. From the perspective of the management entities of development zones, getting more administrative space is conducive to obtaining greater land development rights and achieving a new round of spatial growth. Thirdly, this study analyzes the spatial governance conflicts arising from administrative trusteeship in development zones, mainly including three aspects. 1) From the perspective of local economic development, the large-scale administrative trusteeship will strengthen the plate boundary between the development zone and the administrative district due to the large difference in the level of industrial development between the development zone and the administrative district, the siphon effect of the development zone on the unmanaged areas of the administrative region will be intensified. 2) Fromthe perspective of overall spatial governance, the strengths of development zone administrative committees lie in planning, construction, and industrial development, but they have shortcomings in terms of capacity building and experience in social space governance. Limited by institutional and personnel configurations, administrative committees of development zones lack the necessary governance capabilities for ecological and agricultural spaces within the entrusted areas, leading to the emergence of governance blind spots. 3) From the perspective of planning formulation and approval, the lack of territorial spatial planning and compilation authority in development zones may result in insufficient planning coordination in boundary areas, insufficient overall planning among functional platforms, and an increasing trend of fragmented land use.Finally, the study explores the evolutionary trends of the trusteeship mechanism in development zones from the perspectives of governance costs and institutional benefits. 1) From the perspective of trusteeship scale, the benefits of trusteeship during the incremental expansion period can generally cover its governance costs. Conversely, blindly expanding the scale of trusteeship in the stock era will significantly increase the governance costs of newly added spaces, making it difficult to cover their benefits. 2) The trusteeship mechanism can effectively promote the development efficiency of growing development zones; however, mature development zones should consider promoting the “administrativization of development zones” and shifting the focus of spatial governance from industrial development to the integrated development and fine-grained governance of overall production, living, and ecological spaces. 3) From the perspective of the location and functional types of development zones, those that have been highly integrated with cities and transformed into comprehensive urban areas should abolish the trusteeship mechanism. Specialized development zones located on the outskirts of cities and focused on industrial production still need to retain the trusteeship mechanism for a certain period.
2025(2),162-168
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230928003
Abstract:
The strategy of coordinated regional development is one of the major national strategies of the new era, aimed at building a regional economic layout and territorial spatial system with complementary advantages and high-quality development. In recent years, regional cooperation planning programs have been introduced across China, effectively enhancing the wholeness and coordination of the regional economy. However, under the influence of modern western “individual rationality” epistemology, regional cooperation can easily fall into the “Prisoner’s Dilemma”, resulting in problems such as the lack of good implementation of the plan, the lack of systematic implementation of the plan, and the lack of focus in the implementation of the plan. As a result, the study introduces the relationship theory of social sciences to analyze the logic behind the implementation of regional cooperation planning, in order to enrich the research on the implementation of regional cooperation planning in China.Borrowing the core concept of relationship theory “the world is composed of relationships, and any actor is an actor in a relationship”, it can be deduced that the essence of regional cooperation is the game of interests between different subjects. Regional cooperation relations include three stages: “obtaining minimal consensus, establishing relations and initiating cooperation”, “carrying out joint discussions and construction, maintaining relations and sustaining cooperation”, “forming interconnections, developing relations and deepening cooperation”. This process continuously advances the intimacy of the cooperation subjects. On this basis, it proposes the “three-definition “pathway of regional co-operation planning and implementation from a planning perspective. Firstly, defining guidelines. Following the path of "building a consultation platform - clarifying common interests - agreeing on co-operation goals", to enhance the awareness of cooperation among different subjects, and thus strengthen the intimacy of the relationship. Secondly, defining projects. Following the path of “developing action plansidentifying demonstration projects-implementing land security”, to deepen cooperation and enhance the stability of the relationship. Thirdly, defining standards. Following the path of “agreeing on standard principles-negotiating standard norms-linking to statutory planning”, to enhance the depth and breadth of the relationship.
The strategy of coordinated regional development is one of the major national strategies of the new era, aimed at building a regional economic layout and territorial spatial system with complementary advantages and high-quality development. In recent years, regional cooperation planning programs have been introduced across China, effectively enhancing the wholeness and coordination of the regional economy. However, under the influence of modern western “individual rationality” epistemology, regional cooperation can easily fall into the “Prisoner’s Dilemma”, resulting in problems such as the lack of good implementation of the plan, the lack of systematic implementation of the plan, and the lack of focus in the implementation of the plan. As a result, the study introduces the relationship theory of social sciences to analyze the logic behind the implementation of regional cooperation planning, in order to enrich the research on the implementation of regional cooperation planning in China.Borrowing the core concept of relationship theory “the world is composed of relationships, and any actor is an actor in a relationship”, it can be deduced that the essence of regional cooperation is the game of interests between different subjects. Regional cooperation relations include three stages: “obtaining minimal consensus, establishing relations and initiating cooperation”, “carrying out joint discussions and construction, maintaining relations and sustaining cooperation”, “forming interconnections, developing relations and deepening cooperation”. This process continuously advances the intimacy of the cooperation subjects. On this basis, it proposes the “three-definition “pathway of regional co-operation planning and implementation from a planning perspective. Firstly, defining guidelines. Following the path of "building a consultation platform - clarifying common interests - agreeing on co-operation goals", to enhance the awareness of cooperation among different subjects, and thus strengthen the intimacy of the relationship. Secondly, defining projects. Following the path of “developing action plansidentifying demonstration projects-implementing land security”, to deepen cooperation and enhance the stability of the relationship. Thirdly, defining standards. Following the path of “agreeing on standard principles-negotiating standard norms-linking to statutory planning”, to enhance the depth and breadth of the relationship.
2025(2),169-174
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20241231003
Abstract:
Against the backdrop of the intensification of global climate change and the normalization of extreme weather events in cities, the traditional blue line control system is facing an urgent need for systematic reconstruction. The logic of delineating the blue line dominated by engineering thinking reveals four dilemmas in dealing with compound flood risks, coordinating urban spatial development, and other aspects. Firstly, the scope of the blue line definition lags behind the concept of ecological water management. The current delineation of the blue line still adheres to the cognitive framework of traditional hydraulic engineering, focusing on the spatial areas of obvious water bodies such as rivers and reservoirs. There is a lack of legal status recognition for distributed storage and regulation facilities such as rainwater storage and regulation ponds and ecological ponds that have emerged in the construction of sponge cities. Secondly, the engineering-oriented approach to delineating the estuary line has systematic defects. The method of delineating the estuary line dominated by a single flood control standard is prone to fall into the path dependence of “surrounding the city with dikes” when dealing with extreme rainfall events. Thirdly, the control lines on the land area are rigid and disrupt the organic spatial connections. The current land area control mode of “equidistant setback” ignores the dynamic coupling relationship between the natural morphological characteristics of rivers and the urban spatial structure. Fourthly, the waterfront space control system shows multi-dimensional disconnections. The lack of specific control at the land use level leads to the failure of the transmission between the guidance of the spatial form and the control of land development. Based on this, this paper proposes corresponding planning ideas. Firstly, establish a dynamically evolving connotation system of the blue line. Facing the long-term impacts of climate change and the dynamic evolution of the urban water system, on the basis of protecting traditional rigid water bodies such as rivers and lakes, incorporate distributed storage and regulation facilities such as rainwater storage and regulation ponds, ecological ponds, and artificial wetlands into the legal control scope of the blue line, and establish a composite blue line system covering “gray-green” hybrid infrastructure. Secondly, innovate the delineation of the estuary line with upstream and downstream flood control coordination. At the overall level, comprehensively consider the flood control strategies of the upstream and downstream areas of the river basin, give full play to the flood storage and detention functions of various storage and regulation water bodies, relieve the flood control pressure within the city, take into account the value balance of “safety-ecology-development”, and reasonably delineate the estuary line. Thirdly, implement differentiated land area control strategies. Comprehensively consider the important ecological spaces and urban spaces along the water system, with appropriate flexibility, and achieve the precise adaptation between the physical geographical characteristics and the urban functional zoning. In addition, according to the different characteristics of different control objects, adopt a control method that combines rigidity and flexibility. Fourthly, improve the planning transmission mechanism that combines guidance and control. Transform the key control elements in the waterfront space design guidelines into clear indicators and requirements, and use them as the basis for compiling the detailed plans of the areas along the line, so as to achieve the transmission from spatial design to land management.Taking HefeiCity as an empirical example, this paper introduces the specific paths and methods for delineating the blue line. Firstly, expand the objects of blue line delineation, coordinate various storage and regulation facilities, and incorporate some seasonal, underground, and small-scale storage and regulation facilities into the objects of blue line delineation. Secondly, coordinate various water-related plans, formulate a systematic stormwater management plan, and coordinate the urban flood control plan and drainage plan. On the basis of systematically integrating the flood control and drainage measures of the upstream and downstream areas, comprehensively delineate the urban blue line. Considering the terrain conditions where the northwest of Hefei urban area is high and the southeast is low, as well as the existing foundation of water conservancy facilities, it is recommended to adopt the flood control strategy of “blocking upstream, releasing downstream, and diverting on the sides”. By improving the flood storage capacity of the upstream and downstream areas, the flood discharge pressure within the city can be relieved. Thirdly, combine relaxation and tightening, integrate rigidity and flexibility, and explore refined methods for blue line delineation and control. Combining relaxation and tightening means adopting the mode of “benchmark width + local correction”, that is, setting a certain benchmark width by comprehensively considering various requirements such as river flood control safety, ecological conservation, and recreational activities, and making local corrections in combination with the specific situations along the line. Integrating rigidity and flexibility means comprehensively using various control methods such as line positions, point positions, and indicators. Fourthly, formulate waterfront space control guidelines that shift from “separation of the city and water” to “coupling of the city and water”, and propose an indicator system with 10 items at three levels: ecological green, landscape features, and openness and sharing.
Against the backdrop of the intensification of global climate change and the normalization of extreme weather events in cities, the traditional blue line control system is facing an urgent need for systematic reconstruction. The logic of delineating the blue line dominated by engineering thinking reveals four dilemmas in dealing with compound flood risks, coordinating urban spatial development, and other aspects. Firstly, the scope of the blue line definition lags behind the concept of ecological water management. The current delineation of the blue line still adheres to the cognitive framework of traditional hydraulic engineering, focusing on the spatial areas of obvious water bodies such as rivers and reservoirs. There is a lack of legal status recognition for distributed storage and regulation facilities such as rainwater storage and regulation ponds and ecological ponds that have emerged in the construction of sponge cities. Secondly, the engineering-oriented approach to delineating the estuary line has systematic defects. The method of delineating the estuary line dominated by a single flood control standard is prone to fall into the path dependence of “surrounding the city with dikes” when dealing with extreme rainfall events. Thirdly, the control lines on the land area are rigid and disrupt the organic spatial connections. The current land area control mode of “equidistant setback” ignores the dynamic coupling relationship between the natural morphological characteristics of rivers and the urban spatial structure. Fourthly, the waterfront space control system shows multi-dimensional disconnections. The lack of specific control at the land use level leads to the failure of the transmission between the guidance of the spatial form and the control of land development. Based on this, this paper proposes corresponding planning ideas. Firstly, establish a dynamically evolving connotation system of the blue line. Facing the long-term impacts of climate change and the dynamic evolution of the urban water system, on the basis of protecting traditional rigid water bodies such as rivers and lakes, incorporate distributed storage and regulation facilities such as rainwater storage and regulation ponds, ecological ponds, and artificial wetlands into the legal control scope of the blue line, and establish a composite blue line system covering “gray-green” hybrid infrastructure. Secondly, innovate the delineation of the estuary line with upstream and downstream flood control coordination. At the overall level, comprehensively consider the flood control strategies of the upstream and downstream areas of the river basin, give full play to the flood storage and detention functions of various storage and regulation water bodies, relieve the flood control pressure within the city, take into account the value balance of “safety-ecology-development”, and reasonably delineate the estuary line. Thirdly, implement differentiated land area control strategies. Comprehensively consider the important ecological spaces and urban spaces along the water system, with appropriate flexibility, and achieve the precise adaptation between the physical geographical characteristics and the urban functional zoning. In addition, according to the different characteristics of different control objects, adopt a control method that combines rigidity and flexibility. Fourthly, improve the planning transmission mechanism that combines guidance and control. Transform the key control elements in the waterfront space design guidelines into clear indicators and requirements, and use them as the basis for compiling the detailed plans of the areas along the line, so as to achieve the transmission from spatial design to land management.Taking HefeiCity as an empirical example, this paper introduces the specific paths and methods for delineating the blue line. Firstly, expand the objects of blue line delineation, coordinate various storage and regulation facilities, and incorporate some seasonal, underground, and small-scale storage and regulation facilities into the objects of blue line delineation. Secondly, coordinate various water-related plans, formulate a systematic stormwater management plan, and coordinate the urban flood control plan and drainage plan. On the basis of systematically integrating the flood control and drainage measures of the upstream and downstream areas, comprehensively delineate the urban blue line. Considering the terrain conditions where the northwest of Hefei urban area is high and the southeast is low, as well as the existing foundation of water conservancy facilities, it is recommended to adopt the flood control strategy of “blocking upstream, releasing downstream, and diverting on the sides”. By improving the flood storage capacity of the upstream and downstream areas, the flood discharge pressure within the city can be relieved. Thirdly, combine relaxation and tightening, integrate rigidity and flexibility, and explore refined methods for blue line delineation and control. Combining relaxation and tightening means adopting the mode of “benchmark width + local correction”, that is, setting a certain benchmark width by comprehensively considering various requirements such as river flood control safety, ecological conservation, and recreational activities, and making local corrections in combination with the specific situations along the line. Integrating rigidity and flexibility means comprehensively using various control methods such as line positions, point positions, and indicators. Fourthly, formulate waterfront space control guidelines that shift from “separation of the city and water” to “coupling of the city and water”, and propose an indicator system with 10 items at three levels: ecological green, landscape features, and openness and sharing.
2025(2),175-181
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250405002
Abstract:
With the rapid development of China’s railway system, high-speed rail has become a prominent symbol of national progress. It has profoundly transformed people’s lifestyles, reshaped urban structures, and further stimulated socioeconomic development. Throughout this process, China’s railway stations have undergone multiple stages of iterative upgrades, with station-city integration emerging as a critical topic in current urban and transportation planning discourse. The evolution of the four generations of railway stations in Guangzhou offers a microcosmic view of the modernization of China’s railway infrastructure. Through comparative analysis of these four generations and their respective transfer models, supported by visual diagrammatic methods, this study uncovers the transformation trends in integrated transport transfer systems centered on railway stations. These systems have evolved from two-dimensional expansion models to locally stacked, three-dimensional forms, reflecting a clear progression toward more compact, fully threedimensional transportation integration. This development trend increasingly solidifies the role of railway stations as the nucleus of comprehensive transport hubs. This research introduces the concept of topological equivalence into architectural design as a novel analytical perspective. By employing the principle of “homeomorphism” from topology and focusing on the spatial topological structure of transfer flows, a comparative study of Guangzhou’s four generations of railway stations helps identify the fundamental attributes of integrated transport hubs as critical nodes within broader transportation networks. Based on these findings, a basic spatial topological model of transfer flows for comprehensive transportation integration centered on railway stations is proposed. While maintaining the constancy of the topological structure, this approach emphasizes the reconfiguration of spatial connectivity to improve spatial continuity, accessibility, and systematic coordination. Such reconfiguration enables new strategies in spatial design innovation. Practically, optimizing passenger flow paths and constructing more logical and efficient spatial layouts can shorten transfer distances, enhance transfer efficiency, and improve the adaptability and flexibility of functional spaces. Furthermore, topological transformation facilitates the creation of public spaces that are not only functional but also human-centered and experience-rich. The spatial topological model developed in this research offers a theoretical basis for further studies employing space syntax theory. Through the analysis of spatial structure topology and visibility, researchers can explore the implicit relationships between form and function in complex urban spatial systems, and understand the interplay between transportation functions and urban public space. Moreover, the model supports the application of simulation tools to dynamically model passenger flows, identify bottlenecks, propose spatial optimization strategies, and generate quantifiable performance indicators for comprehensive evaluation. Integrated transport is the cornerstone of station-city synergy. The efficient integration of multiple transport modes is a prerequisite for the coordinated development of railway stations and surrounding urban areas. In addition to supporting high-performance transportation functions, transport complexes can stitch together fragmented urban spaces through overhead developmentprojects, repurpose underutilized land, and facilitate high-density commercial activity. Such integrated land use significantly enhances urban efficiency. The Guangzhou Baiyun Station Complex exemplifies this model, pioneering a development strategy in which high-speed rail hubs drive large-scale urban renewal and integrated station-city construction management—offering a distinctive “China solution” for global urban development challenges. To support this integration, Guangzhou has pioneered a unified construction and management model. A dedicated implementation company was established to oversee the comprehensive planning, design, and construction of associated infrastructure projects, including municipal roads, hub-supporting facilities, and reserved metro infrastructure. This integrated approach has proven highly effective, providing robust institutional support and overcoming previous coordination barriers such as land boundaries, property rights, and operational governance. It significantly reduces project interface complexities and coordination difficulties, avoids redundant or abandoned construction caused by misalignment, and facilitates cost control and construction scheduling. These outcomes collectively enhance the systematic functionality and integrative value of the project, achieving true synergy between transportation and urban development. At the operational level, several innovative design strategies have also demonstrated notable success. For example, rather than placing entry points along a central symmetry axis, a fourcorner entry model was introduced, offering a more distributed and efficient flow. A multi-level automobile drop-off platform was constructed, allowing all public and private transport passengers to transfer on a single level with door-to-door, zero-elevation-change access. Additionally, a multi-level pedestrian corridor system was developed to mend urban fractures caused by railway infrastructure, creating a walkable, livable urban fabric that supports high-intensity overhead property development and fosters an environment suitable for both living and working. In conclusion, drawing upon the extensive experience of the authors’ design team in railway station planning and development, this study selects representative engineering cases to examine integrated design strategies. By offering new theoretical perspectives and practical references, it aims to support the design of similar projects and contribute to the deeper integration of comprehensive transportation systems with urban spatial form.
With the rapid development of China’s railway system, high-speed rail has become a prominent symbol of national progress. It has profoundly transformed people’s lifestyles, reshaped urban structures, and further stimulated socioeconomic development. Throughout this process, China’s railway stations have undergone multiple stages of iterative upgrades, with station-city integration emerging as a critical topic in current urban and transportation planning discourse. The evolution of the four generations of railway stations in Guangzhou offers a microcosmic view of the modernization of China’s railway infrastructure. Through comparative analysis of these four generations and their respective transfer models, supported by visual diagrammatic methods, this study uncovers the transformation trends in integrated transport transfer systems centered on railway stations. These systems have evolved from two-dimensional expansion models to locally stacked, three-dimensional forms, reflecting a clear progression toward more compact, fully threedimensional transportation integration. This development trend increasingly solidifies the role of railway stations as the nucleus of comprehensive transport hubs. This research introduces the concept of topological equivalence into architectural design as a novel analytical perspective. By employing the principle of “homeomorphism” from topology and focusing on the spatial topological structure of transfer flows, a comparative study of Guangzhou’s four generations of railway stations helps identify the fundamental attributes of integrated transport hubs as critical nodes within broader transportation networks. Based on these findings, a basic spatial topological model of transfer flows for comprehensive transportation integration centered on railway stations is proposed. While maintaining the constancy of the topological structure, this approach emphasizes the reconfiguration of spatial connectivity to improve spatial continuity, accessibility, and systematic coordination. Such reconfiguration enables new strategies in spatial design innovation. Practically, optimizing passenger flow paths and constructing more logical and efficient spatial layouts can shorten transfer distances, enhance transfer efficiency, and improve the adaptability and flexibility of functional spaces. Furthermore, topological transformation facilitates the creation of public spaces that are not only functional but also human-centered and experience-rich. The spatial topological model developed in this research offers a theoretical basis for further studies employing space syntax theory. Through the analysis of spatial structure topology and visibility, researchers can explore the implicit relationships between form and function in complex urban spatial systems, and understand the interplay between transportation functions and urban public space. Moreover, the model supports the application of simulation tools to dynamically model passenger flows, identify bottlenecks, propose spatial optimization strategies, and generate quantifiable performance indicators for comprehensive evaluation. Integrated transport is the cornerstone of station-city synergy. The efficient integration of multiple transport modes is a prerequisite for the coordinated development of railway stations and surrounding urban areas. In addition to supporting high-performance transportation functions, transport complexes can stitch together fragmented urban spaces through overhead developmentprojects, repurpose underutilized land, and facilitate high-density commercial activity. Such integrated land use significantly enhances urban efficiency. The Guangzhou Baiyun Station Complex exemplifies this model, pioneering a development strategy in which high-speed rail hubs drive large-scale urban renewal and integrated station-city construction management—offering a distinctive “China solution” for global urban development challenges. To support this integration, Guangzhou has pioneered a unified construction and management model. A dedicated implementation company was established to oversee the comprehensive planning, design, and construction of associated infrastructure projects, including municipal roads, hub-supporting facilities, and reserved metro infrastructure. This integrated approach has proven highly effective, providing robust institutional support and overcoming previous coordination barriers such as land boundaries, property rights, and operational governance. It significantly reduces project interface complexities and coordination difficulties, avoids redundant or abandoned construction caused by misalignment, and facilitates cost control and construction scheduling. These outcomes collectively enhance the systematic functionality and integrative value of the project, achieving true synergy between transportation and urban development. At the operational level, several innovative design strategies have also demonstrated notable success. For example, rather than placing entry points along a central symmetry axis, a fourcorner entry model was introduced, offering a more distributed and efficient flow. A multi-level automobile drop-off platform was constructed, allowing all public and private transport passengers to transfer on a single level with door-to-door, zero-elevation-change access. Additionally, a multi-level pedestrian corridor system was developed to mend urban fractures caused by railway infrastructure, creating a walkable, livable urban fabric that supports high-intensity overhead property development and fosters an environment suitable for both living and working. In conclusion, drawing upon the extensive experience of the authors’ design team in railway station planning and development, this study selects representative engineering cases to examine integrated design strategies. By offering new theoretical perspectives and practical references, it aims to support the design of similar projects and contribute to the deeper integration of comprehensive transportation systems with urban spatial form.
2025(2),182-187
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240112005
Abstract:
The suboptimal allocation and structural organization of elements within urban green spaces significantly hinder the maximization of their ecological and social benefits. Among the various types of urban green spaces, those surrounding scenic areas are particularly integral to urban life, serving as pivotal venues for human-nature interactions due to their unique locations. By focusing on these green spaces, the study can more acutely capture the characteristics of urban green spaces, thereby providing crucial research and practical foundations for enhancing the quality and promoting high-quality development of contemporary cities. This study specifically examines the green spaces within a 1 km radius around the Zhongshan and Yuhuatai Scenic Spots in Nanjing. Utilizing comprehensive field surveys and advanced remote sensing interpretation techniques, the study meticulously analyzes the overall characteristics of these green spaces and the distribution patterns of green spaces in typical construction land, aiming to delve into the spatial distribution characteristics and trends of green spaces around scenic areas. The findings of this study reveal several key insights: 1) over the past decade, the landscape composition of green spaces around scenic areas has undergone significant changes. The proportion of landscape area occupied by affiliated green spaces and protective green spaces has decreased, with some protective green spaces transforming into affiliated green spaces. The number of patches and the landscape shape index have both shown a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease. 2) The green spaces have become more fragmented in their landscape representation, with an increase in the aggregation index. Affiliated green spaces exhibit lower diversity and connectivity, while protective green spaces show the opposite trend. The green spaces extend from the scenic areas outwards, demonstrating better continuity and growth at the intersection of natural and cultural landscapes. 3) The closer a green space patch is to the scenic area, the larger its proportion of the landscape area, the higher its diversity index, and the greater its connectivity index. Conversely, the number of patches and the landscape shape index decrease as proximity to the scenic area increases. The area of green space patches also becomes larger and more continuous the closer they are to the scenic area. 4) The aggregation index of affiliated green spaces increases with proximity to the scenic area, while the aggregation index of protective green spaces decreases. Affiliated green spaces exhibit a more fragmented trend in the overall landscape, whereas protective green spaces appear more intact. In summary, the green spaces around the scenic spots need to strengthen their connection with the natural and cultural landscapes. It is essential to create diverse green growth nodes based on land use types and to connect and improve ecological networks of green spaces through ecological corridors. These measures are expected to provide a theoretical foundation for the optimization and management of urban green spaces. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating green spaces with the natural and cultural contexts of scenic areas. By fostering a diverse array of green spaces that are strategically located and interconnected, urban landscapes can be enriched and made more resilient. The implementation ofecological corridors is particularly crucial as they serve as vital links in the ecological network, ensuring the continuity and vitality of green spaces. This holistic approach not only enhances the aesthetic and ecological value of urban environments but also contributes to the sustainable development and management of these spaces. The findings of this study are expected to inform urban planning and management strategies, promoting the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature in contemporary cities.
The suboptimal allocation and structural organization of elements within urban green spaces significantly hinder the maximization of their ecological and social benefits. Among the various types of urban green spaces, those surrounding scenic areas are particularly integral to urban life, serving as pivotal venues for human-nature interactions due to their unique locations. By focusing on these green spaces, the study can more acutely capture the characteristics of urban green spaces, thereby providing crucial research and practical foundations for enhancing the quality and promoting high-quality development of contemporary cities. This study specifically examines the green spaces within a 1 km radius around the Zhongshan and Yuhuatai Scenic Spots in Nanjing. Utilizing comprehensive field surveys and advanced remote sensing interpretation techniques, the study meticulously analyzes the overall characteristics of these green spaces and the distribution patterns of green spaces in typical construction land, aiming to delve into the spatial distribution characteristics and trends of green spaces around scenic areas. The findings of this study reveal several key insights: 1) over the past decade, the landscape composition of green spaces around scenic areas has undergone significant changes. The proportion of landscape area occupied by affiliated green spaces and protective green spaces has decreased, with some protective green spaces transforming into affiliated green spaces. The number of patches and the landscape shape index have both shown a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease. 2) The green spaces have become more fragmented in their landscape representation, with an increase in the aggregation index. Affiliated green spaces exhibit lower diversity and connectivity, while protective green spaces show the opposite trend. The green spaces extend from the scenic areas outwards, demonstrating better continuity and growth at the intersection of natural and cultural landscapes. 3) The closer a green space patch is to the scenic area, the larger its proportion of the landscape area, the higher its diversity index, and the greater its connectivity index. Conversely, the number of patches and the landscape shape index decrease as proximity to the scenic area increases. The area of green space patches also becomes larger and more continuous the closer they are to the scenic area. 4) The aggregation index of affiliated green spaces increases with proximity to the scenic area, while the aggregation index of protective green spaces decreases. Affiliated green spaces exhibit a more fragmented trend in the overall landscape, whereas protective green spaces appear more intact. In summary, the green spaces around the scenic spots need to strengthen their connection with the natural and cultural landscapes. It is essential to create diverse green growth nodes based on land use types and to connect and improve ecological networks of green spaces through ecological corridors. These measures are expected to provide a theoretical foundation for the optimization and management of urban green spaces. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating green spaces with the natural and cultural contexts of scenic areas. By fostering a diverse array of green spaces that are strategically located and interconnected, urban landscapes can be enriched and made more resilient. The implementation ofecological corridors is particularly crucial as they serve as vital links in the ecological network, ensuring the continuity and vitality of green spaces. This holistic approach not only enhances the aesthetic and ecological value of urban environments but also contributes to the sustainable development and management of these spaces. The findings of this study are expected to inform urban planning and management strategies, promoting the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature in contemporary cities.
2025(2),188-194
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230629002
Abstract:
Located in the northeast corner of Hainan Island, the Dongjiao Peninsula of Wenchang City, due to its unique natural geographic environment of the river estuary, and the coupling settlement of coconut grove vegetation, is a very representative regional paradigm of the peninsula coconut grove settlement landscape, which has extremely high research value. Through the combination of literature review and field research, GIS analysis, schema language and other research methods, this paper analyzes the formation and evolution of the settlement landscape of the Dongjiao Peninsula, and summarizes the characteristics of the settlement landscape of the Dongjiao Peninsula. 1) In the Dongjiao Peninsula, the coconut grove settlement is a settlement system in which the ancestors of Wenchang have phased soil and tasted water for a long time, scientifically utilize the special location of the river estuary, rationally arranged “production-living-ecology space” of the habitat environment and gradually formed the landscape order, demonstrating the intelligent interaction between local people and the settlement environment. 2) As a complete geographic unit of the coastal zone, the Dongjiao Peninsula, under the action of tidal waves, sea breeze and sand dunes, its internal landscape elements such as settlements, coconut groves, farmland and fishponds are based on long-term evolution of human interaction, and gradually formed the landscape structure of “coconut grove-settlement-wind and water ponds-farmland-settlement-fishponds-protection forests”, which is intertwined and overall unified. Because of the differences in the driving forces of settlement evolution in different zones of the peninsula, different landscape patterns are characterized, forming the differences between the north and south settlement landscape systems of the DongJiao Peninsula. Specific differences are as follows: The northern part of the island relies on lagoonal-oceanic terrace to form a “bead-type” settlement landscape system of fan-bone radial groups with “harbors, fishpond, rows of rice paddies, coconut groves, and cluster decentralized settlements”; The southern part of the island conforms to the base of the sandy ridges to form a “lasagna” settlement landscape system with parallel belt-like cascades of “windbreak forests, coconut-based fishponds, ribbon farmland, coconut forests, and ribbon curvilinear settlements”. 3)The coconut grove settlement landscape of the Dongjiao Peninsula is a typical representative of the river estuary settlement landscape, which is the result of thousands of years of repeated integration of “people, land and sea”, and interprets the deep coupling of regional landscape differences and environmental characteristics. Under the influence of different hydrology on the north and south sides, the diversified geomorphology is formed, and on the basis of establishing the regional environment of ecology-production-life, a diversified way of local settlement utilization is formed through the intelligent adjustment of the shore base and the surrounding environment, and in the long-term coupling and feedback process, the settlement landscape system of the Dongjiao Peninsula reaches a harmonious and stable state. The naturalmechanism and cultural characteristics of the settlement landscape formation are the regional expression of human-earth wisdom interaction in the habitat environment, and also the basis for establishing regional cultural identity, which is beneficial to the understanding of the same type of settlement landscapes and their inheritance and innovative development.
Located in the northeast corner of Hainan Island, the Dongjiao Peninsula of Wenchang City, due to its unique natural geographic environment of the river estuary, and the coupling settlement of coconut grove vegetation, is a very representative regional paradigm of the peninsula coconut grove settlement landscape, which has extremely high research value. Through the combination of literature review and field research, GIS analysis, schema language and other research methods, this paper analyzes the formation and evolution of the settlement landscape of the Dongjiao Peninsula, and summarizes the characteristics of the settlement landscape of the Dongjiao Peninsula. 1) In the Dongjiao Peninsula, the coconut grove settlement is a settlement system in which the ancestors of Wenchang have phased soil and tasted water for a long time, scientifically utilize the special location of the river estuary, rationally arranged “production-living-ecology space” of the habitat environment and gradually formed the landscape order, demonstrating the intelligent interaction between local people and the settlement environment. 2) As a complete geographic unit of the coastal zone, the Dongjiao Peninsula, under the action of tidal waves, sea breeze and sand dunes, its internal landscape elements such as settlements, coconut groves, farmland and fishponds are based on long-term evolution of human interaction, and gradually formed the landscape structure of “coconut grove-settlement-wind and water ponds-farmland-settlement-fishponds-protection forests”, which is intertwined and overall unified. Because of the differences in the driving forces of settlement evolution in different zones of the peninsula, different landscape patterns are characterized, forming the differences between the north and south settlement landscape systems of the DongJiao Peninsula. Specific differences are as follows: The northern part of the island relies on lagoonal-oceanic terrace to form a “bead-type” settlement landscape system of fan-bone radial groups with “harbors, fishpond, rows of rice paddies, coconut groves, and cluster decentralized settlements”; The southern part of the island conforms to the base of the sandy ridges to form a “lasagna” settlement landscape system with parallel belt-like cascades of “windbreak forests, coconut-based fishponds, ribbon farmland, coconut forests, and ribbon curvilinear settlements”. 3)The coconut grove settlement landscape of the Dongjiao Peninsula is a typical representative of the river estuary settlement landscape, which is the result of thousands of years of repeated integration of “people, land and sea”, and interprets the deep coupling of regional landscape differences and environmental characteristics. Under the influence of different hydrology on the north and south sides, the diversified geomorphology is formed, and on the basis of establishing the regional environment of ecology-production-life, a diversified way of local settlement utilization is formed through the intelligent adjustment of the shore base and the surrounding environment, and in the long-term coupling and feedback process, the settlement landscape system of the Dongjiao Peninsula reaches a harmonious and stable state. The naturalmechanism and cultural characteristics of the settlement landscape formation are the regional expression of human-earth wisdom interaction in the habitat environment, and also the basis for establishing regional cultural identity, which is beneficial to the understanding of the same type of settlement landscapes and their inheritance and innovative development.
2025(2),195-201
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest. 20231101002
Abstract:
“Jing” is an important meta-concept in the field of landscape architecture. Scholars in the industry have explored the term “jing” from various perspectives. Scholars such as Wang Juyuan, Yang Rui, and Wang Shaozeng believe that “jing” is closely related to the essence of landscape architecture as a discipline. Wang Shaozeng even argues that “jing” will further facilitate the construction of the discipline’s system. Other scholars also point out that “jing” has a significant impact on garden design and landscape architecture theory. Therefore, it can be seen that “jing” is gradually becoming a key issue in the construction and development of landscape architecture. However, the origin, development, and evolution of the term “jing” itself need further exploration. Yang Rui has preliminarily discussed the origin of the term “jing” and used the words “jingjie” and “yijing” to explore the cultural and aesthetic significance of “jing”, citing numerous examples from traditional Chinese thought, religion, poetry, etc., as the philosophical basis and theory of “yijing”. However, the introduction of the initial form, original meaning, and subsequent evolution of “jing” is very brief. At the same time, traditional Chinese thought, religion, poetry, etc., have had a significant influence on traditional gardens. Therefore, the origin, role, and inclusiveness of “jing” in the aforementioned fields are worth studying, but Yang Rui did not elaborate on these aspects.Academics often use the method of studying the form and meaning of characters from original materials and classic texts to explore the origins and development of a word or term. This paper uses original materials such as oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions to explore the initial appearance and evolution process of the character “jing”, starting with its original form “jing”. It traces the evolution of “jing” from oracle bone script to regular script, studies the configuration and core meaning of “jing”, and then explores the original meaning of “jing” based on its configuration. Since the article A Probe into the Cognition of “Jing” Through the Compound Words in Sibu Congkan has already sorted out the meaning and usage of “jing” and found that Daoism, Buddhism, and poetics have had a significant influence on the evolution of “jing”, this paper will further explore the specific origin, role, and process of meaning change of “jing” in the fields of Daoism, Buddhism, and poetics, and sort out its content and patterns.Research on the original configuration of “jing” and its original form “jing” reveals that “jing” is a complex entity that includes time, space, and people. It also identifies “people” as the key element among the three, consistent with Yang Rui’s viewpoint. This characteristic of “jing” is highly compatible with the connotation of the landscape architecture discipline. Subsequently, the exploration of the original meaning of “jing” and its origin, role, and evolution in Daoism, Buddhism, and poetics reveals that “jing” plays an important mediating role in these fields. Its connotation has expanded from physical space to a spiritual space that carries perception, consciousness, and aesthetics. The rich connotation of “jing” has played a crucial role in the discipline of landscape architecture in terms of research and design objects, evaluation criteria, creation methods, historical and cross-disciplinary integration, discipline identification, and theoretical guidance. This paper explores the origins and development of the character “jing” from both form and meaning, producing innovative research results: (1) By searching the “Sibu Congkan”, it updates the latest appearance time of the character “jing”, moving the latest appearance time from the Eastern Han Dynasty (139 AD) to the Western Han Dynasty (77 BC-6 BC); (2) In terms of form, starting from “jing”, it discovers three possible configurations of “jing” in oracle bone script,supplementing the configuration methods mentioned in Yang Rui’s paper; (3) In terms of the evolution of meaning, unlike Yang Rui’s focus on “yijing” and “jingjie”, this paper emphasizes the evolution of the single character “jing”, supplementing the origin, role, and evolution of “jing” in traditional Chinese thought, religion, and poetry. In short, “jing” originated from Zhuangzi’s concept of “xiang biao”, with added characteristics of infinity and human psychological factors, continuously sublimating to the subjective spiritual level. Through its objective spatial meaning and usage, “jing” served as a translation term in Buddhist scriptures, entering Buddhism and incorporating Buddhist consciousness, paving the way for its entry into poetics. However, its objective space and subjective consciousness did not intersect. Later, “jing” became an abstract carrier for describing new creative experiences in poetics, bringing the Buddhist practice method of “zhiguan” into the creative concept of “poetry born from the static state”, with “jing” in poetics also having multiple forms of existence, achieving a good integration of objective space and subjective consciousness.
“Jing” is an important meta-concept in the field of landscape architecture. Scholars in the industry have explored the term “jing” from various perspectives. Scholars such as Wang Juyuan, Yang Rui, and Wang Shaozeng believe that “jing” is closely related to the essence of landscape architecture as a discipline. Wang Shaozeng even argues that “jing” will further facilitate the construction of the discipline’s system. Other scholars also point out that “jing” has a significant impact on garden design and landscape architecture theory. Therefore, it can be seen that “jing” is gradually becoming a key issue in the construction and development of landscape architecture. However, the origin, development, and evolution of the term “jing” itself need further exploration. Yang Rui has preliminarily discussed the origin of the term “jing” and used the words “jingjie” and “yijing” to explore the cultural and aesthetic significance of “jing”, citing numerous examples from traditional Chinese thought, religion, poetry, etc., as the philosophical basis and theory of “yijing”. However, the introduction of the initial form, original meaning, and subsequent evolution of “jing” is very brief. At the same time, traditional Chinese thought, religion, poetry, etc., have had a significant influence on traditional gardens. Therefore, the origin, role, and inclusiveness of “jing” in the aforementioned fields are worth studying, but Yang Rui did not elaborate on these aspects.Academics often use the method of studying the form and meaning of characters from original materials and classic texts to explore the origins and development of a word or term. This paper uses original materials such as oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions to explore the initial appearance and evolution process of the character “jing”, starting with its original form “jing”. It traces the evolution of “jing” from oracle bone script to regular script, studies the configuration and core meaning of “jing”, and then explores the original meaning of “jing” based on its configuration. Since the article A Probe into the Cognition of “Jing” Through the Compound Words in Sibu Congkan has already sorted out the meaning and usage of “jing” and found that Daoism, Buddhism, and poetics have had a significant influence on the evolution of “jing”, this paper will further explore the specific origin, role, and process of meaning change of “jing” in the fields of Daoism, Buddhism, and poetics, and sort out its content and patterns.Research on the original configuration of “jing” and its original form “jing” reveals that “jing” is a complex entity that includes time, space, and people. It also identifies “people” as the key element among the three, consistent with Yang Rui’s viewpoint. This characteristic of “jing” is highly compatible with the connotation of the landscape architecture discipline. Subsequently, the exploration of the original meaning of “jing” and its origin, role, and evolution in Daoism, Buddhism, and poetics reveals that “jing” plays an important mediating role in these fields. Its connotation has expanded from physical space to a spiritual space that carries perception, consciousness, and aesthetics. The rich connotation of “jing” has played a crucial role in the discipline of landscape architecture in terms of research and design objects, evaluation criteria, creation methods, historical and cross-disciplinary integration, discipline identification, and theoretical guidance. This paper explores the origins and development of the character “jing” from both form and meaning, producing innovative research results: (1) By searching the “Sibu Congkan”, it updates the latest appearance time of the character “jing”, moving the latest appearance time from the Eastern Han Dynasty (139 AD) to the Western Han Dynasty (77 BC-6 BC); (2) In terms of form, starting from “jing”, it discovers three possible configurations of “jing” in oracle bone script,supplementing the configuration methods mentioned in Yang Rui’s paper; (3) In terms of the evolution of meaning, unlike Yang Rui’s focus on “yijing” and “jingjie”, this paper emphasizes the evolution of the single character “jing”, supplementing the origin, role, and evolution of “jing” in traditional Chinese thought, religion, and poetry. In short, “jing” originated from Zhuangzi’s concept of “xiang biao”, with added characteristics of infinity and human psychological factors, continuously sublimating to the subjective spiritual level. Through its objective spatial meaning and usage, “jing” served as a translation term in Buddhist scriptures, entering Buddhism and incorporating Buddhist consciousness, paving the way for its entry into poetics. However, its objective space and subjective consciousness did not intersect. Later, “jing” became an abstract carrier for describing new creative experiences in poetics, bringing the Buddhist practice method of “zhiguan” into the creative concept of “poetry born from the static state”, with “jing” in poetics also having multiple forms of existence, achieving a good integration of objective space and subjective consciousness.
2025(2),202-209
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20231109001
Abstract:
The introduction of Christian architecture to China occurred during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with its widespread dissemination in China after the Second Opium War. In Guangzhou, one of the treaty ports, the scope of Christian missionary work expanded significantly, leading to the establishment of churches, missionary hospitals, and missionary schools, among other Christian architectural structures. During the Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou’s urban layout had reached a mature stage through continuous improvement over various dynasties. As an external landscape element, the recent introduction of Christian architecture into Guangzhou posed considerable disturbances and challenges to the traditional urban landscape system that had already formed. Guangzhou served as a pivotal location for the modern entry of Christianity into China. Within the urban landscape framework and order, how did Christian architecture attain its landscape position compared to existing landscape elements in Guangzhou? And how did it evolve against the backdrop of significant shifts in modern political situations and urban development patterns? The contemplation of these two questions constitutes the origin of this study.In existing research on landscape elements, scholars have predominantly elaborated on approaches to grasp landscape elements from different perspectives such as urban imagery, urban space, and architectural classification. However, studies on Christian architecture in Guangzhou have mainly focused on spatial distribution, architectural forms, history, and culture, lacking analysis from the perspective of the components and overall order of China’s traditional urban landscape system regarding the role, status, and evolution of Christian architecture within Guangzhou’s urban landscape system. Such analysis is crucial for understanding the characteristics embodied by China’s traditional cities and Christian architecture in terms of their role, status, and evolution within Guangzhou’s urban landscape system. Therefore, this paper adopts the perspective of Guangzhou’s constructed landscape system and uses the development of Christianity in Guangzhou as the basis for temporal division, with the earliest introduction of Christianity to Guangzhou in the 12th year of Emperor Jiaqing’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1807) serving as the starting point for research. After the Second Opium War in 1860, Christianity gained widespread dissemination in Guangzhou, leading to the establishment of churches, hospitals, schools, and other Christian architectural structures. In 1938, Guangzhou fell under Japanese occupation during the Sino- Japanese War, causing religious activities to cease, marking the endpoint of this research. This paper divides the research into two periods based on the Second Opium War, with the old city and new city within the city walls of the Qing Dynasty’s Guangzhou Prefecture, as well as the four gateway districts outside the city walls-West Gate, East Gate, South Gate, and the area north of the North Gateserving as the research spaces. Taking Christian architecture as the research object, this study first compiles and locates the spatial distribution of dominant landscape elements in the two historical periods from historical materials such as gazetteers, conducting a preliminary analysis of the types and spatial distribution of Christian architecture. Secondly, using literature from local gazetteers and urban maps as the basis for statistics and analysis, this paper places Christian architecture within fourdimensions of the urban landscape structure: landscape domains, main axes, special landscape nodes, and skylines. It analyzes Christian architecture’s participation and visual perception in the urban landscape system compared to other landscape elements across these four dimensions, assessing its spatial combinations in different dimensions and specific spatial scenarios, and analyzing its spatial relationships with traditional Chinese architectural types to make accurate and detailed judgments. The study found that in the first period, Christian architecture held a relatively low status in Guangzhou’s urban landscape, often excluded outside the city walls and failing to integrate into Guangzhou’s landscape structure. However, in the second period, as Guangzhou’s landscape system changed, Christian architecture gradually entered and began participating in the construction of the urban landscape structure. For instance, Hui’ai Church, Guangxiao Church, and the Sacred Heart Cathedral became crucial components of landscape axes and had a significant impact on the skyline, elevating their landscape position, albeit still lower than that of high-level government offices and commemorative buildings. At this time, despite the emergence of numerous Christian buildings, they did not fundamentally alter the dominant status of Guangzhou’s traditional landscape elements. The increased Christian architecture during this period not only served as carriers of Western culture but also added new landscape elements to the urban streetscape, integrating with Chinese culture to form an architectural style that blends East and West. In the protection efforts of Guangzhou’s built heritage and environmental practices, it is crucial to focus not only on the towering and uniquely shaped features of Christian architecture but also to deeply understand the design intentions behind the status, role, and spatial combinations of these buildings relative to other traditional Chinese architectural types within landscape domains, main axes, skylines from key vantage points, and landscape nodes. The goal of protection efforts is not only to achieve the preservation of original materials and forms but also to pursue a realm of “original intention presentation”, which entails restoring the historical appearance and design intent of the buildings to the greatest extent possible during preservation. Therefore, this study aims to assist in more accurately grasping the landscape order of Christian architecture and traditional Chinese architectural types in group combinations during the preservation practices of Guangzhou’s urban landscape character, proposing urban design and heritage protection schemes that better align with the authenticity of the historical environment.
The introduction of Christian architecture to China occurred during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with its widespread dissemination in China after the Second Opium War. In Guangzhou, one of the treaty ports, the scope of Christian missionary work expanded significantly, leading to the establishment of churches, missionary hospitals, and missionary schools, among other Christian architectural structures. During the Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou’s urban layout had reached a mature stage through continuous improvement over various dynasties. As an external landscape element, the recent introduction of Christian architecture into Guangzhou posed considerable disturbances and challenges to the traditional urban landscape system that had already formed. Guangzhou served as a pivotal location for the modern entry of Christianity into China. Within the urban landscape framework and order, how did Christian architecture attain its landscape position compared to existing landscape elements in Guangzhou? And how did it evolve against the backdrop of significant shifts in modern political situations and urban development patterns? The contemplation of these two questions constitutes the origin of this study.In existing research on landscape elements, scholars have predominantly elaborated on approaches to grasp landscape elements from different perspectives such as urban imagery, urban space, and architectural classification. However, studies on Christian architecture in Guangzhou have mainly focused on spatial distribution, architectural forms, history, and culture, lacking analysis from the perspective of the components and overall order of China’s traditional urban landscape system regarding the role, status, and evolution of Christian architecture within Guangzhou’s urban landscape system. Such analysis is crucial for understanding the characteristics embodied by China’s traditional cities and Christian architecture in terms of their role, status, and evolution within Guangzhou’s urban landscape system. Therefore, this paper adopts the perspective of Guangzhou’s constructed landscape system and uses the development of Christianity in Guangzhou as the basis for temporal division, with the earliest introduction of Christianity to Guangzhou in the 12th year of Emperor Jiaqing’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1807) serving as the starting point for research. After the Second Opium War in 1860, Christianity gained widespread dissemination in Guangzhou, leading to the establishment of churches, hospitals, schools, and other Christian architectural structures. In 1938, Guangzhou fell under Japanese occupation during the Sino- Japanese War, causing religious activities to cease, marking the endpoint of this research. This paper divides the research into two periods based on the Second Opium War, with the old city and new city within the city walls of the Qing Dynasty’s Guangzhou Prefecture, as well as the four gateway districts outside the city walls-West Gate, East Gate, South Gate, and the area north of the North Gateserving as the research spaces. Taking Christian architecture as the research object, this study first compiles and locates the spatial distribution of dominant landscape elements in the two historical periods from historical materials such as gazetteers, conducting a preliminary analysis of the types and spatial distribution of Christian architecture. Secondly, using literature from local gazetteers and urban maps as the basis for statistics and analysis, this paper places Christian architecture within fourdimensions of the urban landscape structure: landscape domains, main axes, special landscape nodes, and skylines. It analyzes Christian architecture’s participation and visual perception in the urban landscape system compared to other landscape elements across these four dimensions, assessing its spatial combinations in different dimensions and specific spatial scenarios, and analyzing its spatial relationships with traditional Chinese architectural types to make accurate and detailed judgments. The study found that in the first period, Christian architecture held a relatively low status in Guangzhou’s urban landscape, often excluded outside the city walls and failing to integrate into Guangzhou’s landscape structure. However, in the second period, as Guangzhou’s landscape system changed, Christian architecture gradually entered and began participating in the construction of the urban landscape structure. For instance, Hui’ai Church, Guangxiao Church, and the Sacred Heart Cathedral became crucial components of landscape axes and had a significant impact on the skyline, elevating their landscape position, albeit still lower than that of high-level government offices and commemorative buildings. At this time, despite the emergence of numerous Christian buildings, they did not fundamentally alter the dominant status of Guangzhou’s traditional landscape elements. The increased Christian architecture during this period not only served as carriers of Western culture but also added new landscape elements to the urban streetscape, integrating with Chinese culture to form an architectural style that blends East and West. In the protection efforts of Guangzhou’s built heritage and environmental practices, it is crucial to focus not only on the towering and uniquely shaped features of Christian architecture but also to deeply understand the design intentions behind the status, role, and spatial combinations of these buildings relative to other traditional Chinese architectural types within landscape domains, main axes, skylines from key vantage points, and landscape nodes. The goal of protection efforts is not only to achieve the preservation of original materials and forms but also to pursue a realm of “original intention presentation”, which entails restoring the historical appearance and design intent of the buildings to the greatest extent possible during preservation. Therefore, this study aims to assist in more accurately grasping the landscape order of Christian architecture and traditional Chinese architectural types in group combinations during the preservation practices of Guangzhou’s urban landscape character, proposing urban design and heritage protection schemes that better align with the authenticity of the historical environment.
2025(2),210-218
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230917002
Abstract:
Geomorphic space serves as the foundational base and connective framework for surface features, playing a crucial role in urban construction. This paper takes the area within the outer city walls of Chang’an city in Han and Tang Dynasties as the research object, analyzing the spatiotemporal correlations between geomorphic space and urban construction. While existing research on Chang’an city in Han and Tang Dynasties is abundant, including discussions on the relationship between meso-scale structural morphology and geomorphic space, few studies have systematically explored the causal relationships between Geomorphic space and the entire urban planning process, such as site selection, orientation-axis establishment, outer wall formation, and spatial design, etc., or conducted comparative analyses of differential utilization of Geomorphic space between the two capitals. Employing comparative analysis and mutual verification of historical documents with archaeological remains, this paper investigates the area within the outer walls of Chang'an city in Han and Tang dynasties. From entire urban planning process perspective, it examines their connections with Longshou Plateau and surrounding mountains and rivers, aiming to reveal their distinct construction characteristics more profoundly and visually. The geomorphic spatial pattern of the Guanzhong district is centered on the Weihe River, with five major landform types-mountains, loess plateaus, plains, wetlands, and riverbeds-forming a multi-layered, stepped zigzag nested structure that exhibits asymmetric symmetry along the north-south axis. Early inhabitants established symbolic systems for prominent mountain features, and carried on the humanistic interpretation and utilization; The loess plateaus exhibited secondary erosion features of alternating plateau and lowland, and the groundwater is buried deep at the head of tableland but shallow at the end of tableland. The plains showed shallow groundwater tables, poor drainage, and eastern saline-sand areas. In capital site selection, Han and Tang Chang’an cities both recognized that locating at transitional zones between broad and flat plains and plateaus achieved optimal water accessibility-avoidance balance. Through analyzing water resources and terrain flatness of above geomorphic transition areas in Guanzhong district, the capitals were finally established in transition area of generalized Longshou Plateau and northern plain, and respectively established on the north and south sides of narrow Longshou Plateau. In orientation-axis determination, Han and Tang Chang’an cities were influenced by previous dynasties’ architectural traditions, its orientation experienced the shift from east to south, and successively established the mixed east-south axes, southoriented central axis. But all the axes took natural markers as their landing points, and all fell on the southern mountain peaks and valleys. These choices demonstrated precise correlations with geomorphic prominence, ridge-valley structures, and visibility.In outer wall morphology, although the landform of the two cities is not very smooth, they choose completely different construction methods due to the difference of the mainstream concept during the construction of capital cities in different dynasties. Han Chang’an city adopted irregular walls adapting to local conditions, whereas Tang Chang’an’s strictly rectangular walls reflected Confucian ritual constraints. In spatial design, both capitals skillfully utilized the geomorphic spatial pattern and morphological differences. Under the background of relative disorder and regular square,the hierarchical and three-dimensional image of the capitals were created in the layout of functional areas, building scale, height and structure.The study reveals that both capitals were guided and constrained by geomorphic space, exhibiting both homogeneous and differentiated utilization strategies. The conclusion of the corresponding relationship between geomorphic spatial characteristics and urban construction strategies provides case support for summarizing ancient urban planning patterns, offers deeper perspectives for heritage preservation and new city construction, and contributes to urban cultural continuity and sustainable development.
Geomorphic space serves as the foundational base and connective framework for surface features, playing a crucial role in urban construction. This paper takes the area within the outer city walls of Chang’an city in Han and Tang Dynasties as the research object, analyzing the spatiotemporal correlations between geomorphic space and urban construction. While existing research on Chang’an city in Han and Tang Dynasties is abundant, including discussions on the relationship between meso-scale structural morphology and geomorphic space, few studies have systematically explored the causal relationships between Geomorphic space and the entire urban planning process, such as site selection, orientation-axis establishment, outer wall formation, and spatial design, etc., or conducted comparative analyses of differential utilization of Geomorphic space between the two capitals. Employing comparative analysis and mutual verification of historical documents with archaeological remains, this paper investigates the area within the outer walls of Chang'an city in Han and Tang dynasties. From entire urban planning process perspective, it examines their connections with Longshou Plateau and surrounding mountains and rivers, aiming to reveal their distinct construction characteristics more profoundly and visually. The geomorphic spatial pattern of the Guanzhong district is centered on the Weihe River, with five major landform types-mountains, loess plateaus, plains, wetlands, and riverbeds-forming a multi-layered, stepped zigzag nested structure that exhibits asymmetric symmetry along the north-south axis. Early inhabitants established symbolic systems for prominent mountain features, and carried on the humanistic interpretation and utilization; The loess plateaus exhibited secondary erosion features of alternating plateau and lowland, and the groundwater is buried deep at the head of tableland but shallow at the end of tableland. The plains showed shallow groundwater tables, poor drainage, and eastern saline-sand areas. In capital site selection, Han and Tang Chang’an cities both recognized that locating at transitional zones between broad and flat plains and plateaus achieved optimal water accessibility-avoidance balance. Through analyzing water resources and terrain flatness of above geomorphic transition areas in Guanzhong district, the capitals were finally established in transition area of generalized Longshou Plateau and northern plain, and respectively established on the north and south sides of narrow Longshou Plateau. In orientation-axis determination, Han and Tang Chang’an cities were influenced by previous dynasties’ architectural traditions, its orientation experienced the shift from east to south, and successively established the mixed east-south axes, southoriented central axis. But all the axes took natural markers as their landing points, and all fell on the southern mountain peaks and valleys. These choices demonstrated precise correlations with geomorphic prominence, ridge-valley structures, and visibility.In outer wall morphology, although the landform of the two cities is not very smooth, they choose completely different construction methods due to the difference of the mainstream concept during the construction of capital cities in different dynasties. Han Chang’an city adopted irregular walls adapting to local conditions, whereas Tang Chang’an’s strictly rectangular walls reflected Confucian ritual constraints. In spatial design, both capitals skillfully utilized the geomorphic spatial pattern and morphological differences. Under the background of relative disorder and regular square,the hierarchical and three-dimensional image of the capitals were created in the layout of functional areas, building scale, height and structure.The study reveals that both capitals were guided and constrained by geomorphic space, exhibiting both homogeneous and differentiated utilization strategies. The conclusion of the corresponding relationship between geomorphic spatial characteristics and urban construction strategies provides case support for summarizing ancient urban planning patterns, offers deeper perspectives for heritage preservation and new city construction, and contributes to urban cultural continuity and sustainable development.
2025(2),219-224
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20231114001
Abstract:
The Material Construction Project for Tianjin Special Municipality City compiled by Liang Sicheng and Zhang Rui in 1930 was a systematic modern urban planning completely completed by the Chinese people in modern China. The article discusses the complex historical environment of the planning from the two aspects of urban development background and spatial form. By sorting out the historical data of the plan and comparing with the urban planning of other big cities in the same period, the main contents and ideas of the project are comprehensively analyzed. At that time, in addition to the common problems faced by Chinese cities such as internal and external troubles and the turmoil of the current situation, there were also unique problems experienced by Tianjin in the preparation of urban planning, which were mainly reflected in the fact that the planning faced the dilemma of uncertain administrative system and the coexistence of cities and counties, the complex status quo of urban built-up areas and the inconsistency of powers. At the time of the preparation of the plan, there were three major space types in Tianjin: firstly, the city area developed from the traditional “Tianjin Acropolis” planning was the spatial form of “Square city, cross street. ”; secondly, the “Hebei New District” area built by Yuan Shikai during the New Deal period was an urban area where Chinese people imitate the concession model for construction ; the third was the concession area of each country, with a total area of about 1 557 hectares, which was in a “collage” state according to different countries. The three major areas were not the same in terms of urban spatial form, social and cultural ecology, municipal construction foundation, and urban management. With the introduction of modern urban planning from the West to China, major cities in China had carried out various planning attempts, showing diversified results. Among the many urban planning practices at that time, the most influential one should be the Capital Plan of Nanjing. The Material Construction Project for Tianjin Special Municipality City was illustrated, including 25 chapters and 22 drawings. The content was mainly divided into three parts: material construction foundation, urban functional composition planning and urban financial planning. The structure of each planning content of the plan was basically the same. Firstly, it introduced the universal urban planning rules and contents, and then it introduced the planning principles and implementation experience of European and American urban planning. Therefore, the planning results could be used as the guidance for most cities to carry out urban planning. The next plan was to plan for the urban situation of Tianjin, put forward specific measures, and clarify the reasons. From the vertical dimension of the planning system, the whole plan was very close to the later urban master plan in the compilation style, and had the content of some urban regulatory detailed planning and planning implementation guarantee, andhad a relatively complete planning system. From the horizontal dimension of the planning and operation system of the combination of editing and management, the scheme not only had the technical content of planning, but also the content of urban management and management. From the perspective of the time dimension of the dynamic cycle of planning and implementation, the plan had carried out some phased construction arrangements. From the quantitative dimension of the index system, there were many references to the Capital Plan in terms of universal planning indicators, but perhaps it was the reason for the rushed preparation time. Unlike the Capital Plan, the program had less or even no analysis of the status quo of most of the planning content, so there was a lack of index guidance on the specific planning content for Tianjin. In terms of planning thought, the plan mainly embodied the thought of social reform, the thought of urban operation and management, the thought of certain social equity, the thought of regional planning, the thought of overall planning and stage construction, and the thought of hexagon planning theory. Therefore, the plan was not only a technical level of urban planning, but also touched the content of social change and urban development planning. This was very advanced in the context and trend of modern urban planning introducing China’s more emphasis on planning techniques. The significance of the current development of China’s urban planning also has great inspiration. The research shows that this urban planning exploration, as the first planning in China to coordinate the traditional Chinese urban form, the concession urban form and the bottom-up selfdeveloped urban form in a planning, had a leading position in the history of modern Chinese urban planning. It reflected the Chinese people’s understanding of modern urban planning, played a role in the enlightenment of modern urban planning ideas, showed the development context of modern urban planning in China, and marked the qualitative change of the degree of specialization of Tianjin urban planning.
The Material Construction Project for Tianjin Special Municipality City compiled by Liang Sicheng and Zhang Rui in 1930 was a systematic modern urban planning completely completed by the Chinese people in modern China. The article discusses the complex historical environment of the planning from the two aspects of urban development background and spatial form. By sorting out the historical data of the plan and comparing with the urban planning of other big cities in the same period, the main contents and ideas of the project are comprehensively analyzed. At that time, in addition to the common problems faced by Chinese cities such as internal and external troubles and the turmoil of the current situation, there were also unique problems experienced by Tianjin in the preparation of urban planning, which were mainly reflected in the fact that the planning faced the dilemma of uncertain administrative system and the coexistence of cities and counties, the complex status quo of urban built-up areas and the inconsistency of powers. At the time of the preparation of the plan, there were three major space types in Tianjin: firstly, the city area developed from the traditional “Tianjin Acropolis” planning was the spatial form of “Square city, cross street. ”; secondly, the “Hebei New District” area built by Yuan Shikai during the New Deal period was an urban area where Chinese people imitate the concession model for construction ; the third was the concession area of each country, with a total area of about 1 557 hectares, which was in a “collage” state according to different countries. The three major areas were not the same in terms of urban spatial form, social and cultural ecology, municipal construction foundation, and urban management. With the introduction of modern urban planning from the West to China, major cities in China had carried out various planning attempts, showing diversified results. Among the many urban planning practices at that time, the most influential one should be the Capital Plan of Nanjing. The Material Construction Project for Tianjin Special Municipality City was illustrated, including 25 chapters and 22 drawings. The content was mainly divided into three parts: material construction foundation, urban functional composition planning and urban financial planning. The structure of each planning content of the plan was basically the same. Firstly, it introduced the universal urban planning rules and contents, and then it introduced the planning principles and implementation experience of European and American urban planning. Therefore, the planning results could be used as the guidance for most cities to carry out urban planning. The next plan was to plan for the urban situation of Tianjin, put forward specific measures, and clarify the reasons. From the vertical dimension of the planning system, the whole plan was very close to the later urban master plan in the compilation style, and had the content of some urban regulatory detailed planning and planning implementation guarantee, andhad a relatively complete planning system. From the horizontal dimension of the planning and operation system of the combination of editing and management, the scheme not only had the technical content of planning, but also the content of urban management and management. From the perspective of the time dimension of the dynamic cycle of planning and implementation, the plan had carried out some phased construction arrangements. From the quantitative dimension of the index system, there were many references to the Capital Plan in terms of universal planning indicators, but perhaps it was the reason for the rushed preparation time. Unlike the Capital Plan, the program had less or even no analysis of the status quo of most of the planning content, so there was a lack of index guidance on the specific planning content for Tianjin. In terms of planning thought, the plan mainly embodied the thought of social reform, the thought of urban operation and management, the thought of certain social equity, the thought of regional planning, the thought of overall planning and stage construction, and the thought of hexagon planning theory. Therefore, the plan was not only a technical level of urban planning, but also touched the content of social change and urban development planning. This was very advanced in the context and trend of modern urban planning introducing China’s more emphasis on planning techniques. The significance of the current development of China’s urban planning also has great inspiration. The research shows that this urban planning exploration, as the first planning in China to coordinate the traditional Chinese urban form, the concession urban form and the bottom-up selfdeveloped urban form in a planning, had a leading position in the history of modern Chinese urban planning. It reflected the Chinese people’s understanding of modern urban planning, played a role in the enlightenment of modern urban planning ideas, showed the development context of modern urban planning in China, and marked the qualitative change of the degree of specialization of Tianjin urban planning.
News
External Links
Copyright © 2025 Journal of Human Settlements in West China Press Ltd All rights reserved
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.