Prof. Wanmin Zhao
Prof. Wei Zeng
ISSN: 2095-6304
Journal of Human Settlements in West China is formerly known as Interior Design founded in 1986, which officially changed its name in 2013. Journal of Human Settlements in West China, as the first comprehensive academic journal in China under the name of human settlements, will pay extensive attention to the major scientific problems faced by urban and rural human settlements from a global perspective based on the western regions and oriented to both domestic and international authors and readers.
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2024(6),1-9
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240601
Abstract:
Cultural governance is an important pathway for integrating spatial planning into the national governance system. Introducing the perspective of cultural governance into the field of urban and rural planning has significant practical implications for improving the spatial governance system, promoting sustainable urban and rural development, and achieving urban spiritual rejuvenation. Urban and rural planning research is rooted in social practice, while social processes highlight the tension and synergy of culture. Understanding contemporary urban and rural planning requires integrating the paradigm of cultural governance with spatial practice research. This study starts from the essence of cultural value, analyzes the connotation of cultural governance, and suggests that cultural governance, on the one hand, focuses on managing urban and rural cultural phenomena to enhance cultural value and its extensions and, on the other hand, uses cultural value as a guide to achieve diversified governance goals for urban and rural areas. Governance encompasses four key attributes: processuality, coordination, multi-sectorality, and sustained interaction, with culture playing an indispensable role throughout. Fully activating the governance functions of culture is essential for maximizing its foundational role. The study posits that the concept of cultural governance emphasizes both culture as an object of governance and a tool for governance. To clarify the research framework, this study employs bibliometric software CiteSpace to generate keyword clustering and burst detection visualizations, describing international and domestic research trends. Research on urban and rural planning from the perspective of cultural governance emerged widely in the 1990s and has shown an overall upward trend, with increasingly diversified research themes. Based on the functional aspects of cultural governance, this study constructs a general analytical framework of “regime-societyeconomy” for urban and rural planning research under the lens of cultural governance, analyzing research directions and domains. Firstly, the institutional function of culture has played a crucial role in China’s urban growth process. Shifts in the understanding of “culture” and “cultural resources” reflect the transition from cultural policy research to cultural space creation studies. Research on cultural governance in the context of territorial space primarily explores strategies for the coordination of diverse governance actors and the interaction between cultural and ecological governance at the territorial level. Secondly, cultural governance also involves applying cultural elements as social capital in networked governance, emphasizing the role of culture in bridging community differences. Empowering grassroots governments in governance is key to public participation in urban and rural planning practices, while rural cultural governance and cultural space construction reflect the strategic value of rural revitalization and maintain rural community stability. Thirdly, cultural governance is crucial for activating economic value and improving the efficiency of existing spaces. Measures related to cultural governance are regarded as foundational for addressing social issues and economic growth imbalances. Culture-oriented urban renewal actions require a profound understanding of the urban cultural context and its evolutionary process, balancing social and economic benefits. The studyconcludes that with intensifying social issues and a shift toward human-centered stock governance, cultural governance measures have become a concrete approach to addressing urbanization challenges in China. Innovation in urban and rural planning, based on recognizing cultural value, effectively responds to spatial diversity and differentiation. Existing studies have thoroughly acknowledged the decisive role of culture in the urban and rural planning process oriented toward stock space governance, showing interdisciplinary and multi-issue integration trends. Planning practices under the context of stock space governance directly address the public’s aspiration for a better life, and cultural capacity and awareness are prerequisites for advancing urban and rural planning into public policy. Existing researches on cultural governance perspectives in urban and rural planning exhibit both practical application and theoretical orientation. Given the discipline’s nature and extensive practice, case-based practical research is a focal point in China’s urban and rural spatial cultural governance, while theoretical studies face challenges from the influence of Western industrial culture, constrained by social contexts and unable to fully meet the demand for national cultural confidence. Compared to developed countries such as the United States and Canada, which have long integrated cultural planning and cultural spatial planning into urban development policies or urban-rural planning, cultural governance in China’s planning system remains ambiguous. Moreover, while current research has conducted quantitative analyses of cultural value measurement, the impact of cultural elements on governance outcomes, and the role of cultural governance across urban sectors, practice largely relies on static data and shows limited sensitivity to the use of intelligent technological tools. Thus, this study proposes three research prospects: constructing theoretical methodologies for urban and rural planning research under the perspective of cultural governance, exploring methods for integrating cultural governance into territorial spatial planning systems, and leveraging intelligent technologies to facilitate cultural asset inventory and sustainable development. It aims to uncover the cultural potential embedded in spaces, transform it into cultural momentum, and ultimately coordinate planning, construction, and governance from a cultural perspective.
Cultural governance is an important pathway for integrating spatial planning into the national governance system. Introducing the perspective of cultural governance into the field of urban and rural planning has significant practical implications for improving the spatial governance system, promoting sustainable urban and rural development, and achieving urban spiritual rejuvenation. Urban and rural planning research is rooted in social practice, while social processes highlight the tension and synergy of culture. Understanding contemporary urban and rural planning requires integrating the paradigm of cultural governance with spatial practice research. This study starts from the essence of cultural value, analyzes the connotation of cultural governance, and suggests that cultural governance, on the one hand, focuses on managing urban and rural cultural phenomena to enhance cultural value and its extensions and, on the other hand, uses cultural value as a guide to achieve diversified governance goals for urban and rural areas. Governance encompasses four key attributes: processuality, coordination, multi-sectorality, and sustained interaction, with culture playing an indispensable role throughout. Fully activating the governance functions of culture is essential for maximizing its foundational role. The study posits that the concept of cultural governance emphasizes both culture as an object of governance and a tool for governance. To clarify the research framework, this study employs bibliometric software CiteSpace to generate keyword clustering and burst detection visualizations, describing international and domestic research trends. Research on urban and rural planning from the perspective of cultural governance emerged widely in the 1990s and has shown an overall upward trend, with increasingly diversified research themes. Based on the functional aspects of cultural governance, this study constructs a general analytical framework of “regime-societyeconomy” for urban and rural planning research under the lens of cultural governance, analyzing research directions and domains. Firstly, the institutional function of culture has played a crucial role in China’s urban growth process. Shifts in the understanding of “culture” and “cultural resources” reflect the transition from cultural policy research to cultural space creation studies. Research on cultural governance in the context of territorial space primarily explores strategies for the coordination of diverse governance actors and the interaction between cultural and ecological governance at the territorial level. Secondly, cultural governance also involves applying cultural elements as social capital in networked governance, emphasizing the role of culture in bridging community differences. Empowering grassroots governments in governance is key to public participation in urban and rural planning practices, while rural cultural governance and cultural space construction reflect the strategic value of rural revitalization and maintain rural community stability. Thirdly, cultural governance is crucial for activating economic value and improving the efficiency of existing spaces. Measures related to cultural governance are regarded as foundational for addressing social issues and economic growth imbalances. Culture-oriented urban renewal actions require a profound understanding of the urban cultural context and its evolutionary process, balancing social and economic benefits. The studyconcludes that with intensifying social issues and a shift toward human-centered stock governance, cultural governance measures have become a concrete approach to addressing urbanization challenges in China. Innovation in urban and rural planning, based on recognizing cultural value, effectively responds to spatial diversity and differentiation. Existing studies have thoroughly acknowledged the decisive role of culture in the urban and rural planning process oriented toward stock space governance, showing interdisciplinary and multi-issue integration trends. Planning practices under the context of stock space governance directly address the public’s aspiration for a better life, and cultural capacity and awareness are prerequisites for advancing urban and rural planning into public policy. Existing researches on cultural governance perspectives in urban and rural planning exhibit both practical application and theoretical orientation. Given the discipline’s nature and extensive practice, case-based practical research is a focal point in China’s urban and rural spatial cultural governance, while theoretical studies face challenges from the influence of Western industrial culture, constrained by social contexts and unable to fully meet the demand for national cultural confidence. Compared to developed countries such as the United States and Canada, which have long integrated cultural planning and cultural spatial planning into urban development policies or urban-rural planning, cultural governance in China’s planning system remains ambiguous. Moreover, while current research has conducted quantitative analyses of cultural value measurement, the impact of cultural elements on governance outcomes, and the role of cultural governance across urban sectors, practice largely relies on static data and shows limited sensitivity to the use of intelligent technological tools. Thus, this study proposes three research prospects: constructing theoretical methodologies for urban and rural planning research under the perspective of cultural governance, exploring methods for integrating cultural governance into territorial spatial planning systems, and leveraging intelligent technologies to facilitate cultural asset inventory and sustainable development. It aims to uncover the cultural potential embedded in spaces, transform it into cultural momentum, and ultimately coordinate planning, construction, and governance from a cultural perspective.
2024(6),10-15
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240602
Abstract:
“Scenes city-making” is an innovative urban development strategy that leverages the concept of “scenes” to craft tailored urban environments, thereby enhancing the quality of life and the aesthetic appeal of cities. This strategy is anchored in four key dimensions: scene definition, creation, empowerment, and planning. Scene definition involves the identification of unique urban “places” as “scenes”, recognizing their distinctive attributes that contribute to identity and community resonance. It is about acknowledging the specialness of a location and nurturing it into a community-connected scene. In Chengdu, this focus extends to opportunity creation, poetic living, diversity, and ecological living, utilizing the “city opportunity list” model to identify and leverage city opportunities for scene creation relevant to the local context. Scene creation is about bringing these scenes to life, designing spaces that not only meet functional needs but also evoke emotions and inspire engagement. It transforms defined scenes into realities that enrich the urban landscape. In Chengdu, scene creation emphasizes innovation, experience, service, and branding, which are crucial drivers for scene empowerment. Scene empowerment integrates created scenes into the city’s system, propelling economic, cultural, and social development. It ensures that scenes are active participants in the city’s ecosystem. Moreover, the “scenes city-making” approach emphasizes the integration of technology and innovation, which are pivotal for modern urban development. By harnessing smart city technologies and sustainable practices, cities can better manage resources, reduce waste, and improve the overall efficiency of urban operations. In Chengdu, scene empowerment is a strategic move to integrate scene development into the global park city vision, aiming to create a vibrant and sustainable city. Scene planning weaves scenes strategically into urban policy, guiding sustainable and inclusive development aligned with city goals. It integrates scene planning into broader urban development frameworks. This approach is evident in Chengdu’s efforts to integrate scene development into its global park city vision, which includes the ambitious Tianfu Greenway Project. This project aims to transform Chengdu into the world’s largest urban green space, enhancing the city’s landscape and becoming a low-carbon city. The Tianfu Greenway is a testament to the “scenes city-making” strategy, as it does not only aim to convert o楮湥札?慨?桲楤朠桯?焠畵慳污楢瑬祥?潬晡?汤椠晩敮?晃潨牥?捧楤瑵礙?搠睵敲汢污敮爠獡?ea into green space by 2035 but also to add 1,920 km of greenway to the city, with plans for an additional 16,900 km of paved trails lined with vegetation and separated from traffic. This monumental effort serves multiple purposes: it makes Chengdu a “City of Garden and Parks”, links parks, nature reserves, and cultural and historical sites across the community, and boosts the economy while creating spaces for residents to relax,exercise, and socialize. “Scenes city-making” should optimize scene endogeneity, balance space and human creation, and adapt the scene concept to various urban contexts. It requires dynamic, iterative processes with feedback from planners, stakeholders, and communities, incorporating technology and data for effective scene development. This approach enriches human experiences, fosters community, and contributes to urban vitality. It offers a holistic urban development approach, recognizing cities as networks of scenes creating a vibrant, livable, sustainable environment. In essence, “scenes city-making” is a comprehensive strategy that goes beyond physical development; it is about creating a network of scenes that enhance the urban experience. It is a strategy that has been successfully implemented in cities like Glasgow, which reinvented itself from a polluted industrial city to a cultural center, focusing on arts, media, and business services. This transformation resulted in an economic renaissance for Glasgow, showcasing the potential of the “scenes city-making” approach to revitalize cities and improve the quality of life for their residents. By embracing “scenes city-making”, cities like Chengdu are not just developing physical spaces; they are crafting environments that resonate with their residents, foster community, and contribute to the overall vitality of the urban landscape. This approach recognizes the importance of creating urban environments that are not only functional but also emotionally engaging and aesthetically pleasing, thus provid
“Scenes city-making” is an innovative urban development strategy that leverages the concept of “scenes” to craft tailored urban environments, thereby enhancing the quality of life and the aesthetic appeal of cities. This strategy is anchored in four key dimensions: scene definition, creation, empowerment, and planning. Scene definition involves the identification of unique urban “places” as “scenes”, recognizing their distinctive attributes that contribute to identity and community resonance. It is about acknowledging the specialness of a location and nurturing it into a community-connected scene. In Chengdu, this focus extends to opportunity creation, poetic living, diversity, and ecological living, utilizing the “city opportunity list” model to identify and leverage city opportunities for scene creation relevant to the local context. Scene creation is about bringing these scenes to life, designing spaces that not only meet functional needs but also evoke emotions and inspire engagement. It transforms defined scenes into realities that enrich the urban landscape. In Chengdu, scene creation emphasizes innovation, experience, service, and branding, which are crucial drivers for scene empowerment. Scene empowerment integrates created scenes into the city’s system, propelling economic, cultural, and social development. It ensures that scenes are active participants in the city’s ecosystem. Moreover, the “scenes city-making” approach emphasizes the integration of technology and innovation, which are pivotal for modern urban development. By harnessing smart city technologies and sustainable practices, cities can better manage resources, reduce waste, and improve the overall efficiency of urban operations. In Chengdu, scene empowerment is a strategic move to integrate scene development into the global park city vision, aiming to create a vibrant and sustainable city. Scene planning weaves scenes strategically into urban policy, guiding sustainable and inclusive development aligned with city goals. It integrates scene planning into broader urban development frameworks. This approach is evident in Chengdu’s efforts to integrate scene development into its global park city vision, which includes the ambitious Tianfu Greenway Project. This project aims to transform Chengdu into the world’s largest urban green space, enhancing the city’s landscape and becoming a low-carbon city. The Tianfu Greenway is a testament to the “scenes city-making” strategy, as it does not only aim to convert o楮湥札?慨?桲楤朠桯?焠畵慳污楢瑬祥?潬晡?汤椠晩敮?晃潨牥?捧楤瑵礙?搠睵敲汢污敮爠獡?ea into green space by 2035 but also to add 1,920 km of greenway to the city, with plans for an additional 16,900 km of paved trails lined with vegetation and separated from traffic. This monumental effort serves multiple purposes: it makes Chengdu a “City of Garden and Parks”, links parks, nature reserves, and cultural and historical sites across the community, and boosts the economy while creating spaces for residents to relax,exercise, and socialize. “Scenes city-making” should optimize scene endogeneity, balance space and human creation, and adapt the scene concept to various urban contexts. It requires dynamic, iterative processes with feedback from planners, stakeholders, and communities, incorporating technology and data for effective scene development. This approach enriches human experiences, fosters community, and contributes to urban vitality. It offers a holistic urban development approach, recognizing cities as networks of scenes creating a vibrant, livable, sustainable environment. In essence, “scenes city-making” is a comprehensive strategy that goes beyond physical development; it is about creating a network of scenes that enhance the urban experience. It is a strategy that has been successfully implemented in cities like Glasgow, which reinvented itself from a polluted industrial city to a cultural center, focusing on arts, media, and business services. This transformation resulted in an economic renaissance for Glasgow, showcasing the potential of the “scenes city-making” approach to revitalize cities and improve the quality of life for their residents. By embracing “scenes city-making”, cities like Chengdu are not just developing physical spaces; they are crafting environments that resonate with their residents, foster community, and contribute to the overall vitality of the urban landscape. This approach recognizes the importance of creating urban environments that are not only functional but also emotionally engaging and aesthetically pleasing, thus provid
2024(6),16-22
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240603
Abstract:
Building a cultural powerhouse is an important mission of China in the new era, as culture can enables and drives economic, social and environmental sustainability. Cities are the key to cultural prosperity and development, and Baukultur will be crucial for the future development of a high-quality built environment. This paper comprehensively reviews and sorts out the evolution process and main characteristics of the world cultural policies centered on UNESCO, including the two World Conference on Cultural Policies Mexico City（MONDIACULT 1982，2022）, the World Declaration and Convention on Cultural Diversity, and the Hangzhou Declaration on Culture as the Key to Sustainable Development. The European Cultural Policy has achieved remarkable results in promoting regional cultural diversity, culturally driven urban innovation and sustainable development, and in recent years, the main direction of the new European agenda for culture has been to support innovation, creativity, and sustainable employment and growth. The governance and practical experience of European and global cultural policies are worthy of reference in the process of building a strong cultural country and promoting sustainable urban development. Living environment is the foundation of the survival and development of human society, the built environment has a wide impact on people’s behavior and life, and a good quality of the built environment is not only related to the shaping of beautiful human settlements and people’s quality of life, but also helps to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of cities and people’s sense of spatial belonging. Sustainable urban development policies are characterized not only by the right balance between economic, social and environmental development, but also by the structural and spatial quality of the city. China is in a critical period of urban development and transformation, and the rapid urbanization that has lasted for many years has brought great construction achievements, and at the same time, it has also put forward more and higher requirements for the comprehensive refinement and sustainable development of cities. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has insisted on putting cultural construction in a prominent position in governance, and has continuously and actively promoted the construction of a cultural power. In the future, there are many challenges in how to build a healthy and sustainable living environment for the future goal of building a “Beautiful China” through specific policies and measures such as the reform of the territorial spatial planning system and the improvement of the urban planning system. In some cities, the problems of “largescale demolition and construction”, arbitrary demolition of old buildings, and relocation of residents in urban renewal have not been completely solved, which has led to the irreversible loss of traditional lifestyles, local cultural memories and the authenticity of material textures in historic areas. In some cities, in order to develop tourism, they have created man-made historic landscapes that have disappeared, and this kind of “conservation” is often accompanied by the fabrication or invention of traditional architecture. Sustainable city is an urban form that combines the attention of environmental issues with the promotion of cultural values, and is the main direction of future urban development. The 2018 Davos Declaration: Europe Towards a High-Quality Baukultur defines and describes all processesand outcomes that affect the built environment as “Baukultur”, emphasizing that high-quality built and built environment spaces contribute to positive and healthy social, economic a nd cultural development, a nd t hat a h igh-quality Baukultur is both a key goal of sustainable development a nd a new a daptive approach to shaping our built environment. The protection and inheritance of built heritage is closely related to social and economic development and cultural prosperity, and it is necessary to establish a holistic policy framework system for the protection, inheritance and innovative development of traditional culture to promote the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional culture. Integrate traditional culture into production and life, and pay attention to the organic integration of practice and cultivation, demand and supply, form and content. The cultural identity and cultural practices that characterize the city and its inhabitants can be harnessed to have a broader impact on urban development by fostering social identity, creativity, cohesion and dynamism. Urban conservation and management should pay more attention to the overall built environment and diverse cultural landscapes, rather than just isolated heritage sites, and the specific practical focus of built heritage needs to shift to people-centered revitalization and utilization, so as to create a high-quality living environment for the people. Urban spatial governance is an important part of national governance, and culture, as the cornerstone of society, must be placed at the core of sustainable development strategies and spatial planning policies. Adhere to the people-centered development philosophy, in addition to good intentions and macro planning policies, it is necessary to achieve high quality in all aspects of the built environment, and all levels of planning, design, protection and renewal need to be aware of the goal of high-quality development, the protection of 143 national historic and cultural cities announced by the State Council of China is the basis for building a large protection pattern, and comprehensively promote the integrated and systematic protection of cultural heritage, and the built heritage conservation must be integrated into the policy, land and urban spatial planning system for cultural prosperity and development. China’s urban spatial governance planning needs to fully utilize historic and cultural resources to address the various challenges faced by urban development. In the process of spatial governance and planning implementation, high attention should be paid to the cultural attributes of heritage conservation, planning and design, and construction management. In order to achieve a more inclusive and sustainable city, active policy measures and innovative methods should be implemented in spatial governance planning at different levels. A people-centred approach to development entails achieving the goal of a high-quality Baukultur at all dimensions of the planning, design, conservation and regeneration for the built environment.
Building a cultural powerhouse is an important mission of China in the new era, as culture can enables and drives economic, social and environmental sustainability. Cities are the key to cultural prosperity and development, and Baukultur will be crucial for the future development of a high-quality built environment. This paper comprehensively reviews and sorts out the evolution process and main characteristics of the world cultural policies centered on UNESCO, including the two World Conference on Cultural Policies Mexico City（MONDIACULT 1982，2022）, the World Declaration and Convention on Cultural Diversity, and the Hangzhou Declaration on Culture as the Key to Sustainable Development. The European Cultural Policy has achieved remarkable results in promoting regional cultural diversity, culturally driven urban innovation and sustainable development, and in recent years, the main direction of the new European agenda for culture has been to support innovation, creativity, and sustainable employment and growth. The governance and practical experience of European and global cultural policies are worthy of reference in the process of building a strong cultural country and promoting sustainable urban development. Living environment is the foundation of the survival and development of human society, the built environment has a wide impact on people’s behavior and life, and a good quality of the built environment is not only related to the shaping of beautiful human settlements and people’s quality of life, but also helps to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of cities and people’s sense of spatial belonging. Sustainable urban development policies are characterized not only by the right balance between economic, social and environmental development, but also by the structural and spatial quality of the city. China is in a critical period of urban development and transformation, and the rapid urbanization that has lasted for many years has brought great construction achievements, and at the same time, it has also put forward more and higher requirements for the comprehensive refinement and sustainable development of cities. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has insisted on putting cultural construction in a prominent position in governance, and has continuously and actively promoted the construction of a cultural power. In the future, there are many challenges in how to build a healthy and sustainable living environment for the future goal of building a “Beautiful China” through specific policies and measures such as the reform of the territorial spatial planning system and the improvement of the urban planning system. In some cities, the problems of “largescale demolition and construction”, arbitrary demolition of old buildings, and relocation of residents in urban renewal have not been completely solved, which has led to the irreversible loss of traditional lifestyles, local cultural memories and the authenticity of material textures in historic areas. In some cities, in order to develop tourism, they have created man-made historic landscapes that have disappeared, and this kind of “conservation” is often accompanied by the fabrication or invention of traditional architecture. Sustainable city is an urban form that combines the attention of environmental issues with the promotion of cultural values, and is the main direction of future urban development. The 2018 Davos Declaration: Europe Towards a High-Quality Baukultur defines and describes all processesand outcomes that affect the built environment as “Baukultur”, emphasizing that high-quality built and built environment spaces contribute to positive and healthy social, economic a nd cultural development, a nd t hat a h igh-quality Baukultur is both a key goal of sustainable development a nd a new a daptive approach to shaping our built environment. The protection and inheritance of built heritage is closely related to social and economic development and cultural prosperity, and it is necessary to establish a holistic policy framework system for the protection, inheritance and innovative development of traditional culture to promote the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional culture. Integrate traditional culture into production and life, and pay attention to the organic integration of practice and cultivation, demand and supply, form and content. The cultural identity and cultural practices that characterize the city and its inhabitants can be harnessed to have a broader impact on urban development by fostering social identity, creativity, cohesion and dynamism. Urban conservation and management should pay more attention to the overall built environment and diverse cultural landscapes, rather than just isolated heritage sites, and the specific practical focus of built heritage needs to shift to people-centered revitalization and utilization, so as to create a high-quality living environment for the people. Urban spatial governance is an important part of national governance, and culture, as the cornerstone of society, must be placed at the core of sustainable development strategies and spatial planning policies. Adhere to the people-centered development philosophy, in addition to good intentions and macro planning policies, it is necessary to achieve high quality in all aspects of the built environment, and all levels of planning, design, protection and renewal need to be aware of the goal of high-quality development, the protection of 143 national historic and cultural cities announced by the State Council of China is the basis for building a large protection pattern, and comprehensively promote the integrated and systematic protection of cultural heritage, and the built heritage conservation must be integrated into the policy, land and urban spatial planning system for cultural prosperity and development. China’s urban spatial governance planning needs to fully utilize historic and cultural resources to address the various challenges faced by urban development. In the process of spatial governance and planning implementation, high attention should be paid to the cultural attributes of heritage conservation, planning and design, and construction management. In order to achieve a more inclusive and sustainable city, active policy measures and innovative methods should be implemented in spatial governance planning at different levels. A people-centred approach to development entails achieving the goal of a high-quality Baukultur at all dimensions of the planning, design, conservation and regeneration for the built environment.
2024(6),23-28
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240604
Abstract:
Accompanied by the impact of industrialization and urbanization, the urban-rural gap continues to widen, presenting a development challenge faced by countries globally. Addressing the imbalance in urban-rural development and the inadequate development of rural areas is a crucial task in China's rural governance. Since the twentieth century, China has sequentially implemented key initiatives such as the construction of a new socialist countryside, the development of beautiful villages, and the integration of urban and rural areas. These efforts have effectively addressed issues like environmental pollution, public facility shortages, and rural hollowing-out, while also improving the overall rural environment. Rural cultural governance is proposed against the backdrop of a modernization transformation aimed at harmonizing the development of material civilization and spiritual culture, becoming an important means to achieve urban-rural integration and promote the sustainable development of rural society. Rural public spaces, as the core domain of rural cultural governance, play an irreplaceable role in maintaining and inheriting excellent rural culture and nurturing the spiritual lives of residents. Currently, an increasing number of public spaces are engaging in rural cultural governance, yet there is a lack of interpretive tools in the related research to elucidate the specific pathways for the transformation of the actual effects of rural public spaces on cultural governance. Additionally, the key spatial elements and organizational forms that play a crucial role in rural cultural governance have not been clearly identified. This study constructs a theoretical framework for the relationship between rural public spaces a nd r ural cultural governance w ith culture a s t he i ntermediary. Within t he system of r ural public spaces, the form of public spaces provides physical space support for public daily life and social relations, serving the spiritual cohesion of villagers’ daily use needs and social interaction processes. Simultaneously, public spaces are increasingly valued by rural culture, enabling the spatial representation of rural culture through the rural public space system, thus forming a cultural representation system of space. Rural cultural governance utilizes the different attribute characteristics of the public space system to implement effective protective measures and reasonable planning and construction of public spaces in the material space. It also strengthens the connection of social relations and the effective infusion of culture in the social and spiritual spaces, thereby forming four governance pathways: spatial production, service delivery, governance embedding, and community cohesion. The cultural characteristics of public spaces can provide insights for rural cultural governance, which treats public spaces as the object of governance, stimulating the vitality of rural public spaces and thus forming a virtuous cycle of governance. The study conducts empirical research on the above framework through the case of public spaces in the Dong villages of Southeast Guizhou. It specifically analyzes the characteristics of the elements and organizational forms of thepublic spaces in Dong villages. Based on key cultural connotations such as spatial centripetalism, organizational hierarchy, psychological identification with cultural symbols, and intergenerational transmission of local knowledge, the study further summarizes the specific content of the four governance pathways: systematic protection of rural public spaces as cultural carriers, emphasis on the organizational construction of the rural public life supply system, provision of ideal locations for cultural governance, and enhancement of cultural identity and community cohesion. The research suggests that rural public spaces are not only important venues for daily life but also a key medium for intervening in and influencing villagers' private lives, improving intergenerational relationships, and maintaining and strengthening the sense of community in villages. They are the cornerstone of rural cultural heritage and social vitality. Achieving "good cultural governance" through the reshaping of rural public spaces lies in organizing spatial elements with cultural influence, providing the soil for the development of a soft governance model. Through the combined effect of the four pathways, public spaces become an effective platform for rural governance, ultimately forming a positive feedback pattern between rural cultural subjectivity and the effectiveness of rural governance. Furthermore, given the strong "empirical" nature of rural cultural governance, future research on rural public spaces should also develop towards diachronic, dynamic, and reflective research, truly improving rural society through collaborative cultural governance.
Accompanied by the impact of industrialization and urbanization, the urban-rural gap continues to widen, presenting a development challenge faced by countries globally. Addressing the imbalance in urban-rural development and the inadequate development of rural areas is a crucial task in China's rural governance. Since the twentieth century, China has sequentially implemented key initiatives such as the construction of a new socialist countryside, the development of beautiful villages, and the integration of urban and rural areas. These efforts have effectively addressed issues like environmental pollution, public facility shortages, and rural hollowing-out, while also improving the overall rural environment. Rural cultural governance is proposed against the backdrop of a modernization transformation aimed at harmonizing the development of material civilization and spiritual culture, becoming an important means to achieve urban-rural integration and promote the sustainable development of rural society. Rural public spaces, as the core domain of rural cultural governance, play an irreplaceable role in maintaining and inheriting excellent rural culture and nurturing the spiritual lives of residents. Currently, an increasing number of public spaces are engaging in rural cultural governance, yet there is a lack of interpretive tools in the related research to elucidate the specific pathways for the transformation of the actual effects of rural public spaces on cultural governance. Additionally, the key spatial elements and organizational forms that play a crucial role in rural cultural governance have not been clearly identified. This study constructs a theoretical framework for the relationship between rural public spaces a nd r ural cultural governance w ith culture a s t he i ntermediary. Within t he system of r ural public spaces, the form of public spaces provides physical space support for public daily life and social relations, serving the spiritual cohesion of villagers’ daily use needs and social interaction processes. Simultaneously, public spaces are increasingly valued by rural culture, enabling the spatial representation of rural culture through the rural public space system, thus forming a cultural representation system of space. Rural cultural governance utilizes the different attribute characteristics of the public space system to implement effective protective measures and reasonable planning and construction of public spaces in the material space. It also strengthens the connection of social relations and the effective infusion of culture in the social and spiritual spaces, thereby forming four governance pathways: spatial production, service delivery, governance embedding, and community cohesion. The cultural characteristics of public spaces can provide insights for rural cultural governance, which treats public spaces as the object of governance, stimulating the vitality of rural public spaces and thus forming a virtuous cycle of governance. The study conducts empirical research on the above framework through the case of public spaces in the Dong villages of Southeast Guizhou. It specifically analyzes the characteristics of the elements and organizational forms of thepublic spaces in Dong villages. Based on key cultural connotations such as spatial centripetalism, organizational hierarchy, psychological identification with cultural symbols, and intergenerational transmission of local knowledge, the study further summarizes the specific content of the four governance pathways: systematic protection of rural public spaces as cultural carriers, emphasis on the organizational construction of the rural public life supply system, provision of ideal locations for cultural governance, and enhancement of cultural identity and community cohesion. The research suggests that rural public spaces are not only important venues for daily life but also a key medium for intervening in and influencing villagers' private lives, improving intergenerational relationships, and maintaining and strengthening the sense of community in villages. They are the cornerstone of rural cultural heritage and social vitality. Achieving "good cultural governance" through the reshaping of rural public spaces lies in organizing spatial elements with cultural influence, providing the soil for the development of a soft governance model. Through the combined effect of the four pathways, public spaces become an effective platform for rural governance, ultimately forming a positive feedback pattern between rural cultural subjectivity and the effectiveness of rural governance. Furthermore, given the strong "empirical" nature of rural cultural governance, future research on rural public spaces should also develop towards diachronic, dynamic, and reflective research, truly improving rural society through collaborative cultural governance.
2024(6),29-37
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240605
Abstract:
With the implementation of the urban renewal movement, although the Guangzhou government has proposed strengthening the scientific research and technical service functions of the central urban districts in building an innovative city, obstacles such as insufficient space, discontinuity, and lack of service facilities have been gradually exposed. As the basic functional unit of a city, a community is also the primary planning cluster of urban renewal, so it is significant to explore how to promote the development of innovation space through community renewal. Based on an analysis of the overall layout and typical case studies, this paper explores the development models and planning strategies for community-type innovation spaces by examining the spatial agglomeration characteristics and main influencing factors of the three types of innovation spaces in Guangzhou: 1) Innovation spaces in Guangzhou exhibit evident central agglomeration and polarization, with significant differences in characteristics and influencing factors among the various types of innovation space; 2) Utilizing community-based renewal planning is crucial for advancing innovation spaces in central urban areas and revitalizing innovation activity; 3) Community-type innovation spaces can be categorized into industry-oriented, knowledge-driven, and incubation-oriented, each type of which has distinct formation mechanisms and spatial models; 4) Integrating spatial functional units through community renewal with planning and management processes can facilitate the implementation and enable transmission of planning, and promote the construction of innovation communities. Community regeneration improves hardware facilities and services and focuses on creating an inclusive soft environment. It supports the construction of innovation communities from both physical and spiritual spaces. Through sustainable community regeneration in the central urban area, various modes such as comprehensive renovation, micro renovation, and incremental renovation are adopted to form a cluster of innovative elements with functions such as R&D, living, culture, business, entertainment, and sports. Regarding functional layout, the development units of “community+” have transformed from residential, tertiary, and industrial land to a mix of industrial, commercial, and residential land. By vacating low-efficiency land use and revitalizing idle land resources, the regeneration of existing inefficient space into innovation space transforms cities into diverse and mixed innovation communities. The government leads community revitalization, and the diverse social entities are stimulated to participate in innovation community planning, renovation, construction, management, and operation, including market financing in later stages. Particular attention should be paid to the needs of residents. The district government needs to form a community regeneration plan and integrate it with innovation community development. Through renovating and regenerating existing buildings and land use, technology and creativity groups are attracted to settle in, and innovation returns to the central urban area, thereby a full vitality of old cities grow prosperously and sustainably. Innovation communities are spatial units with functions of technological innovation,leisure and entertainment, and living and residential. They are the basic composition units for building urban innovation spaces and promoting high-quality development. Innovation communities are built as composite functional units for gathering science and technology industries and innovative talents, forming an urban innovation space system. There are three types of innovation communities in the community regeneration mode: industrial-led, knowledge-based, and incubation-oriented. In this case study, Guangzhou city has developed comprehensive control regulations, i.e., renewal units and regulative detailed planning. However, at present, the two coexist, partially overlapping but not unified, and there is also a problem of inconsistency with the community planning boundary. In the future, the community will be the basic spatial functional unit for planning implementation, covering an average area of about 1-3 km2. The community with a small scope shall be merged, and the community with a large scope shall be divided. Through community renewal, the development of innovation space, the demand for innovation talents, and the management of innovation space are implemented at the community level. Innovation spaces are becoming the key driving force for high-quality urban development in highly urbanized cities internationally. Urban innovation development depends on spatial carriers regarding specific space and place. Different types and scales of innovation spaces constitute the urban innovation ecological system. Communities are the basic units of urban development and governance, which also serve as a fundamental lever for urban renewal. In the context of existing planning practices, community regeneration is critical to supplement the need for innovation spaces and promote high-quality urban development. Therefore, to develop innovation urban spaces, it should actively encourage community renewal to enable the old urban areas to adapt to the requirements of innovation functions, spaces, and groups. From the perspective of planning implementation, the future development of innovation spaces needs to devote more efforts to promoting innovation communities, take renewal as the driving force, take communities as the spatial carrier, delineate the community regeneration planning unit map, and form the mechanism of planning, construction, management and governance of innovation spaces based on communities as the spatial functional unit.
With the implementation of the urban renewal movement, although the Guangzhou government has proposed strengthening the scientific research and technical service functions of the central urban districts in building an innovative city, obstacles such as insufficient space, discontinuity, and lack of service facilities have been gradually exposed. As the basic functional unit of a city, a community is also the primary planning cluster of urban renewal, so it is significant to explore how to promote the development of innovation space through community renewal. Based on an analysis of the overall layout and typical case studies, this paper explores the development models and planning strategies for community-type innovation spaces by examining the spatial agglomeration characteristics and main influencing factors of the three types of innovation spaces in Guangzhou: 1) Innovation spaces in Guangzhou exhibit evident central agglomeration and polarization, with significant differences in characteristics and influencing factors among the various types of innovation space; 2) Utilizing community-based renewal planning is crucial for advancing innovation spaces in central urban areas and revitalizing innovation activity; 3) Community-type innovation spaces can be categorized into industry-oriented, knowledge-driven, and incubation-oriented, each type of which has distinct formation mechanisms and spatial models; 4) Integrating spatial functional units through community renewal with planning and management processes can facilitate the implementation and enable transmission of planning, and promote the construction of innovation communities. Community regeneration improves hardware facilities and services and focuses on creating an inclusive soft environment. It supports the construction of innovation communities from both physical and spiritual spaces. Through sustainable community regeneration in the central urban area, various modes such as comprehensive renovation, micro renovation, and incremental renovation are adopted to form a cluster of innovative elements with functions such as R&D, living, culture, business, entertainment, and sports. Regarding functional layout, the development units of “community+” have transformed from residential, tertiary, and industrial land to a mix of industrial, commercial, and residential land. By vacating low-efficiency land use and revitalizing idle land resources, the regeneration of existing inefficient space into innovation space transforms cities into diverse and mixed innovation communities. The government leads community revitalization, and the diverse social entities are stimulated to participate in innovation community planning, renovation, construction, management, and operation, including market financing in later stages. Particular attention should be paid to the needs of residents. The district government needs to form a community regeneration plan and integrate it with innovation community development. Through renovating and regenerating existing buildings and land use, technology and creativity groups are attracted to settle in, and innovation returns to the central urban area, thereby a full vitality of old cities grow prosperously and sustainably. Innovation communities are spatial units with functions of technological innovation,leisure and entertainment, and living and residential. They are the basic composition units for building urban innovation spaces and promoting high-quality development. Innovation communities are built as composite functional units for gathering science and technology industries and innovative talents, forming an urban innovation space system. There are three types of innovation communities in the community regeneration mode: industrial-led, knowledge-based, and incubation-oriented. In this case study, Guangzhou city has developed comprehensive control regulations, i.e., renewal units and regulative detailed planning. However, at present, the two coexist, partially overlapping but not unified, and there is also a problem of inconsistency with the community planning boundary. In the future, the community will be the basic spatial functional unit for planning implementation, covering an average area of about 1-3 km2. The community with a small scope shall be merged, and the community with a large scope shall be divided. Through community renewal, the development of innovation space, the demand for innovation talents, and the management of innovation space are implemented at the community level. Innovation spaces are becoming the key driving force for high-quality urban development in highly urbanized cities internationally. Urban innovation development depends on spatial carriers regarding specific space and place. Different types and scales of innovation spaces constitute the urban innovation ecological system. Communities are the basic units of urban development and governance, which also serve as a fundamental lever for urban renewal. In the context of existing planning practices, community regeneration is critical to supplement the need for innovation spaces and promote high-quality urban development. Therefore, to develop innovation urban spaces, it should actively encourage community renewal to enable the old urban areas to adapt to the requirements of innovation functions, spaces, and groups. From the perspective of planning implementation, the future development of innovation spaces needs to devote more efforts to promoting innovation communities, take renewal as the driving force, take communities as the spatial carrier, delineate the community regeneration planning unit map, and form the mechanism of planning, construction, management and governance of innovation spaces based on communities as the spatial functional unit.
2024(6),38-44
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240606
Abstract:
As China’s urbanization enters a phase of stock regeneration, urban community regeneration is shifting from a singular focus on spatial environment improvement to an integrated approach that combines spatial transformation with community governance. Within the broader context of urban stock planning and community development, urban community regeneration has evolved into a multidimensional initiative. This effort blends social work and spatial reconstruction to enhance community environments and promote sustainable development through a synthesis of urban regeneration and governance strategies. To address the diverse needs of stakeholders and achieve sustainable outcomes, various experimental approaches have emerged across China. These include the establishment of multistakeholder cooperation mechanisms, social organization-led initiatives, and co-governance frameworks under governmental leadership. However, several challenges persist, such as the underdevelopment of co-governance actors, incomplete co-governance mechanisms, and limited effectiveness in addressing the practical needs of residents. This study seeks to tackle these challenges by adopting the theoretical lens of multi-actor governance to evaluate its implementation in urban community regeneration both domestically and internationally. The analysis identifies the contrasting emphases between instrumental rationality prevalent in Western developed countries and the people-centered value rationality underpinning the Chinese context. Additionally, it examines Chengdu’s innovative practices in community regeneration, highlighting the city’s foundational systems for community governance, including the Community Governance Committee System, Community Planner System, and Grid Management System. These systems have enabled local governments and social organizations in Chengdu to develop a practice-oriented pathway for community regeneration, exemplified by planning and regeneration festivals designed to strengthen community self-governance. Among Chengdu’s diverse community regeneration initiatives, this study focuses on the Chengshi·Chenghua community planning and design festival in Chenghua District. Held five times to date, this festival represents a highly influential and exemplary case study. By tracing the festival’s progression, this research uncovers how Chengdu’s local practices align with the theoretical principles of multi-actor governance. The study introduces a research framework based on three interrelated elements-co-governance actors, co-governance mechanisms, and co-governance outcomes-that collectively articulate the will of urban co-governance and shape spatial environments to meet diverse community interests. Through the lens of this framework, the study examines the evolution of the Chengshi·Chenghua community planning and design festival. It highlights the festival’s trajectory from an initial trial of a three-tiered planner system to deeper involvement by social organizations and experts, the continuous empowerment of local regeneration talents, and the eventual formation of a multiactor governance model. The analysis underscores the developmental characteristics of this model, including an expanding scope of actor participation, the establishment of collaborative regeneration
As China’s urbanization enters a phase of stock regeneration, urban community regeneration is shifting from a singular focus on spatial environment improvement to an integrated approach that combines spatial transformation with community governance. Within the broader context of urban stock planning and community development, urban community regeneration has evolved into a multidimensional initiative. This effort blends social work and spatial reconstruction to enhance community environments and promote sustainable development through a synthesis of urban regeneration and governance strategies. To address the diverse needs of stakeholders and achieve sustainable outcomes, various experimental approaches have emerged across China. These include the establishment of multistakeholder cooperation mechanisms, social organization-led initiatives, and co-governance frameworks under governmental leadership. However, several challenges persist, such as the underdevelopment of co-governance actors, incomplete co-governance mechanisms, and limited effectiveness in addressing the practical needs of residents. This study seeks to tackle these challenges by adopting the theoretical lens of multi-actor governance to evaluate its implementation in urban community regeneration both domestically and internationally. The analysis identifies the contrasting emphases between instrumental rationality prevalent in Western developed countries and the people-centered value rationality underpinning the Chinese context. Additionally, it examines Chengdu’s innovative practices in community regeneration, highlighting the city’s foundational systems for community governance, including the Community Governance Committee System, Community Planner System, and Grid Management System. These systems have enabled local governments and social organizations in Chengdu to develop a practice-oriented pathway for community regeneration, exemplified by planning and regeneration festivals designed to strengthen community self-governance. Among Chengdu’s diverse community regeneration initiatives, this study focuses on the Chengshi·Chenghua community planning and design festival in Chenghua District. Held five times to date, this festival represents a highly influential and exemplary case study. By tracing the festival’s progression, this research uncovers how Chengdu’s local practices align with the theoretical principles of multi-actor governance. The study introduces a research framework based on three interrelated elements-co-governance actors, co-governance mechanisms, and co-governance outcomes-that collectively articulate the will of urban co-governance and shape spatial environments to meet diverse community interests. Through the lens of this framework, the study examines the evolution of the Chengshi·Chenghua community planning and design festival. It highlights the festival’s trajectory from an initial trial of a three-tiered planner system to deeper involvement by social organizations and experts, the continuous empowerment of local regeneration talents, and the eventual formation of a multiactor governance model. The analysis underscores the developmental characteristics of this model, including an expanding scope of actor participation, the establishment of collaborative regeneration
2024(6),45-52
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240607
Abstract:
Small towns are an important fulcrum for achieving the revitalization of rural industries. Therefore, exploring the spatiotemporal characteristics and organizational mechanisms of the “industry-space” pattern is an important foundation for promoting the coordinated development of towns and villages’ industries. Among many cities, Wuhan takes the lead in paying continuous attention to and giving policies support to the towns and villages’ industries, so that they can gain the first-mover advantage. In the context of urban expansion and the intensified flow of factors, these towns and villages’ industries are facing the important task of functional transformation and income creation. The towns and villages’ industries in Wuhan metropolitan area is interrelated with multiple levels, which not only serves the vast rural areas, but also continuously extends its functions to the urban area, forming a unique spatiotemporal organization model and development path, so it is a typical representative. This study takes the industries of towns and villages surrounding the main urban area of Wuhan as the research object, and using the POI data of Gaode Map from 2012 to 2019 as the sample. Methods such as kernel density analysis, trend surface analysis, nearest neighbor analysis, and spatial equilibrium analysis were used to comprehensively study the spatiotemporal distribution differences of the “industry-space” in towns and villages. The influencing factors were verified using differences-in-differences and geographical detectors. The results indicate that: 1) During the research period, Wuhan towns and villages’ industries experienced large-scale expansion, and the expansion rate increased year by year. The spatial distribution changed from “scattered cluster” to “circle cluster” characteristic from inside to outside. Each cluster presents a spindletype structure with significant linear extension. On the whole, the towns and villages’ industries of each street showed non-synchronous and non-uniform growth; 2) on the overall level, the industries in Wuhan towns and villages shows a “cohesive” distribution state and tends to stabilize. On the one hand, such a distribution can maximize the use of the limited resources, and on the other hand, it can also reach the threshold of economies of scale by mutual assistance and cooperation to maximize economic benefits; 3) the industries in Wuhan towns and villages at the street level show a concentrated distribution trend, and the imbalanced characteristics are beginning to emerge. Such a trend indicates that the towns and villages’ industries are concentrated in a few streets, and the streets in the weak location are difficult to absorb more industries in the competition, and the Matthew effect of the towns and villages’ industries layout begins to appear. Further exploring the organizational mechanism of the spatiotemporal differences of industries in towns and villages in Wuhan, it was found that the policy environment, market environment and facility environment affectthe spatiotemporal distribution of town and village industries to different degrees. It can be summarized as follows. The policy environment is the catalytic driving force for the distribution of industries in towns and villages, while the market environment and facility environment are the supporting forces for the distribution of industries in towns and villages. Specifically, the former is manifested in the fact that all kinds of favorable agricultural policies clearly point out the problems in the quantity and scale of various agricultural product processing enterprises, and put forward the industrial parks pattern and the linkage pattern of towns and villages, so as to incline all resources to the key agricultural areas and promote the spatial pattern with characteristics. The latter shows that the secondary and tertiary industries have greatly accelerated in the process of Wuhan’s urbanization, providing a solid foundation for the modernization of towns and villages’ industries. At the same time, government departments also actively provide funds and training services, promoting the differentiation of towns and villages industrial patterns. In terms of transportation facilities, the distribution of towns and villages’ industries has changed from dependence on high-grade transportation facilities to dependence on logistics networks. In order to further promote the revitalization of towns and villages’ industries, the study believes that at the level of policy and system, we should fully tap the surplus capacity of township industries, accelerate the process of enterprises entering the industrial parks, and help industrial entities overcome the difficulties of transformation. At the level of economic environment development, actively excavate the gaps and shortcomings of the industrial chain within the metropolitan area, sort out and construct the division of labor system between the towns and villages’ industries and the transfer enterprises in the central urban area. At the level of transportation facilities construction, improve and make up for the shortcomings of logistics, further enhance the production and service functions of towns and villages industries, and promote their scale effect and radiation effect.
Small towns are an important fulcrum for achieving the revitalization of rural industries. Therefore, exploring the spatiotemporal characteristics and organizational mechanisms of the “industry-space” pattern is an important foundation for promoting the coordinated development of towns and villages’ industries. Among many cities, Wuhan takes the lead in paying continuous attention to and giving policies support to the towns and villages’ industries, so that they can gain the first-mover advantage. In the context of urban expansion and the intensified flow of factors, these towns and villages’ industries are facing the important task of functional transformation and income creation. The towns and villages’ industries in Wuhan metropolitan area is interrelated with multiple levels, which not only serves the vast rural areas, but also continuously extends its functions to the urban area, forming a unique spatiotemporal organization model and development path, so it is a typical representative. This study takes the industries of towns and villages surrounding the main urban area of Wuhan as the research object, and using the POI data of Gaode Map from 2012 to 2019 as the sample. Methods such as kernel density analysis, trend surface analysis, nearest neighbor analysis, and spatial equilibrium analysis were used to comprehensively study the spatiotemporal distribution differences of the “industry-space” in towns and villages. The influencing factors were verified using differences-in-differences and geographical detectors. The results indicate that: 1) During the research period, Wuhan towns and villages’ industries experienced large-scale expansion, and the expansion rate increased year by year. The spatial distribution changed from “scattered cluster” to “circle cluster” characteristic from inside to outside. Each cluster presents a spindletype structure with significant linear extension. On the whole, the towns and villages’ industries of each street showed non-synchronous and non-uniform growth; 2) on the overall level, the industries in Wuhan towns and villages shows a “cohesive” distribution state and tends to stabilize. On the one hand, such a distribution can maximize the use of the limited resources, and on the other hand, it can also reach the threshold of economies of scale by mutual assistance and cooperation to maximize economic benefits; 3) the industries in Wuhan towns and villages at the street level show a concentrated distribution trend, and the imbalanced characteristics are beginning to emerge. Such a trend indicates that the towns and villages’ industries are concentrated in a few streets, and the streets in the weak location are difficult to absorb more industries in the competition, and the Matthew effect of the towns and villages’ industries layout begins to appear. Further exploring the organizational mechanism of the spatiotemporal differences of industries in towns and villages in Wuhan, it was found that the policy environment, market environment and facility environment affectthe spatiotemporal distribution of town and village industries to different degrees. It can be summarized as follows. The policy environment is the catalytic driving force for the distribution of industries in towns and villages, while the market environment and facility environment are the supporting forces for the distribution of industries in towns and villages. Specifically, the former is manifested in the fact that all kinds of favorable agricultural policies clearly point out the problems in the quantity and scale of various agricultural product processing enterprises, and put forward the industrial parks pattern and the linkage pattern of towns and villages, so as to incline all resources to the key agricultural areas and promote the spatial pattern with characteristics. The latter shows that the secondary and tertiary industries have greatly accelerated in the process of Wuhan’s urbanization, providing a solid foundation for the modernization of towns and villages’ industries. At the same time, government departments also actively provide funds and training services, promoting the differentiation of towns and villages industrial patterns. In terms of transportation facilities, the distribution of towns and villages’ industries has changed from dependence on high-grade transportation facilities to dependence on logistics networks. In order to further promote the revitalization of towns and villages’ industries, the study believes that at the level of policy and system, we should fully tap the surplus capacity of township industries, accelerate the process of enterprises entering the industrial parks, and help industrial entities overcome the difficulties of transformation. At the level of economic environment development, actively excavate the gaps and shortcomings of the industrial chain within the metropolitan area, sort out and construct the division of labor system between the towns and villages’ industries and the transfer enterprises in the central urban area. At the level of transportation facilities construction, improve and make up for the shortcomings of logistics, further enhance the production and service functions of towns and villages industries, and promote their scale effect and radiation effect.
2024(6),53-61
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240608
Abstract:
With the advancement of urbanization, most of the villages around the metropolis are facing signs of decline, and the revitalization and subsequent sustainable development of villages can be effectively promoted by taking the characteristic rural industries as the key and the industrialization of characteristic resources as the path. At the same time, in-depth assessment of the development level of rural characteristic industries at the stage of development of rural characteristic industries is of great value and significance in exploring the crux of the development of rural industries and improving the quality and level of the development of their characteristic industries. Meanwhile, in the research process of this paper, the combination assignment method is utilized to overcome the subjectivity bias that exists in the previous research, therefore, the subjective and objective combination assignment method that combines the hierarchical analysis method and entropy value method is adopted, which makes the assessment results more scientific and more reliable. The overall assessment framework is based on the three levels of “endogenous potential”, “external empowerment” and “support and guarantee” of the development of rural specialty industries, and constructs the assessment model of its development level. Model. The dimension of “endogenous potential” is the core evaluation content for the development of rural characteristic industries, which involves the three aspects of production efficiency, employment driving level and economic development of rural characteristic industries; the dimension of “external empowerment” mainly includes the two aspects of support driving and modernization; the dimension of “basic guarantee” mainly includes the two aspects of “support driving” and “support guarantee”. The dimension of “external empowerment” mainly includes support and modernization level; the dimension of “basic guarantee” involves the construction of facilities and location and transportation. The study finds that the overall level of development of special industries in rural areas around metropolitan cities is average, and at the system level, the overall score of endogenous potential is high, including the high score of economic development, which in turn drives the development of endogenous potential, while the scores of labor force level and production efficiency are both low. The external empowerment dimension has the next highest level of scores, with more balanced scores in the support and modernization dimensions. The lowest scores are in the area of infrastructure security. The scores for both facility construction and location and transportation are low. In terms of longitudinal comparison at the guideline level, the economic development scores account for a larger proportion and have a greater impact on the rural characteristic industry, followed by the level of support and modernization. The lower development levels are labor level, location and transportation, production efficiency, and facility construction. And there is a big difference between different types of featured industries in the countryside, with the overall development level of featured tourism villages being higher, followed by featured planting, featured food and featured breeding, and the development level of featured handicrafts being weaker. Therefore, in the light of the results of the development level assessment and the core problems of the response, it proposes a strategy to improve the overall development level, which is mainlydivided into enhancing the endogenous potential, which mainly includes the innovation of industrial subjects and the improvement of the management and organization system of featured industries; strengthening the external empowerment through the enhancement of the level of network sales; and improving the basic security, which is mainly achieved by strengthening the construction of basic and public service facilities and building the advantageous featured industry clusters. Meanwhile, in terms of improving the basic guarantee, it is mainly realized by strengthening the construction of infrastructure and public service facilities and building advantageous industrial clusters. It also proposes suitable strategies to improve the level of industrial development for different types of villages, which are divided into three levels according to the level of development, i.e., better level of development, medium level of development and poor level of development of villages with various types of specialty industries, and puts forward differentiated guidelines and adaptive planning in turn. In order to promote the realization of the goals of clustering the development form, differentiating the development focus, personalizing the development content, synergizing the development idea and modernizing the development process of rural characteristic industries, with a view to providing references for the development of rural characteristic industries around the metropolis.
With the advancement of urbanization, most of the villages around the metropolis are facing signs of decline, and the revitalization and subsequent sustainable development of villages can be effectively promoted by taking the characteristic rural industries as the key and the industrialization of characteristic resources as the path. At the same time, in-depth assessment of the development level of rural characteristic industries at the stage of development of rural characteristic industries is of great value and significance in exploring the crux of the development of rural industries and improving the quality and level of the development of their characteristic industries. Meanwhile, in the research process of this paper, the combination assignment method is utilized to overcome the subjectivity bias that exists in the previous research, therefore, the subjective and objective combination assignment method that combines the hierarchical analysis method and entropy value method is adopted, which makes the assessment results more scientific and more reliable. The overall assessment framework is based on the three levels of “endogenous potential”, “external empowerment” and “support and guarantee” of the development of rural specialty industries, and constructs the assessment model of its development level. Model. The dimension of “endogenous potential” is the core evaluation content for the development of rural characteristic industries, which involves the three aspects of production efficiency, employment driving level and economic development of rural characteristic industries; the dimension of “external empowerment” mainly includes the two aspects of support driving and modernization; the dimension of “basic guarantee” mainly includes the two aspects of “support driving” and “support guarantee”. The dimension of “external empowerment” mainly includes support and modernization level; the dimension of “basic guarantee” involves the construction of facilities and location and transportation. The study finds that the overall level of development of special industries in rural areas around metropolitan cities is average, and at the system level, the overall score of endogenous potential is high, including the high score of economic development, which in turn drives the development of endogenous potential, while the scores of labor force level and production efficiency are both low. The external empowerment dimension has the next highest level of scores, with more balanced scores in the support and modernization dimensions. The lowest scores are in the area of infrastructure security. The scores for both facility construction and location and transportation are low. In terms of longitudinal comparison at the guideline level, the economic development scores account for a larger proportion and have a greater impact on the rural characteristic industry, followed by the level of support and modernization. The lower development levels are labor level, location and transportation, production efficiency, and facility construction. And there is a big difference between different types of featured industries in the countryside, with the overall development level of featured tourism villages being higher, followed by featured planting, featured food and featured breeding, and the development level of featured handicrafts being weaker. Therefore, in the light of the results of the development level assessment and the core problems of the response, it proposes a strategy to improve the overall development level, which is mainlydivided into enhancing the endogenous potential, which mainly includes the innovation of industrial subjects and the improvement of the management and organization system of featured industries; strengthening the external empowerment through the enhancement of the level of network sales; and improving the basic security, which is mainly achieved by strengthening the construction of basic and public service facilities and building the advantageous featured industry clusters. Meanwhile, in terms of improving the basic guarantee, it is mainly realized by strengthening the construction of infrastructure and public service facilities and building advantageous industrial clusters. It also proposes suitable strategies to improve the level of industrial development for different types of villages, which are divided into three levels according to the level of development, i.e., better level of development, medium level of development and poor level of development of villages with various types of specialty industries, and puts forward differentiated guidelines and adaptive planning in turn. In order to promote the realization of the goals of clustering the development form, differentiating the development focus, personalizing the development content, synergizing the development idea and modernizing the development process of rural characteristic industries, with a view to providing references for the development of rural characteristic industries around the metropolis.
2024(6),62-67
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240609
Abstract:
In order to improve the quality of rural living environment and accelerate rural modernization, this article starts from the perspective of rural aesthetic education, and strives to enrich and improve the design content of rural living environment and its quality of life, while also deepening and expanding the content of rural aesthetic education activities and its implementation strategies in the new era, thereby contributing to the comprehensive development of rural revitalization. Aesthetic education usually includes three types: school aesthetic education, family aesthetic education, and social aesthetic education. It is committed to the “personal self-cultivation” level such as aesthetic cultivation, cultivating sentiment, and purifying the soul, and also involves the “social development” level such as innovation and creation, cultivating the soul, and harmonious environment. Rural aesthetic education refers to the aesthetic education culture in social activities and various relationships in rural areas. It belongs to the category of social aesthetic education and covers many fields such as rural lifestyle, business behavior, rural customs, local culture, and natural ecology. First of all, this article starts with sorting out the development process of rural aesthetic education, and organizes and summarizes the vertical development laws of its five stages of enlightenment, experimentation, exploration, development, and prosperity. Secondly, Through field investigations, it discovered the existing difficulties in rural aesthetic education in terms of resources, form, value, and effectiveness. For example, the hollowing out of rural living environment has led to a lack of aesthetic education resources, the traditional form of aesthetic education has resulted from the single development of rural agriculture, the weakening of the value of aesthetic education due to the lack of confidence in rural regional culture, and the difficulty in exerting the effectiveness of aesthetic education due to the lagging behind of rural modernization; etc Thirdly, in order to deeply understand the current situation of rural aesthetic education and alleviate its development difficulties, the author starts with the analysis of the design project of the “Dao Xiang Yu Ge” rural revitalization demonstration corridor in Xiangjiagou, and explores a relatively scientific path for the construction of rural aesthetic education and its implementation strategy with the help of practical cases. The overall planning goal of this project is to “revive rice to promote agricultural revitalization, and promote rural prosperity through rice fishery symbiosis”, with "industry+culture+ecology+symbiosis" as the planning orientation, focusing on the "three in one" development pattern of rice fishery symbiosis industry, traditional agricultural culture, and rural ecological tourism. We strive to efficiently promote the development of Xiangjiagou Village from multiple perspectives, including cultural industry empowerment, integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, inheritance of agricultural civilization, and integration of ecology, agriculture, culture, and tourism. Through the application and exploration of design methods such as field research, activity analysis, spatial narrative, and everyone’s participation, new paths for the design of rural human settlement environments such as creating landscapes with beauty, promoting agriculture with beauty,revitalizing culture with beauty, and integrating tourism with beauty are explored, including the restoration of local rural landscapes, the creation of aesthetic education space; the optimization of industrial wasteland, the creation of new agricultural beauty; respect for regional characteristics, the restoration of rural culture; the development of rural eco-tourism, and the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization; etc. Finally, combined with the analysis results of the design case of the “Dao Xiang Yu Ge” rural revitalization demonstration corridor in Xiangjiagou, new strategies for rural aesthetic education are proposed, such as taking rural scenery as the medium, rural production as the basis, rural culture as the soul, and rural prosperity as the key. The content includes beautifying the rural landscape and cultivating a sound personality; jointly seeking industrial innovation and enhancing rural vitality; awakening local memories and enhancing cultural confidence; keeping up with the development needs of the times and promoting efficient rural revitalization; etc., which provides some new ideas and references for the sustainable development of livable, business-friendly and beautiful villages in the new era. The ideal rural aesthetic education is an important link that connects and sublimates the three-dimensional relationship between people, land, and village. It has positive effects such as enhancing aesthetic literacy, activating innovative consciousness, strengthening regional identity, and establishing cultural confidence. The ideal rural living environment landscape should be based on rural characteristics such as regional style, ecological products, agricultural culture, and local life. It should not only meet the material “shaping” needs, but also the spiritual “soul casting” pursuit. The “Butterfly Transformation” of Xiangjiagou’s “Dao Xiang Yu Ge” rural revitalization demonstration corridor cannot be separated from the integrated development of ecology and agriculture, culture and tourism, design and art education, economy and society, urban and rural areas, etc. In the future, it’s expected to have more rural construction groups participate in creating livable, business friendly, and beautiful countryside, achieving a beautiful scene of “beauty and coexistence” and “harmony in diversity”.
In order to improve the quality of rural living environment and accelerate rural modernization, this article starts from the perspective of rural aesthetic education, and strives to enrich and improve the design content of rural living environment and its quality of life, while also deepening and expanding the content of rural aesthetic education activities and its implementation strategies in the new era, thereby contributing to the comprehensive development of rural revitalization. Aesthetic education usually includes three types: school aesthetic education, family aesthetic education, and social aesthetic education. It is committed to the “personal self-cultivation” level such as aesthetic cultivation, cultivating sentiment, and purifying the soul, and also involves the “social development” level such as innovation and creation, cultivating the soul, and harmonious environment. Rural aesthetic education refers to the aesthetic education culture in social activities and various relationships in rural areas. It belongs to the category of social aesthetic education and covers many fields such as rural lifestyle, business behavior, rural customs, local culture, and natural ecology. First of all, this article starts with sorting out the development process of rural aesthetic education, and organizes and summarizes the vertical development laws of its five stages of enlightenment, experimentation, exploration, development, and prosperity. Secondly, Through field investigations, it discovered the existing difficulties in rural aesthetic education in terms of resources, form, value, and effectiveness. For example, the hollowing out of rural living environment has led to a lack of aesthetic education resources, the traditional form of aesthetic education has resulted from the single development of rural agriculture, the weakening of the value of aesthetic education due to the lack of confidence in rural regional culture, and the difficulty in exerting the effectiveness of aesthetic education due to the lagging behind of rural modernization; etc Thirdly, in order to deeply understand the current situation of rural aesthetic education and alleviate its development difficulties, the author starts with the analysis of the design project of the “Dao Xiang Yu Ge” rural revitalization demonstration corridor in Xiangjiagou, and explores a relatively scientific path for the construction of rural aesthetic education and its implementation strategy with the help of practical cases. The overall planning goal of this project is to “revive rice to promote agricultural revitalization, and promote rural prosperity through rice fishery symbiosis”, with "industry+culture+ecology+symbiosis" as the planning orientation, focusing on the "three in one" development pattern of rice fishery symbiosis industry, traditional agricultural culture, and rural ecological tourism. We strive to efficiently promote the development of Xiangjiagou Village from multiple perspectives, including cultural industry empowerment, integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, inheritance of agricultural civilization, and integration of ecology, agriculture, culture, and tourism. Through the application and exploration of design methods such as field research, activity analysis, spatial narrative, and everyone’s participation, new paths for the design of rural human settlement environments such as creating landscapes with beauty, promoting agriculture with beauty,revitalizing culture with beauty, and integrating tourism with beauty are explored, including the restoration of local rural landscapes, the creation of aesthetic education space; the optimization of industrial wasteland, the creation of new agricultural beauty; respect for regional characteristics, the restoration of rural culture; the development of rural eco-tourism, and the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization; etc. Finally, combined with the analysis results of the design case of the “Dao Xiang Yu Ge” rural revitalization demonstration corridor in Xiangjiagou, new strategies for rural aesthetic education are proposed, such as taking rural scenery as the medium, rural production as the basis, rural culture as the soul, and rural prosperity as the key. The content includes beautifying the rural landscape and cultivating a sound personality; jointly seeking industrial innovation and enhancing rural vitality; awakening local memories and enhancing cultural confidence; keeping up with the development needs of the times and promoting efficient rural revitalization; etc., which provides some new ideas and references for the sustainable development of livable, business-friendly and beautiful villages in the new era. The ideal rural aesthetic education is an important link that connects and sublimates the three-dimensional relationship between people, land, and village. It has positive effects such as enhancing aesthetic literacy, activating innovative consciousness, strengthening regional identity, and establishing cultural confidence. The ideal rural living environment landscape should be based on rural characteristics such as regional style, ecological products, agricultural culture, and local life. It should not only meet the material “shaping” needs, but also the spiritual “soul casting” pursuit. The “Butterfly Transformation” of Xiangjiagou’s “Dao Xiang Yu Ge” rural revitalization demonstration corridor cannot be separated from the integrated development of ecology and agriculture, culture and tourism, design and art education, economy and society, urban and rural areas, etc. In the future, it’s expected to have more rural construction groups participate in creating livable, business friendly, and beautiful countryside, achieving a beautiful scene of “beauty and coexistence” and “harmony in diversity”.
2024(6),68-74
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240610
Abstract:
From the perspective of a healthy community, equitable distribution of health facilities is crucial for ensuring fairness in residents’ health outcomes. The rapid urban development and conflicting needs between outdated community infrastructure and the demands of contemporary residents highlight pressing issues. Current academic discourse and regulatory standards primarily focus on macro-level controls and guidance, leaving significant exploration space on how to effectively apply concepts like healthy cities or healthy communities in practical assessments. Additionally, there is a lack of comprehensive measures at the community scale to finely assess the layout of facilities in older neighborhoods. In the context of healthy communities, there remains no established consensus on the guiding principles and methods to optimize the layout of health facilities, especially in older residential areas facing greater challenges compared to newly planned ones. Reasonable facility planning is one of the essential components in constructing a healthy community, and discussions on health facilities cannot be divorced from this planning. This paper first identifies which types of facilities fall within the scope of discussion. Health inequality is defined as systematic differences in health status among different social groups, emphasizing the connection between facility equity and resident health. The construction of a healthy community is inseparable from a healthy medical service system, and medical and health facilities are important parts of urban public service facilities. In the context of aging, good community service facilities for the elderly are necessary to support the urban pension system and build a healthy pension model. Community environmental sanitation service facilities are an important foundation to ensure comfort and convenience and are conducive to creating a clean and hygienic community environment. In addition to community medical facilities, health facilities, and social welfare facilities that ensure resident health, health facilities also include other facilities that promote the physical and mental health of community residents, such as cultural and sports facilities, and educational service facilities. Educational service facilities such as primary and secondary schools, kindergartens, etc. are important facilities to promote the healthy physical and mental development of students and young children. Promoting national fitness is one of the important components of realizing healthy cities and healthy communities, so a more equitable layout of cultural and sports facilities is of great significance for building healthy communities. The rational planning of these facilities has a direct impact on residents’ quality of life. The purpose of this study is to explore an evaluation system for public facility layout in aging communities from the perspective of a healthy community and to discuss pathways for improving facility layout. Firstly, this paper selects the Wangfeng Community in Wuhan as the scope of empirical research. This area is one of the key regions for local government renovation of aging neighborhoods. The residents in this area are primarily middle-aged and elderly, closely connected to healthcare facilities in their daily lives, with a high demand for walkable accessibility to facilities among the elderly. Public facility Points of Interest (POI), facility scales, and population dataare collected and filtered using API interfaces to construct a vector dataset of map elements. Based on the “Community Life Circle Planning Technical Guidelines” as a standard, thresholds for various types of facilities are selected and specified. An improved two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method is employed to analyze the accessibility of existing public service facilities. Subsequently, the matching between community population distribution and the capacity of each facility to serve the population is calculated to further evaluate facility supply capabilities. The evaluation results indicate inadequate accessibility and imbalanced supply of facilities in the studied area. In contrast to new residential areas, the renovation of facilities in older neighborhoods emphasizes the macro-level control of existing space and resources to enhance public facility distribution for a more rational layout. Subsequently, based on evaluation results, an optimization pathway termed “classification of functional differences-exploration of latent spaces-embedding of applicability” is proposed. Firstly, for facilities with different functions, the space use area varies due to the different needs of their users and relevant regulations. Therefore, the differences in the space requirements of different types of facilities can be clarified through the classification of facility functions. Secondly, due to the early planning of old communities, there is usually limited space for new construction. It is necessary to fully tap the potential space and realize space activation through renewal, sharing, and supplementation. Thirdly, on the basis of clarifying the above two points, the facilities should be allocated according to local conditions based on the differences in demand and disposable space. Following this, a secondary evaluation of the reorganized facilities shows that the optimization strategies significantly enhance accessibility and service supply in the community. An attempt to investigate the relationship between traditional settlements and rising concepts is made through the study of old neighborhoods. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of accessibility and supply capacity from the standpoint of healthy community, and it quantifies the accessibility of health services and the population that can be covered. In addition to offering helpful ideas for developing a more wholesome pattern of urban community amenities and sustainable urban development, the research framework of this paper offers some support for the public service facility evaluation system in older residential districts.
From the perspective of a healthy community, equitable distribution of health facilities is crucial for ensuring fairness in residents’ health outcomes. The rapid urban development and conflicting needs between outdated community infrastructure and the demands of contemporary residents highlight pressing issues. Current academic discourse and regulatory standards primarily focus on macro-level controls and guidance, leaving significant exploration space on how to effectively apply concepts like healthy cities or healthy communities in practical assessments. Additionally, there is a lack of comprehensive measures at the community scale to finely assess the layout of facilities in older neighborhoods. In the context of healthy communities, there remains no established consensus on the guiding principles and methods to optimize the layout of health facilities, especially in older residential areas facing greater challenges compared to newly planned ones. Reasonable facility planning is one of the essential components in constructing a healthy community, and discussions on health facilities cannot be divorced from this planning. This paper first identifies which types of facilities fall within the scope of discussion. Health inequality is defined as systematic differences in health status among different social groups, emphasizing the connection between facility equity and resident health. The construction of a healthy community is inseparable from a healthy medical service system, and medical and health facilities are important parts of urban public service facilities. In the context of aging, good community service facilities for the elderly are necessary to support the urban pension system and build a healthy pension model. Community environmental sanitation service facilities are an important foundation to ensure comfort and convenience and are conducive to creating a clean and hygienic community environment. In addition to community medical facilities, health facilities, and social welfare facilities that ensure resident health, health facilities also include other facilities that promote the physical and mental health of community residents, such as cultural and sports facilities, and educational service facilities. Educational service facilities such as primary and secondary schools, kindergartens, etc. are important facilities to promote the healthy physical and mental development of students and young children. Promoting national fitness is one of the important components of realizing healthy cities and healthy communities, so a more equitable layout of cultural and sports facilities is of great significance for building healthy communities. The rational planning of these facilities has a direct impact on residents’ quality of life. The purpose of this study is to explore an evaluation system for public facility layout in aging communities from the perspective of a healthy community and to discuss pathways for improving facility layout. Firstly, this paper selects the Wangfeng Community in Wuhan as the scope of empirical research. This area is one of the key regions for local government renovation of aging neighborhoods. The residents in this area are primarily middle-aged and elderly, closely connected to healthcare facilities in their daily lives, with a high demand for walkable accessibility to facilities among the elderly. Public facility Points of Interest (POI), facility scales, and population dataare collected and filtered using API interfaces to construct a vector dataset of map elements. Based on the “Community Life Circle Planning Technical Guidelines” as a standard, thresholds for various types of facilities are selected and specified. An improved two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method is employed to analyze the accessibility of existing public service facilities. Subsequently, the matching between community population distribution and the capacity of each facility to serve the population is calculated to further evaluate facility supply capabilities. The evaluation results indicate inadequate accessibility and imbalanced supply of facilities in the studied area. In contrast to new residential areas, the renovation of facilities in older neighborhoods emphasizes the macro-level control of existing space and resources to enhance public facility distribution for a more rational layout. Subsequently, based on evaluation results, an optimization pathway termed “classification of functional differences-exploration of latent spaces-embedding of applicability” is proposed. Firstly, for facilities with different functions, the space use area varies due to the different needs of their users and relevant regulations. Therefore, the differences in the space requirements of different types of facilities can be clarified through the classification of facility functions. Secondly, due to the early planning of old communities, there is usually limited space for new construction. It is necessary to fully tap the potential space and realize space activation through renewal, sharing, and supplementation. Thirdly, on the basis of clarifying the above two points, the facilities should be allocated according to local conditions based on the differences in demand and disposable space. Following this, a secondary evaluation of the reorganized facilities shows that the optimization strategies significantly enhance accessibility and service supply in the community. An attempt to investigate the relationship between traditional settlements and rising concepts is made through the study of old neighborhoods. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of accessibility and supply capacity from the standpoint of healthy community, and it quantifies the accessibility of health services and the population that can be covered. In addition to offering helpful ideas for developing a more wholesome pattern of urban community amenities and sustainable urban development, the research framework of this paper offers some support for the public service facility evaluation system in older residential districts.
2024(6),75-90
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240611
Abstract:
Population aging is a global trend. To address this issue, the World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced the concepts of “active aging” and “healthy aging”, emphasizing the importance of maintaining health and well-being throughout the aging process. China has also placed high importance on the aging issue, and has proposed the national strategy of “Actively Coping with Population Aging.” In this context, the health problems of older people have received unprecedented attention. However, older people often face various health challenges, due in part to insufficient physical activity. Moderate physical activity can decrease the occurrence of coronary heart disease, Type-2 diabetes, and hypertension among older people. It also alleviates anxious and depressive symptoms, enhancing their quality of life. Walking, as a fundamental form of physical activity, is crucial for the health of older people. It helps maintain physical functions and promotes mental health and social interaction. However, in reality, to accommodate growing traffic demand, modern urban development has reduced walking spaces and sidewalks. This reduction further creates obstacles for older people to engage in walking. In the context of population aging, it is crucial to optimize the urban walking environment to better accommodate and encourage the walking behavior of older people. The built environment refers to the physical spaces shaped by human activities in urban or rural areas. It includes buildings, streets, transportation facilities, public spaces, etc. Existing research has extensively confirmed that various factors of the built environment significantly impact the walking behavior of older people. Key factors include population density, land use mix, road network density, street intersections, and street greenery. Most existing research employs traditional analytical methods that are predicated on assumed generalized linear relationships. However, these methods face significant limitations, as they fail to capture the non-linear effects of the built environment on the walking behavior of older people. To address this limitation, researchers have recently turned to “black-box” machine learning models, such as random forests, gradient boosting decision trees (GBDT), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM). These advanced models can reveal non-linear relationships and threshold effects, thereby leading to widespread application. Despite these advancements, existing research still has the following shortcomings: (1) difficulty in explaining the decision-making process of “black-box” machine learning models; and (2) neglect of the interactions between built environment factors. The Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) model is a powerful tool that helps us understandhow machine learning models make predictions by analyzing the impact of each feature on the prediction results. This feature enhances our understanding of the machine learning model’s decision-making process. The significance of SHAP lies in its ability to explain the output of any machine learning model. Therefore, this study applies cutting-edge interpretable machine learning methods by integrating LightGBM and the SHAP model to address the aforementioned research gaps. It utilizes multi-source big data, including points of interest (POIs), remote sensing images, and street view images, to analyze the non-linear relationships between the community-level built environment and the walking behavior (specifically, daily walking frequency) of older people in Chengdu. Furthermore, this study reveals the synergistic effects between built environment factors. The key findings of this study are as follows: (1) The three most important built environment factors affecting the walking frequency of older people are the proportion of sidewalks, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and accessibility to recreational facilities. (2) There are significant nonlinear and threshold effects of built environment factors on older people’s walking frequency. For example, when the proportion of sidewalks and the NDVI are within the ranges of 0.01~0.04 and 0.06~0.12, respectively, they have a positive contribution to the predicted output (older people’s walking frequency) compared to the model's baseline prediction, the average prediction across the dataset. The relationship between the green view index and the walking frequency of older people follows an inverted U-shape: when the green view index is less than 0.23, they are positively correlated; when the green view index exceeds 0.23, they are negatively correlated. (3) Significant interactions, which may reveal where optimizing one feature is more impactful in the presence of another, exist between many built environment factors. Notable synergistic effects exist between the green view index and the floor area ratio, the land use mix and the sky view index, and accessibility to recreational facilities and the floor area ratio. Specifically, when the green view index is greater than 0.25 and the floor area ratio exceeds 1.50, the land use mix exceeds 0.40 and the sky view index exceeds 0.30, and accessibility to recreational facilities exceeds 23 and the floor area ratio exceeds 1.50, the SHAP interaction value of the two variables is greater than 0, which indicates that the two variables enhance older people's walking frequency more than expected based on the effects of each feature alone. This study has significant practical implications. Firstly, the threshold effect indicates that independent variables have an optimal impact on the walking behavior of older people within a specific range. Secondly, promoting walking behavior is more effective when modifying a set of built environment factors rather than changing a single factor. Third, this study proposes planning strategies from the perspectives of improving the construction of community service facilities, enhancing the accessibility of community walkways, and creating high-quality public spaces.
Population aging is a global trend. To address this issue, the World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced the concepts of “active aging” and “healthy aging”, emphasizing the importance of maintaining health and well-being throughout the aging process. China has also placed high importance on the aging issue, and has proposed the national strategy of “Actively Coping with Population Aging.” In this context, the health problems of older people have received unprecedented attention. However, older people often face various health challenges, due in part to insufficient physical activity. Moderate physical activity can decrease the occurrence of coronary heart disease, Type-2 diabetes, and hypertension among older people. It also alleviates anxious and depressive symptoms, enhancing their quality of life. Walking, as a fundamental form of physical activity, is crucial for the health of older people. It helps maintain physical functions and promotes mental health and social interaction. However, in reality, to accommodate growing traffic demand, modern urban development has reduced walking spaces and sidewalks. This reduction further creates obstacles for older people to engage in walking. In the context of population aging, it is crucial to optimize the urban walking environment to better accommodate and encourage the walking behavior of older people. The built environment refers to the physical spaces shaped by human activities in urban or rural areas. It includes buildings, streets, transportation facilities, public spaces, etc. Existing research has extensively confirmed that various factors of the built environment significantly impact the walking behavior of older people. Key factors include population density, land use mix, road network density, street intersections, and street greenery. Most existing research employs traditional analytical methods that are predicated on assumed generalized linear relationships. However, these methods face significant limitations, as they fail to capture the non-linear effects of the built environment on the walking behavior of older people. To address this limitation, researchers have recently turned to “black-box” machine learning models, such as random forests, gradient boosting decision trees (GBDT), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM). These advanced models can reveal non-linear relationships and threshold effects, thereby leading to widespread application. Despite these advancements, existing research still has the following shortcomings: (1) difficulty in explaining the decision-making process of “black-box” machine learning models; and (2) neglect of the interactions between built environment factors. The Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) model is a powerful tool that helps us understandhow machine learning models make predictions by analyzing the impact of each feature on the prediction results. This feature enhances our understanding of the machine learning model’s decision-making process. The significance of SHAP lies in its ability to explain the output of any machine learning model. Therefore, this study applies cutting-edge interpretable machine learning methods by integrating LightGBM and the SHAP model to address the aforementioned research gaps. It utilizes multi-source big data, including points of interest (POIs), remote sensing images, and street view images, to analyze the non-linear relationships between the community-level built environment and the walking behavior (specifically, daily walking frequency) of older people in Chengdu. Furthermore, this study reveals the synergistic effects between built environment factors. The key findings of this study are as follows: (1) The three most important built environment factors affecting the walking frequency of older people are the proportion of sidewalks, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and accessibility to recreational facilities. (2) There are significant nonlinear and threshold effects of built environment factors on older people’s walking frequency. For example, when the proportion of sidewalks and the NDVI are within the ranges of 0.01~0.04 and 0.06~0.12, respectively, they have a positive contribution to the predicted output (older people’s walking frequency) compared to the model's baseline prediction, the average prediction across the dataset. The relationship between the green view index and the walking frequency of older people follows an inverted U-shape: when the green view index is less than 0.23, they are positively correlated; when the green view index exceeds 0.23, they are negatively correlated. (3) Significant interactions, which may reveal where optimizing one feature is more impactful in the presence of another, exist between many built environment factors. Notable synergistic effects exist between the green view index and the floor area ratio, the land use mix and the sky view index, and accessibility to recreational facilities and the floor area ratio. Specifically, when the green view index is greater than 0.25 and the floor area ratio exceeds 1.50, the land use mix exceeds 0.40 and the sky view index exceeds 0.30, and accessibility to recreational facilities exceeds 23 and the floor area ratio exceeds 1.50, the SHAP interaction value of the two variables is greater than 0, which indicates that the two variables enhance older people's walking frequency more than expected based on the effects of each feature alone. This study has significant practical implications. Firstly, the threshold effect indicates that independent variables have an optimal impact on the walking behavior of older people within a specific range. Secondly, promoting walking behavior is more effective when modifying a set of built environment factors rather than changing a single factor. Third, this study proposes planning strategies from the perspectives of improving the construction of community service facilities, enhancing the accessibility of community walkways, and creating high-quality public spaces.
2024(6),83-90
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240612
Abstract:
The passenger flow of urban rail transit stations reflects the agglomeration effect of passenger flow. As the foundation for operating an urban rail transit network, the spatial and temporal demand and characteristic distribution of station passenger flow are directly linked to comprehensive transportation planning, urban land use, spatial structure, and facility layout. In this context, exploring the impact mechanism of the built environment on the passenger flow of urban rail transit stations and accurately identifying key built environment factors that affect station passenger flow play a crucial guiding role in revitalizing the urban built environment organically and enhancing the efficiency of station passenger flows in urban rail transit systems. This has become one of the focal points in studying urban transportation planning and transportation geography. While existing studies on the relationship between the built environment and passenger flow of urban rail transit stations are relatively mature, there is a relative lack of research on factors influencing station passenger flow during different time periods. To address the lack of existing research, we developed a comprehensive “5D+N” index system for the built environment based on multi-source geospatial data (including land use data, mobile signaling data, POI data, building footprint data, road network data, bus station and line network data, urban rail transit station and line network data, etc.). The study then selected average daily passenger flow and peak inbound/outbound passenger flow during morning and evening periods as dependent variables for urban rail transit stations. Using multicollinearity testing and OLS stepwise regression, it identified significant independent variables that influence station passenger flow. Finally, by comparing the fitting effects of OLS, GWR, and SGWR models, it determined the superior model to analyze how the built environment impacts passenger flow during different time periods. The case study of Tianjin yields the following conclusions. 1) The average daily passenger flow of urban rail transit stations exhibits a distribution pattern characterized by high passenger flow in central areas and low ridership in peripheral areas. Additionally, the distribution of station passenger flow during peak hours also displays spatial heterogeneity. Stations with high passenger flow during morning and evening peaks are primarily transportation transfer hubs and the first and last stations located in the western periphery of the city. Moreover, stations with significant passenger flow during these peak periods are concentrated in the core area of the city. The heterogeneity in station passenger flow is mainly attributed to variations in urban land development intensity, diversity in station spatial function and business mix, as well as differences in regional rail network density. 2) There exist both similarities and notable differences regarding factors influencing passenger flow at different time periods. Among them, factors such as opening time of stations, number of entrances/exits, density of administrative office facilities’ points-of-interest (POI), density of bus stops have a positive impact on passenger flow across multiple periods. Conversely, POI mixing degree and average distance from bus stops exert anegative effect on passenger flow. Notably, significant factors affecting morning peak inbound/outbound passenger flow exhibit relative similarity while those impacting evening peak outbound/inbound passenger flow also demonstrate some level of similarity. 3) The impact of the built environment on passenger flow at the station demonstrates a distinction between global and local effects, with the density dimension of the built environment primarily influencing locally. The direction and intensity of local variables on passenger flow exhibit spatial heterogeneity. Variations in factors influencing passenger flow during different periods and their spatial heterogeneity offer guidance for enhancing passenger flow efficiency and promoting high-quality TOD development, as well as informing updates and optimizations to the built environment surrounding the station. Taking Tianjin City as a case study, this paper conducted an empirical investigation to explore the methodology and approach for collaborative optimization and enhancement of the built environment and urban rail transit passenger flow efficiency. The research findings not only broaden the research perspective on the relationship between the built environment and urban rail transit passenger flow but also advance the frontier exploration direction of multidisciplinary integration encompassing transportation, planning, and geography. Simultaneously, it enriches the methodological framework of rational spatial planning research under a “flow” logic, enhances the scientific nature
The passenger flow of urban rail transit stations reflects the agglomeration effect of passenger flow. As the foundation for operating an urban rail transit network, the spatial and temporal demand and characteristic distribution of station passenger flow are directly linked to comprehensive transportation planning, urban land use, spatial structure, and facility layout. In this context, exploring the impact mechanism of the built environment on the passenger flow of urban rail transit stations and accurately identifying key built environment factors that affect station passenger flow play a crucial guiding role in revitalizing the urban built environment organically and enhancing the efficiency of station passenger flows in urban rail transit systems. This has become one of the focal points in studying urban transportation planning and transportation geography. While existing studies on the relationship between the built environment and passenger flow of urban rail transit stations are relatively mature, there is a relative lack of research on factors influencing station passenger flow during different time periods. To address the lack of existing research, we developed a comprehensive “5D+N” index system for the built environment based on multi-source geospatial data (including land use data, mobile signaling data, POI data, building footprint data, road network data, bus station and line network data, urban rail transit station and line network data, etc.). The study then selected average daily passenger flow and peak inbound/outbound passenger flow during morning and evening periods as dependent variables for urban rail transit stations. Using multicollinearity testing and OLS stepwise regression, it identified significant independent variables that influence station passenger flow. Finally, by comparing the fitting effects of OLS, GWR, and SGWR models, it determined the superior model to analyze how the built environment impacts passenger flow during different time periods. The case study of Tianjin yields the following conclusions. 1) The average daily passenger flow of urban rail transit stations exhibits a distribution pattern characterized by high passenger flow in central areas and low ridership in peripheral areas. Additionally, the distribution of station passenger flow during peak hours also displays spatial heterogeneity. Stations with high passenger flow during morning and evening peaks are primarily transportation transfer hubs and the first and last stations located in the western periphery of the city. Moreover, stations with significant passenger flow during these peak periods are concentrated in the core area of the city. The heterogeneity in station passenger flow is mainly attributed to variations in urban land development intensity, diversity in station spatial function and business mix, as well as differences in regional rail network density. 2) There exist both similarities and notable differences regarding factors influencing passenger flow at different time periods. Among them, factors such as opening time of stations, number of entrances/exits, density of administrative office facilities’ points-of-interest (POI), density of bus stops have a positive impact on passenger flow across multiple periods. Conversely, POI mixing degree and average distance from bus stops exert anegative effect on passenger flow. Notably, significant factors affecting morning peak inbound/outbound passenger flow exhibit relative similarity while those impacting evening peak outbound/inbound passenger flow also demonstrate some level of similarity. 3) The impact of the built environment on passenger flow at the station demonstrates a distinction between global and local effects, with the density dimension of the built environment primarily influencing locally. The direction and intensity of local variables on passenger flow exhibit spatial heterogeneity. Variations in factors influencing passenger flow during different periods and their spatial heterogeneity offer guidance for enhancing passenger flow efficiency and promoting high-quality TOD development, as well as informing updates and optimizations to the built environment surrounding the station. Taking Tianjin City as a case study, this paper conducted an empirical investigation to explore the methodology and approach for collaborative optimization and enhancement of the built environment and urban rail transit passenger flow efficiency. The research findings not only broaden the research perspective on the relationship between the built environment and urban rail transit passenger flow but also advance the frontier exploration direction of multidisciplinary integration encompassing transportation, planning, and geography. Simultaneously, it enriches the methodological framework of rational spatial planning research under a “flow” logic, enhances the scientific nature
2024(6),91-96
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240613
Abstract:
In recent years, with the intensification of aging and the improvement of public health awareness, the demand for medical care for the elderly has increased dramatically, and the aging of medical buildings has become a key problem, especially the complex diagnosis and treatment process of large general hospitals very unfriendly towards older patients and the various problems with finding the way have meant that overall diagnostic and treatment efficiency is low. Patient flow data can truly reflect the transmission path of patients in the medical process, help designers clarify the state and relationship between the different parts of the medical process from the patient’s perspective in the medical space and time, and provide real information and reliable prior information for the Planning of hospital buildings. Therefore, this article aims to take the geriatric department of The Southwest Hospital of Amu in Chongqing as the research object and the actual diagnosis and treatment process of patients as the starting point to study the aging problem of the influx of elderly patients in large general hospitals. Using field research, it firstly gathered actual data on the diagnosis and treatment processes of elderly patients. It then processed the data using the process mining program DISCO, eliminating low-frequency activities and pathways to create a high-frequency model of the patients’ diagnosis and treatments, and summarizing and analyzing the close relationships between the pertinent process nodes. Next, it recorded the number of spatial transfers of elderly patients and the transit distance under the current layout, which is subsequently used as a comparison standard, and it simulated the real patient transfer path by combining it with Southwest Hospital’s planar spatial relationship. It then investigated the optimization of the three department positioning and function configuration modes compared with the original mode, based on the high-frequency diagnosis and treatment process, the close relationship between the relevant spatial nodes, and the number of spatial transfers and transit distance as a comparison measure. The results are as follows: (1) The geriatric department is mainly divided into two groups of high-frequency processes: Firstly, the main processes for patients who do not need to undergo medical examination are “Registration (manual window)/Registration (electronic)-Primary waiting- Secondary waiting-Treatment-Manual window payment-Getting drug”; secondly, the main process for patients who need to undergo medical examinations is as follows: “Registration (electronic) / Registration (manual)-Primary waiting-Secondary waiting-Treatment-Manual Window Payment/ Electronic Payment-Laboratory department-Electrocardiogram-Ultrasound- Radiology (in no particular order)-Receiving Report-Manual Window Registration-Primary Waiting-Secondary Waiting-Treatment-Manual window payment/Electronic Payment-Getting drug. (2) The frequency of medical technology is “Laboratory Department-Electrocardiogram- Radiology-Ultrasound” in descending order. (3) 5 flow optimization modes: Functional configuration (clinic+waiting room) + Department positioning (near the registration and payment area and the electrocardiogram area); Functional configuration (clinic+ waiting room+ exclusive registration and payment) + Department positioning (close to the laboratory); Functional configuration (clinic + waiting room + exclusive registration and payment + electrocardiogram) + Department positioning (near the laboratory); Functional configuration (clinic + waiting room + exclusive registration and payment + ultrasound) + Department positioning (near the laboratory); Functional configuration (clinic + waiting room + exclusive registration and payment + electrocardiogram + ultrasound) + Department positioning(near the laboratory). (4) Functional configuration and design of the Geriatrics Treatment Center. Based on the special outpatient clinic of the geriatrics department, four affiliated clinics for cardiology, endocrinology, respiratory medicine and ophthalmology were established to ensure coordinated treatment with the geriatrics department. In addition, registration and payment, exclusive medical technology, a comprehensive examination room and a common MDT consultation area were added to provide more comprehensive and convenient medical services to geriatric patients with multiple diseases. Using the Southwest Hospital of Amu as an example, this article demonstrates the process mining method’s enormous potential for improving patient flow in the geriatric population. In order to give geriatrics accurate and trustworthy information about department positioning and functional configuration design, process mining analysis of the patient flow in the specialty can assist designers in highlighting high-frequency diagnosis and treatment processes from the actual diagnosis and treatment activities of patients. It can also help to clarify the transmission relationship and frequency characteristics between geriatrics and other related departments additional functional spaces.
In recent years, with the intensification of aging and the improvement of public health awareness, the demand for medical care for the elderly has increased dramatically, and the aging of medical buildings has become a key problem, especially the complex diagnosis and treatment process of large general hospitals very unfriendly towards older patients and the various problems with finding the way have meant that overall diagnostic and treatment efficiency is low. Patient flow data can truly reflect the transmission path of patients in the medical process, help designers clarify the state and relationship between the different parts of the medical process from the patient’s perspective in the medical space and time, and provide real information and reliable prior information for the Planning of hospital buildings. Therefore, this article aims to take the geriatric department of The Southwest Hospital of Amu in Chongqing as the research object and the actual diagnosis and treatment process of patients as the starting point to study the aging problem of the influx of elderly patients in large general hospitals. Using field research, it firstly gathered actual data on the diagnosis and treatment processes of elderly patients. It then processed the data using the process mining program DISCO, eliminating low-frequency activities and pathways to create a high-frequency model of the patients’ diagnosis and treatments, and summarizing and analyzing the close relationships between the pertinent process nodes. Next, it recorded the number of spatial transfers of elderly patients and the transit distance under the current layout, which is subsequently used as a comparison standard, and it simulated the real patient transfer path by combining it with Southwest Hospital’s planar spatial relationship. It then investigated the optimization of the three department positioning and function configuration modes compared with the original mode, based on the high-frequency diagnosis and treatment process, the close relationship between the relevant spatial nodes, and the number of spatial transfers and transit distance as a comparison measure. The results are as follows: (1) The geriatric department is mainly divided into two groups of high-frequency processes: Firstly, the main processes for patients who do not need to undergo medical examination are “Registration (manual window)/Registration (electronic)-Primary waiting- Secondary waiting-Treatment-Manual window payment-Getting drug”; secondly, the main process for patients who need to undergo medical examinations is as follows: “Registration (electronic) / Registration (manual)-Primary waiting-Secondary waiting-Treatment-Manual Window Payment/ Electronic Payment-Laboratory department-Electrocardiogram-Ultrasound- Radiology (in no particular order)-Receiving Report-Manual Window Registration-Primary Waiting-Secondary Waiting-Treatment-Manual window payment/Electronic Payment-Getting drug. (2) The frequency of medical technology is “Laboratory Department-Electrocardiogram- Radiology-Ultrasound” in descending order. (3) 5 flow optimization modes: Functional configuration (clinic+waiting room) + Department positioning (near the registration and payment area and the electrocardiogram area); Functional configuration (clinic+ waiting room+ exclusive registration and payment) + Department positioning (close to the laboratory); Functional configuration (clinic + waiting room + exclusive registration and payment + electrocardiogram) + Department positioning (near the laboratory); Functional configuration (clinic + waiting room + exclusive registration and payment + ultrasound) + Department positioning (near the laboratory); Functional configuration (clinic + waiting room + exclusive registration and payment + electrocardiogram + ultrasound) + Department positioning(near the laboratory). (4) Functional configuration and design of the Geriatrics Treatment Center. Based on the special outpatient clinic of the geriatrics department, four affiliated clinics for cardiology, endocrinology, respiratory medicine and ophthalmology were established to ensure coordinated treatment with the geriatrics department. In addition, registration and payment, exclusive medical technology, a comprehensive examination room and a common MDT consultation area were added to provide more comprehensive and convenient medical services to geriatric patients with multiple diseases. Using the Southwest Hospital of Amu as an example, this article demonstrates the process mining method’s enormous potential for improving patient flow in the geriatric population. In order to give geriatrics accurate and trustworthy information about department positioning and functional configuration design, process mining analysis of the patient flow in the specialty can assist designers in highlighting high-frequency diagnosis and treatment processes from the actual diagnosis and treatment activities of patients. It can also help to clarify the transmission relationship and frequency characteristics between geriatrics and other related departments additional functional spaces.
2024(6),97-105
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240614
Abstract:
Green building management is an important part of the development of sustainable and green building practices. However, the current paradigm of green building management faces three dilemmas: the application schema of Assessment Standard for Green Building (ASGB) does not match phases in building project flow and is extremely complicated. In addition, alignment between the categorization of standard terms and the process of building projects is scarce; effective tools enabling project managers to quickly assimilate the ASGB standard is absent; user acceptability is inadequate, and the studies on incremental cost rates of standard terms are few. Through literature review, industry interviews, random questionnaires, expert consultations, comparative case studies between domestic and foreign projects, and programming experiments, this study conducts qualitative and quantitative studies on the existing framework of the ASGB standard, user acceptability, and the direct incremental cost rates of high-scoring standard terms and develops a user-friendly decision-making instrument that facilitates the strategic planning of project development. This tool is designed to enable project managers to precisely set the goal for green building and guide project leaders in organizing different professionals according to spatial level for the implementation of selected green building measures. Ultimately, the development of a succinct and accessible green building operational manual and a miniprogram enhance the practical application of the ASGB standard to building projects and thereby fosters proactive engagement among decision-makers. This article does not only focus on the green sustainability of new buildings but also attaches importance to the renovation and updating of existing buildings to afford them green sustainability. Spatial hierarchy theory is introduced to the ASGB standard. Space has five levels: city, community, building, basic structures (including public energy-saving equipment and materials), and internal diversified functions, space, and household equipment. Three innovative areas are explored. First, it classifies the scoring terms of the ASGB standard according to spatial level, project type, decisionmaker and spatial “hierarchy” theoretical framework and reorganizes them into a green building hierarchy framework that enables professionals in the construction industry and developers to understand and operate. Second, the study investigates the characteristics of green buildings with high public acceptance and low incremental cost rates, constructs economic and acceptance indicators, and embeds newly constructed indicators into the hierarchical framework of green buildings. Therefore, existing methods and theories of green building management in academic theory are updated. Finally, an operational manual for the ASGB standard is developed on the basis of the perspectives of construction industry professionals and developer managers. This manualenables professionals and developer managers from construction industry to quickly understand personnel and tasks required for the implementation of green building projects. This feature is the value of the research results in practical applications. By studying the acceptability and economy of green building measures, it’s found that the ASGB standard terms and green building measures at the city, building, and management levels are highly recognized, have low direct incremental cost rates, and high achievable ratings. Although structure and technical innovations are the important components of the ASGB standard, have high scores, and are widely adopted in existing green building three-star projects in Guangdong, their economic viability is low and their recognition is average. The community and functional levels have the lowest scores but should be carefully considered in project decision-making. Energy-saving technologies between the “three stars” green buildings in Guangdong and BE green buildings in Europe have three differences. The “three stars” cases mainly adopt active energy-saving technology, whereas the BE cases focus on passive energy-saving design. “Three-stars” cases tend to use high-tech equipment, and BE cases tend to reduce or eliminate the use of building equipment. The intelligent systems in “three-stars” case mainly focus on monitoring. By contrast, the BE cases utilize monitoring data for real-time intelligent control. To enhance the operability of green building management, establishing a comprehensive green building management tool that is in line with China’s national conditions is necessary. This study combines the green building process with spatial hierarchy, classifies individual allocation and the ASGB standard terms according to spatial hierarchy, and clarifies their economic and acceptability. Moreover, the ASGB standard operational manual and corresponding green building management miniprogram are established. Practices have proven that the use of this tool by professionals can effectively enhance participation in green building decision-making, facilitate the rapid development of strategies that meet the star rating requirements of green building projects, and enhance awareness of sustainable development and green building standards.
Green building management is an important part of the development of sustainable and green building practices. However, the current paradigm of green building management faces three dilemmas: the application schema of Assessment Standard for Green Building (ASGB) does not match phases in building project flow and is extremely complicated. In addition, alignment between the categorization of standard terms and the process of building projects is scarce; effective tools enabling project managers to quickly assimilate the ASGB standard is absent; user acceptability is inadequate, and the studies on incremental cost rates of standard terms are few. Through literature review, industry interviews, random questionnaires, expert consultations, comparative case studies between domestic and foreign projects, and programming experiments, this study conducts qualitative and quantitative studies on the existing framework of the ASGB standard, user acceptability, and the direct incremental cost rates of high-scoring standard terms and develops a user-friendly decision-making instrument that facilitates the strategic planning of project development. This tool is designed to enable project managers to precisely set the goal for green building and guide project leaders in organizing different professionals according to spatial level for the implementation of selected green building measures. Ultimately, the development of a succinct and accessible green building operational manual and a miniprogram enhance the practical application of the ASGB standard to building projects and thereby fosters proactive engagement among decision-makers. This article does not only focus on the green sustainability of new buildings but also attaches importance to the renovation and updating of existing buildings to afford them green sustainability. Spatial hierarchy theory is introduced to the ASGB standard. Space has five levels: city, community, building, basic structures (including public energy-saving equipment and materials), and internal diversified functions, space, and household equipment. Three innovative areas are explored. First, it classifies the scoring terms of the ASGB standard according to spatial level, project type, decisionmaker and spatial “hierarchy” theoretical framework and reorganizes them into a green building hierarchy framework that enables professionals in the construction industry and developers to understand and operate. Second, the study investigates the characteristics of green buildings with high public acceptance and low incremental cost rates, constructs economic and acceptance indicators, and embeds newly constructed indicators into the hierarchical framework of green buildings. Therefore, existing methods and theories of green building management in academic theory are updated. Finally, an operational manual for the ASGB standard is developed on the basis of the perspectives of construction industry professionals and developer managers. This manualenables professionals and developer managers from construction industry to quickly understand personnel and tasks required for the implementation of green building projects. This feature is the value of the research results in practical applications. By studying the acceptability and economy of green building measures, it’s found that the ASGB standard terms and green building measures at the city, building, and management levels are highly recognized, have low direct incremental cost rates, and high achievable ratings. Although structure and technical innovations are the important components of the ASGB standard, have high scores, and are widely adopted in existing green building three-star projects in Guangdong, their economic viability is low and their recognition is average. The community and functional levels have the lowest scores but should be carefully considered in project decision-making. Energy-saving technologies between the “three stars” green buildings in Guangdong and BE green buildings in Europe have three differences. The “three stars” cases mainly adopt active energy-saving technology, whereas the BE cases focus on passive energy-saving design. “Three-stars” cases tend to use high-tech equipment, and BE cases tend to reduce or eliminate the use of building equipment. The intelligent systems in “three-stars” case mainly focus on monitoring. By contrast, the BE cases utilize monitoring data for real-time intelligent control. To enhance the operability of green building management, establishing a comprehensive green building management tool that is in line with China’s national conditions is necessary. This study combines the green building process with spatial hierarchy, classifies individual allocation and the ASGB standard terms according to spatial hierarchy, and clarifies their economic and acceptability. Moreover, the ASGB standard operational manual and corresponding green building management miniprogram are established. Practices have proven that the use of this tool by professionals can effectively enhance participation in green building decision-making, facilitate the rapid development of strategies that meet the star rating requirements of green building projects, and enhance awareness of sustainable development and green building standards.
2024(6),106-111
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240615
Abstract:
After the booming usage of shared bikes from 2017 in China, the number of cyclists has increased in many major cities. To promote non-motorized traffic became an important strategy for urban renewal and redevelopment under the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Most research on non-motorized traffic borrowed the model for vehicles, focusing on the factors at city scale related to traffic demand and modal split. Other studies analyzed individual behavior choice at micro scale, focusing on the route choice or the spatial quality. However, there are very few empirical studies explored on the role of street pattern at neighborhood or street scale, dealing with the spatial distribution of non-motorized traffic. Especially, the emergence of shared bikes in China provides a valuable chance to study the changing tendency through a comparative analysis. This research is based on detail gate count data of 401 streets in 13 neighborhoods in Tianjin in 2014 and 2018. Using space syntax model, it studies the impact of street topological street pattern (measured by choice and integration values at different radius) at city-, neighborhood- and street scales. Other than topological street pattern, this research also analyzes factors such as distance to metro station, density (commercial POIs and building areas), street design (traffic light, railing, greenery, etc.) on t he modal s plit a nd flow d istribution of non-motorized vehicles. T he fi ndings a re s ummarized as following. 1) By comparing the amount and share of non-motorized traffic before and after the emergence of shared bike, data suggest that the increase of non-motorized traffic substitutes the pedestrian rather than vehicle traffic in all case areas. 2) At neighborhood scale analysis on the share of cyclist usage, the density of shops (radii=200 m) shows strongest correlation on both 2014 (R=0.88) and 2018 (R=0.89). Topological street pattern (log choice r1km, R=0.61-0.63) and building density (Total building area, radii=200 m, R=0.60-0.67) also show clear correlation. However, these factors are strongly interrelated with each other that they cannot be all included in multi-variant regression model. All street design factors show very weak correlation, which indicate street design functions not at neighborhood scale. 3) At street scale, this study group all gate count data into one model (401 gate count data) without average the data by the case areas. It also makes a distinction between the analysis on major streets as the border of neighborhood (101 gate count data) and minor streets inside the neighborhood only (300 gate count data). These three data sets also divided by two years (2014 and 2018). Six multi-variant regression model are established to analyze the flow intensity on each gate. The results show all data models and major streets in 2014 and 2018 can explain the data very well (adj. R2<0.6). Two minor street model have relatively lower R square value (adj. R2=0.47-0.55). Among all of these six models, topological street pattern has major impact on the non-motorized flow distribution. Building density factor (total building area in radii of 1 km) has minor impact. Additionally, there is a clear difference in the radius of space syntax parameters for major streets (7.5 km) and minor streets (2 km). These findings do not only demonstrate that the space syntax model could be used to analysis non-motorized traffic, but also further verify the linkage between individual behavior and the emergent pattern of movement for this group. The differences of scale factors in topological street pattern reflect the behavior pattern of short distance cycling by bike and longer distancemovement by mopeds. As a summary, based on detailed gate count data in four years span, this research suggests “small block size” and “street continuity” are key features of street pattern to support non-motorized traffic, which may help to reach the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality
After the booming usage of shared bikes from 2017 in China, the number of cyclists has increased in many major cities. To promote non-motorized traffic became an important strategy for urban renewal and redevelopment under the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Most research on non-motorized traffic borrowed the model for vehicles, focusing on the factors at city scale related to traffic demand and modal split. Other studies analyzed individual behavior choice at micro scale, focusing on the route choice or the spatial quality. However, there are very few empirical studies explored on the role of street pattern at neighborhood or street scale, dealing with the spatial distribution of non-motorized traffic. Especially, the emergence of shared bikes in China provides a valuable chance to study the changing tendency through a comparative analysis. This research is based on detail gate count data of 401 streets in 13 neighborhoods in Tianjin in 2014 and 2018. Using space syntax model, it studies the impact of street topological street pattern (measured by choice and integration values at different radius) at city-, neighborhood- and street scales. Other than topological street pattern, this research also analyzes factors such as distance to metro station, density (commercial POIs and building areas), street design (traffic light, railing, greenery, etc.) on t he modal s plit a nd flow d istribution of non-motorized vehicles. T he fi ndings a re s ummarized as following. 1) By comparing the amount and share of non-motorized traffic before and after the emergence of shared bike, data suggest that the increase of non-motorized traffic substitutes the pedestrian rather than vehicle traffic in all case areas. 2) At neighborhood scale analysis on the share of cyclist usage, the density of shops (radii=200 m) shows strongest correlation on both 2014 (R=0.88) and 2018 (R=0.89). Topological street pattern (log choice r1km, R=0.61-0.63) and building density (Total building area, radii=200 m, R=0.60-0.67) also show clear correlation. However, these factors are strongly interrelated with each other that they cannot be all included in multi-variant regression model. All street design factors show very weak correlation, which indicate street design functions not at neighborhood scale. 3) At street scale, this study group all gate count data into one model (401 gate count data) without average the data by the case areas. It also makes a distinction between the analysis on major streets as the border of neighborhood (101 gate count data) and minor streets inside the neighborhood only (300 gate count data). These three data sets also divided by two years (2014 and 2018). Six multi-variant regression model are established to analyze the flow intensity on each gate. The results show all data models and major streets in 2014 and 2018 can explain the data very well (adj. R2<0.6). Two minor street model have relatively lower R square value (adj. R2=0.47-0.55). Among all of these six models, topological street pattern has major impact on the non-motorized flow distribution. Building density factor (total building area in radii of 1 km) has minor impact. Additionally, there is a clear difference in the radius of space syntax parameters for major streets (7.5 km) and minor streets (2 km). These findings do not only demonstrate that the space syntax model could be used to analysis non-motorized traffic, but also further verify the linkage between individual behavior and the emergent pattern of movement for this group. The differences of scale factors in topological street pattern reflect the behavior pattern of short distance cycling by bike and longer distancemovement by mopeds. As a summary, based on detailed gate count data in four years span, this research suggests “small block size” and “street continuity” are key features of street pattern to support non-motorized traffic, which may help to reach the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality
2024(6),112-119
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240616
Abstract:
Urban tidal congestion has become one of the most serious urban problems in major cities in Chinese. The “commuting to school” of primary and secondary school students in cities overlaps with “commuting to work” in terms of time and space, which aggravates the phenomenon of tidal congestion in urban traffic. At present, most of the domestic and foreign studies focus on alleviating the traffic congestion caused by “commuting to work”, while ignoring the traffic congestion problems caused by “commuting to school”. In order to alleviate the problem of tidal traffic congestion in cities and improve the livable quality of the urban environment, it is imperative to study the alleviation of traffic problems caused by “commuting to school” from the perspective of service area. Based on the online and offline questionnaire survey of a large number of primary and secondary schools in Xi’an, and taking the primary and secondary schools in Yanta District of Xi’an as a case, SPSS software was used to analyze the correlation of multiple factors causing traffic congestion. Based on GIS platform, the accessibility of the existing roads under different travel modes was studied to master the characteristics and laws of the pick-up and drop-off behaviors in urban primary and secondary schools. The survey and analysis found that more than half of the current primary and secondary school students live outside the service scope specified in the specification. With the increase of the length of commuting to school, the proportion of students commuting on foot and by non-motor vehicles decreased, and the proportion of motor vehicle and public transport increased. There is a significant connection between the choice of commuting mode and the distance from the school. Taking the primary and secondary schools in Yanta District of Xi’an as the object, using the service area analysis and multi ring buffer zone analysis of GIS, it was found that the service area based on path analysis is irregular polygon, and the residential area covered by it is significantly less than that covered by the traditional way, which is difficult to cover all the roads around the residential area. The method of dividing service areas by Tyson polygons can cover the entire research area and also ensure that the distance from any point within the polygon to the central point within the area is shorter than that to the central points of other areas. But the division result is separated from the actual road network. Based on the scale of the school, this study combines the Tyson polygon with the service area analysis method based on the road network, the service areas of primary and secondary schools in Yanta District were redefined. After the delimitation, the school commute time within the service areas was significantly reduced, alleviating the traffic pressure to a certain extent. The study draws the following conclusions. The characteristics of “commuting to school” congestion in primary and secondary schools are: tidal-like, diffuse, centralized, and this congestion has inertia and predictability in time and space. ArcGIS traffic accessibility analysis and service area analysis based on road network are applied to determine the appropriate service scope of primary and secondary schools: 500-800 meters for primary schools. The middle school is 1 000-1 500 meters. On the basis of comprehensive consideration of the size of primary and secondary schools, the service area division method based on path and Tyson polygon can effectively improve theaccessibility of regional primary and secondary schools. The results of this study can provide reference for the division of the service scope of primary and secondary schools in similar urban areas, which is of great significance to alleviate the tidal congestion of urban general education and promote the efficient and low-carbon operation of the city.
Urban tidal congestion has become one of the most serious urban problems in major cities in Chinese. The “commuting to school” of primary and secondary school students in cities overlaps with “commuting to work” in terms of time and space, which aggravates the phenomenon of tidal congestion in urban traffic. At present, most of the domestic and foreign studies focus on alleviating the traffic congestion caused by “commuting to work”, while ignoring the traffic congestion problems caused by “commuting to school”. In order to alleviate the problem of tidal traffic congestion in cities and improve the livable quality of the urban environment, it is imperative to study the alleviation of traffic problems caused by “commuting to school” from the perspective of service area. Based on the online and offline questionnaire survey of a large number of primary and secondary schools in Xi’an, and taking the primary and secondary schools in Yanta District of Xi’an as a case, SPSS software was used to analyze the correlation of multiple factors causing traffic congestion. Based on GIS platform, the accessibility of the existing roads under different travel modes was studied to master the characteristics and laws of the pick-up and drop-off behaviors in urban primary and secondary schools. The survey and analysis found that more than half of the current primary and secondary school students live outside the service scope specified in the specification. With the increase of the length of commuting to school, the proportion of students commuting on foot and by non-motor vehicles decreased, and the proportion of motor vehicle and public transport increased. There is a significant connection between the choice of commuting mode and the distance from the school. Taking the primary and secondary schools in Yanta District of Xi’an as the object, using the service area analysis and multi ring buffer zone analysis of GIS, it was found that the service area based on path analysis is irregular polygon, and the residential area covered by it is significantly less than that covered by the traditional way, which is difficult to cover all the roads around the residential area. The method of dividing service areas by Tyson polygons can cover the entire research area and also ensure that the distance from any point within the polygon to the central point within the area is shorter than that to the central points of other areas. But the division result is separated from the actual road network. Based on the scale of the school, this study combines the Tyson polygon with the service area analysis method based on the road network, the service areas of primary and secondary schools in Yanta District were redefined. After the delimitation, the school commute time within the service areas was significantly reduced, alleviating the traffic pressure to a certain extent. The study draws the following conclusions. The characteristics of “commuting to school” congestion in primary and secondary schools are: tidal-like, diffuse, centralized, and this congestion has inertia and predictability in time and space. ArcGIS traffic accessibility analysis and service area analysis based on road network are applied to determine the appropriate service scope of primary and secondary schools: 500-800 meters for primary schools. The middle school is 1 000-1 500 meters. On the basis of comprehensive consideration of the size of primary and secondary schools, the service area division method based on path and Tyson polygon can effectively improve theaccessibility of regional primary and secondary schools. The results of this study can provide reference for the division of the service scope of primary and secondary schools in similar urban areas, which is of great significance to alleviate the tidal congestion of urban general education and promote the efficient and low-carbon operation of the city.
2024(6),120-126
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240617
Abstract:
The construction of the public service system necessitates addressing the demands of spatial justice, ensuring the fundamental spatial rights of the recipients, and achieving a balanced assessment of suitability across dimensions such as needs, characteristics, and hierarchies. Due to this, it is possible that the public service system can reach a rational and comprehensive level which can also bring the spatial justice rule into the renewal process of existing public service system meanwhile. Additionally, when it comes to the reconstruction of the service system, it is essential to consider the accessibility and significant effectiveness of its organizational structure. In other words, it may be more significant and meaningful for us to rethink the fairness of multiple types of mankind living on the same planet and in the sharing environment. As a spatial medium that combines diverse functions, the urban complex serves as a novel form of integrated public service. In the meantime, with the rapid growth of city urbanization’s rate, there are more and more empty city complexes with less and less working people using them, which is contradictory to the value of the site location, leading to the wasting of urban public resources, such as land, space and money. On the contrary, if we made full use of these negative and abundant urban complexes and achieved the sustainable renewal goal, we could get more material supplement and spiritual protection from the renewal process. What’s more, its spatial realization process engenders a multidimensional synergy, intertwining economic, social, and environmental values for various stakeholders. That is to say, we are more likely to draw support from the economic, social, and environmental effect from the renewal and updating of the existing urban complexes. To be specific, it may be true to create more lending space for different enterprises and improve the lending fortune because of the enhancement of environment, function and accessibility. Also, the renewal can bring the improvement to the space vitality, which is an essential way for the negative space to attract more streams of people doing leisure activities and social communication. As to the environmental aspect, it is not that difficult to say that through the integration and updating of the existing urban complexes, the whole environment can achieve the goal of transformation from the inefficient and shabby space attributes to the efficient and superior ones. As is known to us all, the eminent social theory named the Production of Space has the capacity to combine the physical space with the social structure and it put forward the statement that the political and economic elements including capital, power and classes can reshape the space, making the physical itself become the media and products eventually. And it breaks through the limitation of the production of physical things in the space declared from Marxism, and enlarges the definition of the space production by itself. A nd therefore, t aking the triadic dialectical process of the Production of Space as the research perspective, this paper combines graphic analysis of successful cases both domestically and internationally. Based on the hierarchical system of “perception-cognition-awareness”, it proposes corresponding construction strategies across three dimensions: material spatial overlap, conceptual spatial coupling, and socialspace fusion. Material spatial overlap is a strategy that can promote the upgrading of the physical space form, such as the functional expansion, removing obstructions on streamlines and the environmental enhancement. Conceptual spatial coupling is the strategy that emphasizes the cultural context through cultural intentions and symbolic systems, with the hope of solving the problems of destruction of cultural identities on the ground. The third social space fusion is a necessary way to unify the rules of value and in so doing to complete the process of distribution of space benefits, sustaining space dynamics and eventually weakening the negative effect of spatial production directed by marketing and consuming logics. The mentioned three strategies construct a framework for the triad and it impacts the effects of city value realization and the establishment of organic environment where the people flow, matter flow and information flow gather and grow up. So the strategy map can make great contribution to solve the problems of the realities of the commodification of space, the flow of value and the marginalization of the social grid. And the classification of the renewal strategies is consilient to the Triadic Theoretical Framework named spatial practice, representations of space and spaces of representation concluded by Henri Lefebvre who is the establisher of the theory called Production of Space. Basically, spatial practice can be linked to the social process of the city production and reproduction, including the daily routines, which is full of visibility and reality. Then the representations of space can be the conceptual spaces controlled by the scientists, city planners and social engineers in which they make use of their knowledge and ideology so as to create some technical drawings. The last type named spaces of representation is the space constructed by the city residents and users, and it is located at a negative and controlled situation in the process of spatial production. The aim is to offer reflections and references on intervening in the spatial supply system, achieving comprehensive spatial adaptability through the aggregation of spatial production connotations, and facilitating the renewal of urban complexes. With the hope of achieving the spatial justice of renewal process and keeping the sustainable and harmonious development of the existing urban complexes, it’s expected that this paper will put forward some useful and original methods and starting points for the government, city planners and designers, residents to achieve the renewal and rebirth of the urban complexes.
The construction of the public service system necessitates addressing the demands of spatial justice, ensuring the fundamental spatial rights of the recipients, and achieving a balanced assessment of suitability across dimensions such as needs, characteristics, and hierarchies. Due to this, it is possible that the public service system can reach a rational and comprehensive level which can also bring the spatial justice rule into the renewal process of existing public service system meanwhile. Additionally, when it comes to the reconstruction of the service system, it is essential to consider the accessibility and significant effectiveness of its organizational structure. In other words, it may be more significant and meaningful for us to rethink the fairness of multiple types of mankind living on the same planet and in the sharing environment. As a spatial medium that combines diverse functions, the urban complex serves as a novel form of integrated public service. In the meantime, with the rapid growth of city urbanization’s rate, there are more and more empty city complexes with less and less working people using them, which is contradictory to the value of the site location, leading to the wasting of urban public resources, such as land, space and money. On the contrary, if we made full use of these negative and abundant urban complexes and achieved the sustainable renewal goal, we could get more material supplement and spiritual protection from the renewal process. What’s more, its spatial realization process engenders a multidimensional synergy, intertwining economic, social, and environmental values for various stakeholders. That is to say, we are more likely to draw support from the economic, social, and environmental effect from the renewal and updating of the existing urban complexes. To be specific, it may be true to create more lending space for different enterprises and improve the lending fortune because of the enhancement of environment, function and accessibility. Also, the renewal can bring the improvement to the space vitality, which is an essential way for the negative space to attract more streams of people doing leisure activities and social communication. As to the environmental aspect, it is not that difficult to say that through the integration and updating of the existing urban complexes, the whole environment can achieve the goal of transformation from the inefficient and shabby space attributes to the efficient and superior ones. As is known to us all, the eminent social theory named the Production of Space has the capacity to combine the physical space with the social structure and it put forward the statement that the political and economic elements including capital, power and classes can reshape the space, making the physical itself become the media and products eventually. And it breaks through the limitation of the production of physical things in the space declared from Marxism, and enlarges the definition of the space production by itself. A nd therefore, t aking the triadic dialectical process of the Production of Space as the research perspective, this paper combines graphic analysis of successful cases both domestically and internationally. Based on the hierarchical system of “perception-cognition-awareness”, it proposes corresponding construction strategies across three dimensions: material spatial overlap, conceptual spatial coupling, and socialspace fusion. Material spatial overlap is a strategy that can promote the upgrading of the physical space form, such as the functional expansion, removing obstructions on streamlines and the environmental enhancement. Conceptual spatial coupling is the strategy that emphasizes the cultural context through cultural intentions and symbolic systems, with the hope of solving the problems of destruction of cultural identities on the ground. The third social space fusion is a necessary way to unify the rules of value and in so doing to complete the process of distribution of space benefits, sustaining space dynamics and eventually weakening the negative effect of spatial production directed by marketing and consuming logics. The mentioned three strategies construct a framework for the triad and it impacts the effects of city value realization and the establishment of organic environment where the people flow, matter flow and information flow gather and grow up. So the strategy map can make great contribution to solve the problems of the realities of the commodification of space, the flow of value and the marginalization of the social grid. And the classification of the renewal strategies is consilient to the Triadic Theoretical Framework named spatial practice, representations of space and spaces of representation concluded by Henri Lefebvre who is the establisher of the theory called Production of Space. Basically, spatial practice can be linked to the social process of the city production and reproduction, including the daily routines, which is full of visibility and reality. Then the representations of space can be the conceptual spaces controlled by the scientists, city planners and social engineers in which they make use of their knowledge and ideology so as to create some technical drawings. The last type named spaces of representation is the space constructed by the city residents and users, and it is located at a negative and controlled situation in the process of spatial production. The aim is to offer reflections and references on intervening in the spatial supply system, achieving comprehensive spatial adaptability through the aggregation of spatial production connotations, and facilitating the renewal of urban complexes. With the hope of achieving the spatial justice of renewal process and keeping the sustainable and harmonious development of the existing urban complexes, it’s expected that this paper will put forward some useful and original methods and starting points for the government, city planners and designers, residents to achieve the renewal and rebirth of the urban complexes.
2024(6),127-133
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240618
Abstract:
As China’s urbanisation process enters a critical transition period from expansion to enhancement, the conservation and renewal of old urban areas has become an important initiative for urban landscape enhancement. Residential historic and cultural districts face multiple dilemmas in the process of renewal due to their complex property rights and special spatial texture. How to achieve the sustainable development of residential historic districts, and how to achieve the balance between the protection and development of residential historic districts have become a hot topic of discussion, and this paper therefore conducts a research. Firstly, this paper summarises the dilemmas in the protection and renewal of residential historic and cultural districts, which are: neglecting the authenticity of life and insufficient participation of multiple subjects; declining vitality of the districts and serious damage to the traditional features; insufficient effectiveness of theoretical methods and lack of sustainability of development. Secondly, since residential historical and cultural neighbourhoods have natural “community” attributes, this paper introduces community building theory and multi-factor collaborative governance theory into the study. This paper elaborates the connotation of multi-factor collaborative renewal of residential historical and cultural neighbourhoods under the theory of community building in the three aspects of social life, material space, and economic and industrial aspects, and focuses on “people and culture” in the social life aspect. The social life level focuses on the creation of “people and culture”, and the continuation and development of the traditional way of life of community residents. At the level of physical space, emphasis is placed on the creation of “land and scenery”, and the conservation and repair of historical physical space. At the level of economy and industry, the creation of “production” is emphasised, and the development of characteristic industries in the neighbourhood is vigorously pursued. Then, this paper selects Tongxing community in Shantang, Suzhou as the research object, and analyzes the current situation of Tongxing community, which has the following three characteristics. Firstly, the aging trend is obvious at the level of demographic structure, and the neighbourhood is close, but the property rights are mixed, and the overall vitality is insufficient. Secondly, the overall appearance is relatively uniform, but the streets and lanes are not well connected, the landscape environment is lacking, the public space is insufficient, and the social interaction is restricted. Thirdly, there is a lack of excavation of regional characteristic industries, and local economicindustries need to be upgraded according to the current social development. Finally, the strategy of synergistic renewal of residential historical and cultural districts is explored from five aspects: diversification of community subjects, inheritance of historical lineage, conservation of physical space, revitalisation of characteristic industries and optimisation of landscape environment. Firstly, the creation of “human beings”, reasonably vacate and resettle the population, maintain the balance between new and old communities, cultivate a sense of community, and encourage the residents to participate in community governance; secondly, the creation of “culture”, reshape the cultural lineage of the regional characteristics, excavate the symbols of the local history and memory, inherit the historical and humanistic elements, and revitalise the use of the non-traditional cultural heritage. Secondly, the creation of “culture”, reshaping the regional characteristics and cultural lineage, excavating local historical memory symbols, inheriting historical and humanistic elements, and revitalising the use of intangible cultural heritage. Fourthly, the creation of “landscape”, repairing the community’s overall appearance, improving the community’s municipal service facilities, systematically integrating the landscape environment, and creating the social value of public space; and fifthly, the creation of “industry”, tapping the local characteristics of the neighbourhoods, creating branded cultural and creative industries, developing the community’s tourism programme, and reorganizing the neighbourhood’s industrial layout planning. The purpose of this paper is to explore the new transformation path of multi-factor synergistic renewal through the lens of community building theory, abandoning the previous model of single focus on rigid protection of physical space and excessive commercialisation for profit, and focusing on the revival of residents’ traditional lifestyles, advocating a comprehensive conservation and renewal paradigm with the synergistic development of multi-dimensional aspects of people, culture, land, production and scenery. It explores the revitalisation and sustainable conservation and renewal of residential historic and cultural districts based on the concept of multi-factor synergistic renewal, and provides valuable exploration and demonstration for the living conservation and sustainable development of residential historic and cultural districts.
As China’s urbanisation process enters a critical transition period from expansion to enhancement, the conservation and renewal of old urban areas has become an important initiative for urban landscape enhancement. Residential historic and cultural districts face multiple dilemmas in the process of renewal due to their complex property rights and special spatial texture. How to achieve the sustainable development of residential historic districts, and how to achieve the balance between the protection and development of residential historic districts have become a hot topic of discussion, and this paper therefore conducts a research. Firstly, this paper summarises the dilemmas in the protection and renewal of residential historic and cultural districts, which are: neglecting the authenticity of life and insufficient participation of multiple subjects; declining vitality of the districts and serious damage to the traditional features; insufficient effectiveness of theoretical methods and lack of sustainability of development. Secondly, since residential historical and cultural neighbourhoods have natural “community” attributes, this paper introduces community building theory and multi-factor collaborative governance theory into the study. This paper elaborates the connotation of multi-factor collaborative renewal of residential historical and cultural neighbourhoods under the theory of community building in the three aspects of social life, material space, and economic and industrial aspects, and focuses on “people and culture” in the social life aspect. The social life level focuses on the creation of “people and culture”, and the continuation and development of the traditional way of life of community residents. At the level of physical space, emphasis is placed on the creation of “land and scenery”, and the conservation and repair of historical physical space. At the level of economy and industry, the creation of “production” is emphasised, and the development of characteristic industries in the neighbourhood is vigorously pursued. Then, this paper selects Tongxing community in Shantang, Suzhou as the research object, and analyzes the current situation of Tongxing community, which has the following three characteristics. Firstly, the aging trend is obvious at the level of demographic structure, and the neighbourhood is close, but the property rights are mixed, and the overall vitality is insufficient. Secondly, the overall appearance is relatively uniform, but the streets and lanes are not well connected, the landscape environment is lacking, the public space is insufficient, and the social interaction is restricted. Thirdly, there is a lack of excavation of regional characteristic industries, and local economicindustries need to be upgraded according to the current social development. Finally, the strategy of synergistic renewal of residential historical and cultural districts is explored from five aspects: diversification of community subjects, inheritance of historical lineage, conservation of physical space, revitalisation of characteristic industries and optimisation of landscape environment. Firstly, the creation of “human beings”, reasonably vacate and resettle the population, maintain the balance between new and old communities, cultivate a sense of community, and encourage the residents to participate in community governance; secondly, the creation of “culture”, reshape the cultural lineage of the regional characteristics, excavate the symbols of the local history and memory, inherit the historical and humanistic elements, and revitalise the use of the non-traditional cultural heritage. Secondly, the creation of “culture”, reshaping the regional characteristics and cultural lineage, excavating local historical memory symbols, inheriting historical and humanistic elements, and revitalising the use of intangible cultural heritage. Fourthly, the creation of “landscape”, repairing the community’s overall appearance, improving the community’s municipal service facilities, systematically integrating the landscape environment, and creating the social value of public space; and fifthly, the creation of “industry”, tapping the local characteristics of the neighbourhoods, creating branded cultural and creative industries, developing the community’s tourism programme, and reorganizing the neighbourhood’s industrial layout planning. The purpose of this paper is to explore the new transformation path of multi-factor synergistic renewal through the lens of community building theory, abandoning the previous model of single focus on rigid protection of physical space and excessive commercialisation for profit, and focusing on the revival of residents’ traditional lifestyles, advocating a comprehensive conservation and renewal paradigm with the synergistic development of multi-dimensional aspects of people, culture, land, production and scenery. It explores the revitalisation and sustainable conservation and renewal of residential historic and cultural districts based on the concept of multi-factor synergistic renewal, and provides valuable exploration and demonstration for the living conservation and sustainable development of residential historic and cultural districts.
2024(6),134-140
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240619
Abstract:
Eastern Xinjiang refers to the eastern part of Xinjiang, which belongs to the temperate continental arid climate. The irrigation channels with agricultural indoctrination water as the leading function is an important part of the surface water system in the arid area of eastern Xinjiang. In recent years, under the guidance of The Belt and Road Initiative, some towns in eastern Xinjiang have carried out functional transformation and land expansion, and a large number of irrigation channels originally in the suburbs have been gradually incorporated into urban land. As a scarce local surface water resource, it is extremely necessary to transform and utilize it to improve the quality of living environment. How to improve the climate adaptability of water system and strengthen its multi-functional utilization is the key to the transformation and utilization of irrigation channels in arid areas. There are many theories or practices on climate adaptation and water system function improvement. In terms of climate adaptation, the research focuses on the relationship between architecture and climate, and discusses how to adapt to dry, windy and hot climates from the aspects of layout, building space and materials. In order to cope with drought and water shortage, the application of water-saving technology, improvement of water-saving awareness, diversification of water resources utilization and water resources management are emphasized. In the improvement and utilization of water system in arid areas, more attention is paid to the construction of river system landscape, ecological restoration and urban characteristics. In terms of the transformation and utilization of irrigation canal system, it mainly explores from the aspects of irrigation canal regulation, landscape enhancement and utilization, and conservation and utilization of water conservancy heritage. On the whole, the research on how to adapt the irrigation system to the arid climate and systematically improve the comprehensive service function is still relatively weak. This paper takes the existing irrigation canal in eastern Xinjiang as the research object, combined with literature analysis and field investigation, to explore the path to improve its comprehensive service function. The characteristics of traditional irrigation channels in eastern Xinjiang under the influence of climate are summarized: irrigation canal network system, which is an important component of the surface water system in eastern Xinjiang, above-ground integratedirrigation network adapted to the climate in eastern Xinjiang, reservoir which integrates temperature control, water storage and hydrophilic leisure functions. Combined with the functional transformation needs of modern oasis towns, the paper analyzes three difficulties in promoting the transformation and utilization of urban construction land storage irrigation channels: the contradiction between the surge of water demand and drought and shortage caused by changes in water structure and water consumption, the contradiction between the transformation of service function and the spatial form of storage canal network, and the contradiction between the improvement of comprehensive service function and local climate constraints. In order to adapt to local climatic characteristics such as drought, water shortage and intense evaporation, and meet the needs of functional transformation of modern oasis cities and high-quality human settlement environment construction, this paper introduces the theory of intensive utilization of water resources, and puts forward a water system improvement utilization mode based on climate adaptation, guided by water conservation and water efficiency improvement, which includes three aspects of transformation and utilization strategies. The first is to create a multi-functional water system to meet the needs of transformation, and give full play to the value of limited water resources. Including combining the diversified utilization of urban functions to enhance waterfront service functions, using water resources characteristics to adjust urban microclimate, cultural and landscape integration, to create the characteristics of east Xinjiang oasis city. The second is to build an intelligent water network based on climate characteristics and adopt a composite water use model based on functional transformation, smart water diversion model to cope with high local evaporation, and precise water use patterns adapted to the local climate. The third is the regionally-appropriate water-saving technology to ensure water demand, improve the efficiency of water resources utilization, and promote the cost-effective and sustainable operation of water systems. Combining with the optimization construction project of water system in the downtown area of Xinxing City, the three strategies of transformation and utilization are applied to practice. The project is under implementation and construction. At present, the local ecological environment and spatial quality around the water system of central Xinxing City have been improved to a certain extent, and the comprehensive service ability to cope with the transformation of urban functions and the needs of citizens has been greatly improved. The strategy proposed in this study can be used for reference for the transformation and utilization of the existing irrigation channels in the oasis towns in eastern Xinjiang and other arid areas.
Eastern Xinjiang refers to the eastern part of Xinjiang, which belongs to the temperate continental arid climate. The irrigation channels with agricultural indoctrination water as the leading function is an important part of the surface water system in the arid area of eastern Xinjiang. In recent years, under the guidance of The Belt and Road Initiative, some towns in eastern Xinjiang have carried out functional transformation and land expansion, and a large number of irrigation channels originally in the suburbs have been gradually incorporated into urban land. As a scarce local surface water resource, it is extremely necessary to transform and utilize it to improve the quality of living environment. How to improve the climate adaptability of water system and strengthen its multi-functional utilization is the key to the transformation and utilization of irrigation channels in arid areas. There are many theories or practices on climate adaptation and water system function improvement. In terms of climate adaptation, the research focuses on the relationship between architecture and climate, and discusses how to adapt to dry, windy and hot climates from the aspects of layout, building space and materials. In order to cope with drought and water shortage, the application of water-saving technology, improvement of water-saving awareness, diversification of water resources utilization and water resources management are emphasized. In the improvement and utilization of water system in arid areas, more attention is paid to the construction of river system landscape, ecological restoration and urban characteristics. In terms of the transformation and utilization of irrigation canal system, it mainly explores from the aspects of irrigation canal regulation, landscape enhancement and utilization, and conservation and utilization of water conservancy heritage. On the whole, the research on how to adapt the irrigation system to the arid climate and systematically improve the comprehensive service function is still relatively weak. This paper takes the existing irrigation canal in eastern Xinjiang as the research object, combined with literature analysis and field investigation, to explore the path to improve its comprehensive service function. The characteristics of traditional irrigation channels in eastern Xinjiang under the influence of climate are summarized: irrigation canal network system, which is an important component of the surface water system in eastern Xinjiang, above-ground integratedirrigation network adapted to the climate in eastern Xinjiang, reservoir which integrates temperature control, water storage and hydrophilic leisure functions. Combined with the functional transformation needs of modern oasis towns, the paper analyzes three difficulties in promoting the transformation and utilization of urban construction land storage irrigation channels: the contradiction between the surge of water demand and drought and shortage caused by changes in water structure and water consumption, the contradiction between the transformation of service function and the spatial form of storage canal network, and the contradiction between the improvement of comprehensive service function and local climate constraints. In order to adapt to local climatic characteristics such as drought, water shortage and intense evaporation, and meet the needs of functional transformation of modern oasis cities and high-quality human settlement environment construction, this paper introduces the theory of intensive utilization of water resources, and puts forward a water system improvement utilization mode based on climate adaptation, guided by water conservation and water efficiency improvement, which includes three aspects of transformation and utilization strategies. The first is to create a multi-functional water system to meet the needs of transformation, and give full play to the value of limited water resources. Including combining the diversified utilization of urban functions to enhance waterfront service functions, using water resources characteristics to adjust urban microclimate, cultural and landscape integration, to create the characteristics of east Xinjiang oasis city. The second is to build an intelligent water network based on climate characteristics and adopt a composite water use model based on functional transformation, smart water diversion model to cope with high local evaporation, and precise water use patterns adapted to the local climate. The third is the regionally-appropriate water-saving technology to ensure water demand, improve the efficiency of water resources utilization, and promote the cost-effective and sustainable operation of water systems. Combining with the optimization construction project of water system in the downtown area of Xinxing City, the three strategies of transformation and utilization are applied to practice. The project is under implementation and construction. At present, the local ecological environment and spatial quality around the water system of central Xinxing City have been improved to a certain extent, and the comprehensive service ability to cope with the transformation of urban functions and the needs of citizens has been greatly improved. The strategy proposed in this study can be used for reference for the transformation and utilization of the existing irrigation channels in the oasis towns in eastern Xinjiang and other arid areas.
2024(6),141-148
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240620
Abstract:
As the urban development focus shifts from incremental expansion to stock optimization, the development of underground spaces is increasingly recognized as one of the methods to enhance the quality of urban spatial environments and improve urban spatial efficiency. In the context of contemporary urban development, considering the feasibility of underground space development at the initial planning stages contributes to the overall benefits of urban development. Numerous scholars have directed their attention towards using underground space development in old city areas to alleviate urban problems arising from high building density and limited spatial capacity. These studies provide ample evidence for the necessity and feasibility of incorporating urban underground space into urban planning criteria as a means to address urban challenges. High-density cities, exemplified by Hong Kong, face a range of issues, including outdated road networks, poor transportation conditions, environmental degradation, deteriorating facilities, and low quality of life. Therefore, the utilization of urban underground space emerges as the optimal choice for achieving urban revitalization, intelligence, resilience, and sustainable development. Hong Kong, one of the most densely populated regions in the world, has accumulated a wealth of experience in addressing land scarcity and severe surface congestion through urban underground space development. To date, extensive research has been conducted on various aspects of Hong Kong's underground space development, including its historical development, planning framework, regulatory construction, and cave utilization. In recent years, Hong Kong has undertaken the “Urban Underground Space Development: Strategic Regional Pilot Study” to enhance the comprehensive benefits of underground space development. This project aims to analyze the feasibility and concept design of underground space development in four high-density areas: Tsim Sha Tsui West, Causeway Bay and Happy Valley, and Admiralty/Wan Chai. It explores the limitations and opportunities of developing underground space in high-density areas, engages the public to identify the ultimate underground space development pilot area, conducts preliminary planning and feasibility analysis for the chosen pilot area, and advances the project’s implementation. While urban underground spaces have made significant contributions to urban development for several decades, the relationship between the utilization of urban underground spaces and new town development, particularly how such utilization can promote transportation, land use, economic, environmental, and social development in new towns, is a topic that warrants exploration. The project’s three main objectives are as follows: First and foremost, the success of urban underground space development in Hong Kong offers several valuable insights. The establishment of a systematic underground space planning and implementation mechanism, along with a well-developed underground space ownership system, serves as the foundational framework for promoting efficient and effective underground space utilization. The synergistic development of underground spaces with the expansion of rail transit systems plays a proactive role in guiding urban sustainable development and fostering a convenient and efficient urban lifestyle. Leveraging advanced engineering development technologies and the creation of underground municipal infrastructure networks are pivotal in enhancing urban resilience and fostering environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the experience of urban underground space development in Hong Kong demonstrates a commitment to diverse and user-centric design principles, encompassing underground shopping complexes, transportation hubs, parking facilities,and pedestrian tunnels. By developing a variety of underground facilities, Hong Kong effectively expands the functional space within the city while enhancing its overall sustainability. The emphasis is on integrating underground space development with the needs of the population, striving to provide safe, convenient, and comfortable subterranean environments. Scientifically identifying development requirements is another hallmark of Hong Kong's approach. Prior to initiating underground space development, the city conducts comprehensive research to identify the development needs and potential of different regions, taking into account factors such as geological conditions, urban planning, transportation demands, and population density. These experiences provide valuable reference points for other cities embarking on underground space development initiatives. Lastly, the strategic development of underground spaces in Hong Kong primarily focuses on densely built urban areas with complex environments. The development cycle, from planning and design to construction, spans approximately ten years. This comprehensive approach considers not only the compatibility of development functions and scale but also vertical connectivity between aboveground and underground spaces and the creation of vibrant underground environments. This ensures the appropriateness of underground space functionality and the comfort of the spatial environment. Challenges in the short term include potential disruption to existing surface ecological environments and impacts on residents' daily lives. The timing of development projects is critical. Therefore, strategic underground space development in designated areas necessitates extensive consultation with local residents, active public engagement, and open communication with stakeholders. During the planning and design phases, the government organizes public consultations to gather input and feedback. This approach guarantees that underground space development aligns with the public interest, garners public support and involvement, and establishes a lasting mechanism for underground space development, public participation, and progressive urban renewal.
As the urban development focus shifts from incremental expansion to stock optimization, the development of underground spaces is increasingly recognized as one of the methods to enhance the quality of urban spatial environments and improve urban spatial efficiency. In the context of contemporary urban development, considering the feasibility of underground space development at the initial planning stages contributes to the overall benefits of urban development. Numerous scholars have directed their attention towards using underground space development in old city areas to alleviate urban problems arising from high building density and limited spatial capacity. These studies provide ample evidence for the necessity and feasibility of incorporating urban underground space into urban planning criteria as a means to address urban challenges. High-density cities, exemplified by Hong Kong, face a range of issues, including outdated road networks, poor transportation conditions, environmental degradation, deteriorating facilities, and low quality of life. Therefore, the utilization of urban underground space emerges as the optimal choice for achieving urban revitalization, intelligence, resilience, and sustainable development. Hong Kong, one of the most densely populated regions in the world, has accumulated a wealth of experience in addressing land scarcity and severe surface congestion through urban underground space development. To date, extensive research has been conducted on various aspects of Hong Kong's underground space development, including its historical development, planning framework, regulatory construction, and cave utilization. In recent years, Hong Kong has undertaken the “Urban Underground Space Development: Strategic Regional Pilot Study” to enhance the comprehensive benefits of underground space development. This project aims to analyze the feasibility and concept design of underground space development in four high-density areas: Tsim Sha Tsui West, Causeway Bay and Happy Valley, and Admiralty/Wan Chai. It explores the limitations and opportunities of developing underground space in high-density areas, engages the public to identify the ultimate underground space development pilot area, conducts preliminary planning and feasibility analysis for the chosen pilot area, and advances the project’s implementation. While urban underground spaces have made significant contributions to urban development for several decades, the relationship between the utilization of urban underground spaces and new town development, particularly how such utilization can promote transportation, land use, economic, environmental, and social development in new towns, is a topic that warrants exploration. The project’s three main objectives are as follows: First and foremost, the success of urban underground space development in Hong Kong offers several valuable insights. The establishment of a systematic underground space planning and implementation mechanism, along with a well-developed underground space ownership system, serves as the foundational framework for promoting efficient and effective underground space utilization. The synergistic development of underground spaces with the expansion of rail transit systems plays a proactive role in guiding urban sustainable development and fostering a convenient and efficient urban lifestyle. Leveraging advanced engineering development technologies and the creation of underground municipal infrastructure networks are pivotal in enhancing urban resilience and fostering environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the experience of urban underground space development in Hong Kong demonstrates a commitment to diverse and user-centric design principles, encompassing underground shopping complexes, transportation hubs, parking facilities,and pedestrian tunnels. By developing a variety of underground facilities, Hong Kong effectively expands the functional space within the city while enhancing its overall sustainability. The emphasis is on integrating underground space development with the needs of the population, striving to provide safe, convenient, and comfortable subterranean environments. Scientifically identifying development requirements is another hallmark of Hong Kong's approach. Prior to initiating underground space development, the city conducts comprehensive research to identify the development needs and potential of different regions, taking into account factors such as geological conditions, urban planning, transportation demands, and population density. These experiences provide valuable reference points for other cities embarking on underground space development initiatives. Lastly, the strategic development of underground spaces in Hong Kong primarily focuses on densely built urban areas with complex environments. The development cycle, from planning and design to construction, spans approximately ten years. This comprehensive approach considers not only the compatibility of development functions and scale but also vertical connectivity between aboveground and underground spaces and the creation of vibrant underground environments. This ensures the appropriateness of underground space functionality and the comfort of the spatial environment. Challenges in the short term include potential disruption to existing surface ecological environments and impacts on residents' daily lives. The timing of development projects is critical. Therefore, strategic underground space development in designated areas necessitates extensive consultation with local residents, active public engagement, and open communication with stakeholders. During the planning and design phases, the government organizes public consultations to gather input and feedback. This approach guarantees that underground space development aligns with the public interest, garners public support and involvement, and establishes a lasting mechanism for underground space development, public participation, and progressive urban renewal.
2024(6),149-154
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240621
Abstract:
The Earth's climate system is undergoing global climate change characterized by warming, which is influenced by both natural climate and human activities. In the context of global warming and accelerated urbanization, extreme climate risks such as heat waves are intensifying, leading to serious consequences such as deaths. As an important manifestation of the disturbance of the Earth’s climate system, Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a typical phenomenon of the combined effects of global climate change and human activities. Therefore, establishing a long time series and high spatiotemporal resolution dataset of UHI effects is of great scientific significance and practical value for establishing a systematic high-temperature response framework, such as high-temperature response plans, mitigation and adaptation guidelines, decision support systems, policy incentive guidelines, etc. This study coupled data of land surface temperature, land use and cover, urban built-up boundary, and digital elevation model, and based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, performed a temporal linear interpolation on the 8-day MODIS LST (Land Surface Temperature) product, filled the missing data of MODIS from the temporal dimension, and used the values obtained by the temporal linear interpolation to fill the missing values, which are the average temperatures of the adjacent times under the missing values, producing a seamless LST data for the whole country. Furthermore, using a dynamic simplified urban boundary algorithm, within the urban built-up boundary, according to the different types of land use and cover, the urban built-up areas and water bodies such as rivers were excluded, and the cases with large differences in digital elevation were also excluded, obtaining the rural areas, and then calculating the average rural temperature, and then using the average rural temperature as the background, calculating the UHI intensity according to the temperature within the urban built-up boundary, obtaining a spatial dataset of summer land surface UHI in China with an annual 1 km spatial resolution from 2005 to 2020. And according to the morphological relationship of UHI changes, the UHI morphological changes were expressed by the UHI spatial expansion index, and according to the size of the index, they were divided into edge type, filled type, and enclave type, and finally the spatial expansion characteristics of the summer day and night UHI in China from 2005 to 2020 were revealed by the UHI spatial expansion index. The research results show that the summer daytime and nighttime land surface UHI area in China increased by 1.95 and 2.49 times, respectively, from 2005 to 2020. The summer daytime and nighttime land surface UHI intensity in China in 2020 were 1.36°C and 1.33°C, respectively, an increase of 0.08°C and 0.38°C compared to 2005. The UHI intensity is relatively stable in the eastern region, but high and fluctuates greatly in the western region. In summer 2005, the surface UHI intensity was higher duringdaytime than at night. In summer 2020, the nighttime surface UHI intensity increased significantly, especially in the central and eastern regions, which was higher than the daytime surface UHI intensity. The spatial expansion of the summer daytime and nighttime land surface UHI in China from 2005 to 2020 was dominated by the edge type, and the degree of UHI spatial expansion was the highest in 2015–2020. The filled type UHI spatial expansion had the highest UHI intensity. This study used the land surface temperature temporal linear interpolation algorithm, which improved the temporal accuracy of the original MODIS LST temperature data, ensuring that the land surface temperature data had no missing data, and used the GUB data of multiple years to identify the UHI effects of the corresponding years, and dynamically updating the GUB data was the most important guarantee for improving the spatial identification accuracy of the UHI effects. And based on the research, it proposed to use the spatiotemporal interpolation algorithm and annual GUB data to further improve the accuracy of the spatial dataset of UHI in China. The temporal linear interpolation algorithm and the dynamic simplified urban boundary algorithm used in this study provide a technical paradigm for the quantitative identification of UHI effects in long time series, and the spatial dataset of land surface UHI in China provides data support for actively adapting and mitigating urban thermal environmental risks and promoting urban sustainable development
The Earth's climate system is undergoing global climate change characterized by warming, which is influenced by both natural climate and human activities. In the context of global warming and accelerated urbanization, extreme climate risks such as heat waves are intensifying, leading to serious consequences such as deaths. As an important manifestation of the disturbance of the Earth’s climate system, Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a typical phenomenon of the combined effects of global climate change and human activities. Therefore, establishing a long time series and high spatiotemporal resolution dataset of UHI effects is of great scientific significance and practical value for establishing a systematic high-temperature response framework, such as high-temperature response plans, mitigation and adaptation guidelines, decision support systems, policy incentive guidelines, etc. This study coupled data of land surface temperature, land use and cover, urban built-up boundary, and digital elevation model, and based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, performed a temporal linear interpolation on the 8-day MODIS LST (Land Surface Temperature) product, filled the missing data of MODIS from the temporal dimension, and used the values obtained by the temporal linear interpolation to fill the missing values, which are the average temperatures of the adjacent times under the missing values, producing a seamless LST data for the whole country. Furthermore, using a dynamic simplified urban boundary algorithm, within the urban built-up boundary, according to the different types of land use and cover, the urban built-up areas and water bodies such as rivers were excluded, and the cases with large differences in digital elevation were also excluded, obtaining the rural areas, and then calculating the average rural temperature, and then using the average rural temperature as the background, calculating the UHI intensity according to the temperature within the urban built-up boundary, obtaining a spatial dataset of summer land surface UHI in China with an annual 1 km spatial resolution from 2005 to 2020. And according to the morphological relationship of UHI changes, the UHI morphological changes were expressed by the UHI spatial expansion index, and according to the size of the index, they were divided into edge type, filled type, and enclave type, and finally the spatial expansion characteristics of the summer day and night UHI in China from 2005 to 2020 were revealed by the UHI spatial expansion index. The research results show that the summer daytime and nighttime land surface UHI area in China increased by 1.95 and 2.49 times, respectively, from 2005 to 2020. The summer daytime and nighttime land surface UHI intensity in China in 2020 were 1.36°C and 1.33°C, respectively, an increase of 0.08°C and 0.38°C compared to 2005. The UHI intensity is relatively stable in the eastern region, but high and fluctuates greatly in the western region. In summer 2005, the surface UHI intensity was higher duringdaytime than at night. In summer 2020, the nighttime surface UHI intensity increased significantly, especially in the central and eastern regions, which was higher than the daytime surface UHI intensity. The spatial expansion of the summer daytime and nighttime land surface UHI in China from 2005 to 2020 was dominated by the edge type, and the degree of UHI spatial expansion was the highest in 2015–2020. The filled type UHI spatial expansion had the highest UHI intensity. This study used the land surface temperature temporal linear interpolation algorithm, which improved the temporal accuracy of the original MODIS LST temperature data, ensuring that the land surface temperature data had no missing data, and used the GUB data of multiple years to identify the UHI effects of the corresponding years, and dynamically updating the GUB data was the most important guarantee for improving the spatial identification accuracy of the UHI effects. And based on the research, it proposed to use the spatiotemporal interpolation algorithm and annual GUB data to further improve the accuracy of the spatial dataset of UHI in China. The temporal linear interpolation algorithm and the dynamic simplified urban boundary algorithm used in this study provide a technical paradigm for the quantitative identification of UHI effects in long time series, and the spatial dataset of land surface UHI in China provides data support for actively adapting and mitigating urban thermal environmental risks and promoting urban sustainable development
2024(6),155-161
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240622
Abstract:
In Tang Dynasty poetry, it is said that Jiangnan has beautiful scenery, and everyone praises it. Tourists only want to grow old in Jiangnan and do not want to leave or forget it. Song Dynasty poetry says: In Jiangnan, rain falls on trees, and countless flowers bloom overnight. If you happen to arrive in Jiangnan in time for spring, stay with it for millions. Jiangnan is often associated with poetry. The imagery of Jiangnan gardens depicted in poetry is an ideal expression of ancient Chinese literati, which integrates and condenses cosmology, life emotions, spatial experiences, making it highly valuable for theoretical research. This article reviews the historical development of Jiangnan gardens and understands the relevant descriptions of Jiangnan gardens in existing literature. For example, Jiangnan gardens are influenced by Chinese classical painting and the worldview of ancient literati. The garden design imitates freehand landscape painting, stacking hills with soil and mountains with stones to introduce water into the garden, forming curved streams, calm lakes, vivid waterfalls and other landscapes. By using flowers and trees of different colors that open in different seasons, such as red maple leaves and green bamboo forests, and through the artistic combination of high and low, Jiangnan gardens create a spring like floral and tree landscape throughout the four seasons. For example, the overall style of Jiangnan gardens is simple and elegant, with exquisite and beautiful buildings inside, rich functions, and can be used for sightseeing, living, and so on. The imagery of Jiangnan gardens is a highly condensed form of Jiangnan gardens, which is the psychological image of Jiangnan gardens in the eyes of ancient literati. Therefore, based on the above content, the characteristics of Jiangnan garden imagery are summarized and classified into the following three main aspects: the “garden field residence” that hides between mountains and waters, the “hidden place” that harmonizes urban and rural spaces, and the “heaven and earth in a pot” that appreciates the artistic conception of poetry and painting. Then, based on the summarized three types of features, extract the key words of Jiangnan garden image features. Furthermore, by simultaneously reading some poems and verses of Song Dynasty literati, analyzing the frequency of words and phrases in the Complete Song Ci that are strongly related to Jiangnan gardens, a comprehensive understanding of the imagery of Jiangnan gardens in Song Dynasty poetry can be obtained. Keyword extraction mainly refers to the specific and vivid imagery vocabulary in the composition of Jiangnan garden elements, including classical architecture such as halls, pavilions, pavilions, and galleries. Artificially constructed mountains and waters, such as rockeries in gardens, rockeries by pools, rockeries in building halls, rockeries that look like screens and painted walls, small rivers, lakes, ponds, ancient wells, streams, and waterfalls in gardens, and shoreline treatment by water, such as revetments, islands, sandy beaches, bridges, water gates, and waterfront trails. Flowers and trees such as peach blossoms, plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, lotus flowers, reeds, pine, cypress, bamboo, maple, willow, poplar, and so on. In ancient literati poetry, there are extremely rich images of Jiangnan, and these poems related to Jiangnan often depict mountains, rivers, wind and rain, fishing boats, flowers, and so on. The landscape of Jiangnan gardens, although artificially constructed, is imitated as if it were naturally formed. During the development of Jiangnan gardens,they gradually integrated with poetry and painting. The gardens built by ancient literati in the Jiangnan region are also extensively recorded in related poems, garden notes, couplets, inscriptions, calligraphy and painting. From the words and phrases related to the imagery characteristics of Jiangnan gardens in Song Dynasty poetry, it can be found that the frequent appearance of images such as mountains and waters, Mei Lan Gui Ju Feng He, colorful bridges and painted boats, and Tingzhou herons form a strong visual effect. Even if the imagery in poetry can transcend paper and connect visual and auditory senses such as eyes and ears through textual descriptions, the overall spatial imagery of Jiangnan gardens is still difficult to construct an image framework from pure words. On this basis, the gardens within the area of the Song Dynasty Suzhou “Pingjiang Map” were selected as research examples. Through literature analysis and field investigation, the possible scenarios of the Song Dynasty Jiangnan garden imagery map were explored from the perspective of spatial imagery. From the exploration of the imagery of Jiangnan gardens, a conclusion can be drawn that corresponds to the characteristics of Jiangnan garden imagery summarized earlier. The purpose of this article is to add connotation to the theoretical research of Jiangnan gardens, broaden the academic research perspective, and inspire the practice of modern living environment creation: introducing beautiful natural landscapes and urban landscapes from the outside, and building living spaces that meet poetic and functional needs internally. In addition, promote the construction of garden cities with distinct regional characteristics and the development of land landscaping.
In Tang Dynasty poetry, it is said that Jiangnan has beautiful scenery, and everyone praises it. Tourists only want to grow old in Jiangnan and do not want to leave or forget it. Song Dynasty poetry says: In Jiangnan, rain falls on trees, and countless flowers bloom overnight. If you happen to arrive in Jiangnan in time for spring, stay with it for millions. Jiangnan is often associated with poetry. The imagery of Jiangnan gardens depicted in poetry is an ideal expression of ancient Chinese literati, which integrates and condenses cosmology, life emotions, spatial experiences, making it highly valuable for theoretical research. This article reviews the historical development of Jiangnan gardens and understands the relevant descriptions of Jiangnan gardens in existing literature. For example, Jiangnan gardens are influenced by Chinese classical painting and the worldview of ancient literati. The garden design imitates freehand landscape painting, stacking hills with soil and mountains with stones to introduce water into the garden, forming curved streams, calm lakes, vivid waterfalls and other landscapes. By using flowers and trees of different colors that open in different seasons, such as red maple leaves and green bamboo forests, and through the artistic combination of high and low, Jiangnan gardens create a spring like floral and tree landscape throughout the four seasons. For example, the overall style of Jiangnan gardens is simple and elegant, with exquisite and beautiful buildings inside, rich functions, and can be used for sightseeing, living, and so on. The imagery of Jiangnan gardens is a highly condensed form of Jiangnan gardens, which is the psychological image of Jiangnan gardens in the eyes of ancient literati. Therefore, based on the above content, the characteristics of Jiangnan garden imagery are summarized and classified into the following three main aspects: the “garden field residence” that hides between mountains and waters, the “hidden place” that harmonizes urban and rural spaces, and the “heaven and earth in a pot” that appreciates the artistic conception of poetry and painting. Then, based on the summarized three types of features, extract the key words of Jiangnan garden image features. Furthermore, by simultaneously reading some poems and verses of Song Dynasty literati, analyzing the frequency of words and phrases in the Complete Song Ci that are strongly related to Jiangnan gardens, a comprehensive understanding of the imagery of Jiangnan gardens in Song Dynasty poetry can be obtained. Keyword extraction mainly refers to the specific and vivid imagery vocabulary in the composition of Jiangnan garden elements, including classical architecture such as halls, pavilions, pavilions, and galleries. Artificially constructed mountains and waters, such as rockeries in gardens, rockeries by pools, rockeries in building halls, rockeries that look like screens and painted walls, small rivers, lakes, ponds, ancient wells, streams, and waterfalls in gardens, and shoreline treatment by water, such as revetments, islands, sandy beaches, bridges, water gates, and waterfront trails. Flowers and trees such as peach blossoms, plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, lotus flowers, reeds, pine, cypress, bamboo, maple, willow, poplar, and so on. In ancient literati poetry, there are extremely rich images of Jiangnan, and these poems related to Jiangnan often depict mountains, rivers, wind and rain, fishing boats, flowers, and so on. The landscape of Jiangnan gardens, although artificially constructed, is imitated as if it were naturally formed. During the development of Jiangnan gardens,they gradually integrated with poetry and painting. The gardens built by ancient literati in the Jiangnan region are also extensively recorded in related poems, garden notes, couplets, inscriptions, calligraphy and painting. From the words and phrases related to the imagery characteristics of Jiangnan gardens in Song Dynasty poetry, it can be found that the frequent appearance of images such as mountains and waters, Mei Lan Gui Ju Feng He, colorful bridges and painted boats, and Tingzhou herons form a strong visual effect. Even if the imagery in poetry can transcend paper and connect visual and auditory senses such as eyes and ears through textual descriptions, the overall spatial imagery of Jiangnan gardens is still difficult to construct an image framework from pure words. On this basis, the gardens within the area of the Song Dynasty Suzhou “Pingjiang Map” were selected as research examples. Through literature analysis and field investigation, the possible scenarios of the Song Dynasty Jiangnan garden imagery map were explored from the perspective of spatial imagery. From the exploration of the imagery of Jiangnan gardens, a conclusion can be drawn that corresponds to the characteristics of Jiangnan garden imagery summarized earlier. The purpose of this article is to add connotation to the theoretical research of Jiangnan gardens, broaden the academic research perspective, and inspire the practice of modern living environment creation: introducing beautiful natural landscapes and urban landscapes from the outside, and building living spaces that meet poetic and functional needs internally. In addition, promote the construction of garden cities with distinct regional characteristics and the development of land landscaping.
2024(6),162-168
DOI: 10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240623
Abstract:
Polders are areas of cultivated land that are created by enclosing shallow bodies of water with dykes and gates, and then pumping out the water to create arable land. They are commonly found along rivers, lakeshores, and coastlines, as well as in areas with a network of waterways. In the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, they are known as yuan fields, while in the lower reaches they are referred to as polders. Crop rotation in dike fields can provide multiple benefits, including improving soil fertility, promoting crop production, and optimizing water resources. Additionally, it serves as an important secondary wetland with high agrotechnical, hydrological, ecological, and cultural values. This practice exemplifies the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. However, in current domestic and foreign farming culture and wetland protection work, there is active development. There is a slight insufficiency in polder landscape systematic research and special development planning. The Chaohu Lake Basin is considered as one of the birthplaces of China’s agricultural cantonment due to its rich topography, abundant precipitation, and typical climate. The polder landscape in the area has a long history, is large in scale, and rich in features along the river to the lagoon. It has undergone many rounds of swidden cultivation, making it highly valuable for typological research. Typological research can identify the genes of polder landscape and provide a reasonable judgement for its formation and development. This paper focuses on the poldered landscape in Chaohu Lake basin. It combines the theory of landscape ecology with typology to identify the development law and spatial characteristics of the poldered landscape in the basin. The aim is to enrich the planning research related to rural revitalisation and provide references for the planning and design of the basin, as well as work related to the protection of the landscape. This paper examines the elements of the polder landscape in the Chaohu Lake Basin using landscape ecology research methods. The distribution of the polder landscape pattern in the basin as a whole is obtained. Texture analysis of the polder landscape was carried out on 34 village samples. From the perspective of typology research, three prototypes and six types of polder landscapes were identified and their distribution characteristics in the watershed space were explored. The results indicate that polders in the Chaohu Lake basin are primarily located in the plain water network and hill areas. Only a few polders are dispersed around the rivers in the mountainous area due to the high terrain, sparse river channels, and lack of environmental factors that constitute polders. Prototype 1’s polder landscape has the smallest volume and is generally fragmented and distributed far from the town centre or bodies of water. The mountain and water potential form a smaller unit, resulting in a less regular boundary. Prototype 2’s polder landscape has the largest volume and is continuously distributed around Chaohu Lake and along the river in most areas, with good continuity. Prototype 3’s polder landscape is less voluminous and generally distributed in the area of neighbouring water bodies and towns. It is closely connected with prototype 2 and has a more regular geometric boundary. The polderscape in the Chaohu Lake Basin reflects the development possibilities of the polderscape in different periods and states. It also reveals the attributes of the distribution of the landscape pattern in the basin. By combining the succession history and distribution results of thepolder landscape, the succession characteristics of the three main archetypes are obtained. Prototype 1 links natural elements and exhibits slow succession. Prototype 2 is based on settlements and watercourses, and exhibits polymorphism with varying rates of succession based on boundary elements. Prototype 3 is partially linked to natural elements and exhibits a relatively high rate of succession. Finally, this study identifies the three main factors that contribute to the stability of natural elements, the progress of agronomic production, and the pursuit of high performance in production management. Suggestions for planning and developing ecological, recreational, and composite polder landscapes are provided based on these archetypal succession factors.
Polders are areas of cultivated land that are created by enclosing shallow bodies of water with dykes and gates, and then pumping out the water to create arable land. They are commonly found along rivers, lakeshores, and coastlines, as well as in areas with a network of waterways. In the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, they are known as yuan fields, while in the lower reaches they are referred to as polders. Crop rotation in dike fields can provide multiple benefits, including improving soil fertility, promoting crop production, and optimizing water resources. Additionally, it serves as an important secondary wetland with high agrotechnical, hydrological, ecological, and cultural values. This practice exemplifies the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. However, in current domestic and foreign farming culture and wetland protection work, there is active development. There is a slight insufficiency in polder landscape systematic research and special development planning. The Chaohu Lake Basin is considered as one of the birthplaces of China’s agricultural cantonment due to its rich topography, abundant precipitation, and typical climate. The polder landscape in the area has a long history, is large in scale, and rich in features along the river to the lagoon. It has undergone many rounds of swidden cultivation, making it highly valuable for typological research. Typological research can identify the genes of polder landscape and provide a reasonable judgement for its formation and development. This paper focuses on the poldered landscape in Chaohu Lake basin. It combines the theory of landscape ecology with typology to identify the development law and spatial characteristics of the poldered landscape in the basin. The aim is to enrich the planning research related to rural revitalisation and provide references for the planning and design of the basin, as well as work related to the protection of the landscape. This paper examines the elements of the polder landscape in the Chaohu Lake Basin using landscape ecology research methods. The distribution of the polder landscape pattern in the basin as a whole is obtained. Texture analysis of the polder landscape was carried out on 34 village samples. From the perspective of typology research, three prototypes and six types of polder landscapes were identified and their distribution characteristics in the watershed space were explored. The results indicate that polders in the Chaohu Lake basin are primarily located in the plain water network and hill areas. Only a few polders are dispersed around the rivers in the mountainous area due to the high terrain, sparse river channels, and lack of environmental factors that constitute polders. Prototype 1’s polder landscape has the smallest volume and is generally fragmented and distributed far from the town centre or bodies of water. The mountain and water potential form a smaller unit, resulting in a less regular boundary. Prototype 2’s polder landscape has the largest volume and is continuously distributed around Chaohu Lake and along the river in most areas, with good continuity. Prototype 3’s polder landscape is less voluminous and generally distributed in the area of neighbouring water bodies and towns. It is closely connected with prototype 2 and has a more regular geometric boundary. The polderscape in the Chaohu Lake Basin reflects the development possibilities of the polderscape in different periods and states. It also reveals the attributes of the distribution of the landscape pattern in the basin. By combining the succession history and distribution results of thepolder landscape, the succession characteristics of the three main archetypes are obtained. Prototype 1 links natural elements and exhibits slow succession. Prototype 2 is based on settlements and watercourses, and exhibits polymorphism with varying rates of succession based on boundary elements. Prototype 3 is partially linked to natural elements and exhibits a relatively high rate of succession. Finally, this study identifies the three main factors that contribute to the stability of natural elements, the progress of agronomic production, and the pursuit of high performance in production management. Suggestions for planning and developing ecological, recreational, and composite polder landscapes are provided based on these archetypal succession factors.
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