Abstract:In the context of globalization and localization, regional architecture is facing multiple challenges, including the integration of traditional cultural heritage with modern technological innovations, as well as meeting the demands for environmental adaptability and sustainable development. This paper aims to explore the concept of “New Regional Architecture” in China, its core principles, and its future directions, with a particular focus on how this approach seeks to balance cultural preservation with technological advancements while responding to pressing environmental concerns. The study begins with an examination of the development of regional architecture theory, highlighting a significant shift from earlier approaches that emphasized the preservation of local architectural styles to a more contemporary focus on the fusion of technology, culture, and ecological adaptability. This theoretical shift represents a response to the global challenges of urbanization and modernization while maintaining regional identities and addressing local environmental conditions.In the early stages, regional architecture primarily emphasized the continuity of traditional architectural forms and materials, serving as a symbol of cultural identity. However, the rapid pace of global technological advancements, coupled with the growing urgency to address environmental issues such as climate change, has led to a reevaluation of this paradigm. As a result, the theory of New Regional Architecture emerged, advocating for a dynamic and integrated approach that goes beyond simple cultural preservation. It now emphasizes the need for a fusion of modern technologies with traditional cultural elements, creating buildings that are both innovative and contextually appropriate. This theoretical evolution is essential for ensuring that buildings continue to serve both the practical needs of modern society and the cultural significance of regional traditions.The paper also examines “New Mongolian Architecture”, a specific case of New Regional Architecture, which highlights how architectural practices in areas with extreme climates, such as the Inner Mongolian Plateau, have integrated these evolving principles. The central tenets of new Mongolian architecture— “Inherit Tradition, Integrate Nature, and Low Construction” — are explored in detail, showing how they have been applied to the challenges of building in harsh climates and socio-economic conditions. These principles are not only about preserving the traditional forms and techniques of regional architecture but also about adapting these practices to modern needs using innovative building technologies. For example, in projects like the Ulan Chabu Migrant House in the Siziwang Banner, the traditional Mongolian yurt design was adapted using modern materials and technologies such as standard laminated timber frames and prefabricated wall systems, resulting in an energy-efficient structure that preserves cultural heritage while addressing contemporary needs. Moreover, the concept of integrating natural surroundings into architectural design is a significant aspect of New Mongolian Architecture. By studying specific projects like the Mazong Mountain Visitor Center and the Engbei Desert Science Museum, the paper highlights how architecture can be designed to adapt to local climate conditions, including the extremes of temperature and wind common in these areas. Theseprojects utilize passive design strategies such as natural ventilation, solar gain, and thermal mass to enhance comfort and reduce energy consumption, exemplifying how regional architecture can be both ecologically sustainable and culturally rich. This integration of nature not only minimizes the reliance on external energy sources but also contributes to a deeper connection between the built environment and the natural landscape, which is central to the philosophy of New Regional Architecture.The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of future research in breaking the traditional boundaries between disciplines such as architecture, technology, ecology, and culture. The future direction of New Regional Architecture lies in fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to address the complexities of modern urban environments while maintaining regional and cultural specificity. The paper argues that the future of regional architecture should focus on context-specific, small-scale solutions that respect both the physical environment and cultural traditions. By incorporating technological advancements and cultural understanding, regional architecture can contribute to a more sustainable and culturally diverse built environment, providing a model for other regions and countries facing similar challenges. Ultimately, this paper seeks to offer both theoretical insights and practical applications that could guide the future development of regional architecture in China and beyond. The integration of cultural and technological aspects in architecture will continue to be a defining characteristic of the built environment in the 21st century, and this study provides an important framework for understanding how architecture can evolve in response to global pressures while remaining rooted in local traditions and environmental needs.

Abstract:Regionalism in architecture as an idea emerged from a critical response to globalized modernism in architecture; one of the main claims of modernism is its general applicability once it separated from the specificities of cultural traditions. Regionalism argues that architecture should be integrated into local conditions, including culture, climate, materials, technologies, etc. This paper, argues that the conceptual framework of “regionalist architecture”, from the outset, never fully considered the “non-west” in the formation of regionalism. The universality of modern architecture and its regionalist other stem from a specific cultural imagination and practice.Regionalism appeared in the late twentieth century in the critical writings of, among others, Alexander Tzonis, Liane Lefaivre, and Kenneth Frampton, who resisted the “trivialization” of architecture in postmodern architecture at the 1980 Venice Biennale. There are two main theoretical groundings of their critical writings: a Kantian dialectic of homogeneity and heterogeneity, and a Heideggerian critique of superficiality in architecture. Seeing from a distance of forty-five years, these theoretical formulations were integral parts of a modernization of architecture in Europe and America since the 17th century. In doing so, a wide range of examples of architecture from the world had been brought into these debates to demonstrate “otherness” in design and theory. This development, ironically, was reductive by being inclusive. The resulting condition, strongly present today, is one of homogenized “global architecture” that is both wonderfully open-minded and disappointingly distorted. The project of reconsidering regionalism in China therefore becomes an important opportunity to reconsider this history of regionalism. It is an opportunity to reframe the conversation. After decades of fulfilling the expectations of regionalist architecture defined in Europe and America, Chinese architecture is poised to take a critical review of its recent past; a review of future possibilities of Chinese architecture gives us a chance to move outside the mode of “regionalist architecture”, towards an architectural practice that will in turn contribute to the richness of cultural resources in architectural design in the global context.To embark on this much more ambitious endeavor, it must begin from ground up; this requires an examination of much deeper forces of cultural production. Perhaps the best way to start is to examine language-thought (pensée-langue), a highly useful phrase coined by the renowned French thinker Fran?ois Jullien. Anything less than this would not do justice to a judicious understanding of cultures and design traditions. Languages gave rise to thoughts and ideas; thoughts and ideas in turn influenced architecture profoundly. It is only through a reflexive examination of these deeper issues that we can engage with a true regionalism.The language-thought traditions in today’s world are descended from two broad methods, phonetic and figurative. The phonetic method, using sounds and notations of sounds as language, is the most common; this is the framework of the so-called “Indo-European” language family. The figurative method uses visual shapes as language, putting emphasis on how words look like and how they match the material world, treating sounds as secondary (although important); this method is the less common, nevertheless equally significant framework of the “Sino-Tibetan” language family. If architecture orders the world, these language-thought methods have a profound impact on how buildings are conceived and constructed, on what is considered valuable and beautiful, and on how we can learnfrom each method the most significant lessons when we consider the future of architecture. This paper argues that a true regionalism in China must engage with this long and deep language-thought method of deploying figures. Chinese culture is grounded in immanent thought, the idea that principles are not abstract; rather, they are embedded in how things work. While the Greek conception of architecture-and its dominant influence on what we consider as architecture today-is very much focused on the discreet object of perfection, the Chinese “architecture” is much more about deployment of figures, just like the deployment of shapes in the Chinese language. This distinction is both profound and far-reaching. The most distinctive feature of Chinese “architecture” is perhaps the garden rather than the building: it is a garden of material things and immanent thoughts; it is the most vibrant and creative part of Chinese “architecture”, in contrast with the rather rigidly regulated imperial buildings. Unlike Greek architecture, Chinese gardens are full of poetic writings, as if to underline the connection between design and language-thought-that do not submit themselves to architecture but assert their own presence. One important aspect of this Chinese “architecture” is the possibility to practice it on an urban scale-something traditional literati garden builders were not able to do-so that the links between cities and ecology are much more sustainable. The Greek “defiant city” confronting nature is in its old ways increasingly untenable; the alternative of a city of ten thousand things may indeed be a great resource for a viable future in architecture.

Abstract:This paper begins from a global perspective, grounded in the dual aspects of architectural theory and practice. Through historical tracing, regional comparison, and contemporary reflection, it systematically explains the core theory, regional differentiation, and modern implications of “New Brutalism”, aiming to provide cross-cultural critical references for contemporary human settlement construction in China.The article first reconstructs the core concepts and ideological lineage of “New Brutalism” in the 1950s and 1960s. The emergence of “New Brutalism” was influenced by multiple factors, including Cubism, Purism, Dadaism, and Art Brut. In the first half of the 20th century, early modern architects, including Le Corbusier, contributed to the exploration of formal architectural principles for this type of architecture. In the 1950s and 1960s, post-war generations of architects and architectural theorists promoted and socialized the value of the theory. After the 1960s, “New Brutalism” gradually faded, and its architectural features, material characteristics, and theoretical principles gradually merged with emerging architectural movements and theories, forming broader and more profound impacts. The paper then divides the discussion into four aspects: economic appropriateness, distinguishable forms, material authenticity, and exposed facilities, explaining how each of these characteristics of “New Brutalism” has influenced subsequent architectural practice and theoretical development. 1) “Economic appropriateness” emerged as a reflection of the economic difficulties during post-WWII European reconstruction. It provides the ethical support and principle discovery for the appearance of “New Brutalism”. Thus, typical and pure “New Brutalism” practices often emerged in the early stages of economic take-off in certain regions. Once economic constraints were lifted, the theory remained only in its formal elements and merged with other emerging ideologies in these regions. 2) “Distinguishable forms” include three sub-characteristics: complete forms, elevated ground floors, and repetitive units. The paper discusses the influence of complete forms on North American architectural practices in the 1960s-1970s, the implications of elevated ground floors on urban design, and the interaction between unit repetition, structuralism, and megastructural urban studies. 3) “Material authenticity” is both a response to economic constraints and a reflection of construction ethics, sparking sustained thinking on “critical regionalism” and “constructivist theory”. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of material surface treatments, combined with research on spatial scale perception, contributed to the development of “street theory”. 4) “Exposed facilities”, originating from the “Serviced Shed” concept, resonates with the Metabolism movement and some of Louis Kahn’s theories, reflecting a dialectical reflection on the integration of building equipment and the building’s core structure. This feature was continued in the development of the British High-tech movement.The paper then provides a comprehensive analysis of the internal logic of the aforementioned discussions, presented diagrammatically, and responds to the theme of “Brutalist Regions”. Finally, the paper returns to the contemporary Chinese context and critically explores the potential for the local adaptation of New Brutalism. As the economy and industrialization levels improve, contemporary architectural practices have gradually moved away from rough construction methods. However, Chinese architects have found that “roughness” still holds value. Thebasic principles advocated by “New Brutalism”, such as economic appropriateness, technical applicability, material authenticity, exposed facilities, and complete forms—remain relevant in rural construction in China. After these principles are deeply integrated with local materials and rural construction techniques in the central and western regions, they are expected to provide low-cost, highly recognized solutions to urban-rural differences and regional imbalances. China’s adoption of New Brutalism must go beyond mere formal imitation, focusing instead on its essence— “ethics over aesthetics”. In rural revitalization, rough enclosures and exposed structures should not be seen as symbols of technological backwardness but should be transformed into honest responses to local resources, craftsmanship, and community needs.As the enduring vitality of the “unfinished modernity project”, the value of New Brutalism lies not only in offering diverse pathways for architectural practice in the era of globalization but also in warning contemporary architects: amid the pressures of technological worship and consumerism, reclaiming the ethical dimension of “material authenticity” and “social responsibility” may be the key to solving the homogenization dilemma and reconstructing regional identity.

Abstract:In the context of globalization, regionalist theory has become a crucial issue in architecture. Traditional regionalism theory, with its focus on static and ontological discussions, is unable to effectively address the complex and dynamic factors in reality, such as technological advancements, ecological deterioration, capital domination, and power discipline. The design concept of “here and now” has been widely accepted in the field of regionalist architecture, with many architects using it to express their reflection on the generic architecture which ignores context. Liu Jiakun is the most representative figure and has proposed a specific methodology. However, the application of this concept is currently too generalized, lacking systematic academic sorting and theorization. How can we re-examine the ambiguity of time and space scales in the “here-and-now” concept? What contributions will the deepening of the “here-and-now” concept make to the development of new epistemology and design methodology for regionalist architecture? This study aims to fill these gaps by providing an in-depth analysis of the “here-and-now” concept and its significance for regionalist architecture. This paper adopts Derrida’s “deconstruction” as the core methodological approach, in conjunction with Lefebvre's theoretical framework of the production of space. More specifically, this study introduces deconstruction into the “time-space-place” framework, expanding the production in design to release the diverse productions during the whole lifetime. The study focuses on the case of He Duoling Studio (1994-2023), a classic contemporary Chinese experimental architectural practice designed by Liu Jiakun, using a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) perspective to conduct space-time deconstruction analyses. Through interviews, field investigations, and literature reviews, the study presents the complexity of this case from multiple dimensions and over time. This study constructs a fourfold deconstruction path: design, behavior, ecology, and power. Design deconstruction focuses on the diverse sources of the design language and the value stance it reflects. Behavior deconstruction examines the diverse usage patterns and the displacement of subjects, behaviors, and time-space during the life cycle, revealing the transformation from “function-space” to “behavior-field”. Ecological deconstruction analyzes the ruination process of the studio, revealing how local ecology deconstructs the original time-space order, and proposes a possible vision for integrating cultural production and ecological production. Power deconstruction analyzes the changes in the urban-rural context over thirty years and the production and reproduction of spatial power behind it, revealing the aspect of social power discipline mechanisms which are often neglected by regionalism. The fourfold deconstructions together form a dynamic field where multiple elements interact in different timespace horizons. The study reveals that “here-and-now” is not a static concept but a dynamic process evolving with time and space. First, “here-and-now-s” possess plurality. “Nows” are the interweaving of pluralistic time processes, and “heres” are the coexistence of pluralistic spatial scales acrossdomains. Second, “here-and-now-s” possess processuality. The differential transformation process of time and space can be called the “time-space process”. Plurality and processuality together point to a time-space system where continuity and rupture dialectically coexist. Based on this, the study proposes a new cognitive perspective—“here-and-now-s in the time-space process”, viewing it as an overall network of extraterritorial connectivity and flow on various timespace levels, reflecting on the previously solidified global-regional cognition. This study promotes a deeper understanding and practical application of the “hereand- now” concept and provides a reflective perspective of “extraterritorial channel network” as an epistemology and design methodology for regionalist architecture. It also offers a post-occupancy evaluation framework focusing on the evolution of time and space.

Abstract:In recent years, with the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization work, the construction activities in rural areas have been carried out vigorously, providing a feasible path for the revival of weak and declining rural areas. Against this backdrop, various local government departments, social organizations, and designers have actively participated in the wave of rural construction practice, creating many excellent practical achievements. However, there are also many unsatisfactory aspects. Some designers, when participating in rural construction, inevitably fall into the trap of habitual thinking. They tend to apply the work models used in urban construction, where buildings go through processes such as site selection, conceptual design, construction, and final acceptance before being put into use. Once the construction goals are achieved, the project is considered complete, leaving little room for future modifications or adjustments. Consequently, the designers’ involvement ends at this point, and their connection with the project during its later stages becomes insufficient. This approach reduces the construction process to a static and finalized outcome. In this context, this article first examines the current disharmonious situation and dilemma of rural construction and conducts an in-depth discussion on the “static completion” mode of rural construction aimed at project completion and implementation, analyzing the reasons that lead to the dilemma of static completion in construction. At the same time, it proposes that rural construction should be a gradual and progressive process, and dynamic improvement of construction is an effective way to address the current uneven results of rural construction. Dynamic improvement of rural construction follows sustainable strategies and methods, deeply understands local conditions, and aims to achieve sustainable development in various aspects such as social, economic, and ecological environment. It can continuously improve construction results during project construction and usage, exhibiting characteristics such as resilience over time, inspiring the initiative and creativity of farmers, and reflecting the original order of rural areas. Through the participation of multiple stakeholders, the transformation of rural construction from static completion to dynamic improvement is achieved.The government mainly plays a guiding and decision-making role in rural construction, providing support and guarantees for the smooth progress of construction at various stages, and clarifying the basic direction. Architects and planners usually play the role of bridges and companions, fully understanding the wishes and needs of all parties, balancing the interests and demands of individual users, the overall rural community, government, and corporate capital. The participation of enterprises expands the path for rural economic growth, enabling villages to break away from traditional agriculture and handicrafts and move towards the development direction of diversified industrial integration. Meanwhile, the combination of industrial development and localized design promotes the dynamic improvement of rural construction from the perspective of industry formats. Villagers, as the main users and directbeneficiaries of rural construction, play a leading role. Their activities in repairing, modifying, and expanding buildings within the scope allowed by regulations are responses to changes in living needs and usage preferences, as well as a reflection of the authenticity of rural construction.Finally, this article combines the rural construction practices in Sanhe Village, Shapingba District, Chongqing. It summarizes and concludes the pathways to achieving dynamic improvements in rural construction from four perspectives: policy guidance and dynamic adjustments, designer coordination and sustainable rural development, enhancement of rural industries and sustainable operations, and active participation and proactive construction by villagers. It explores the healthy and sustainable logic and framework of rural construction: the dynamic adjustment of developmen慴 strategies has solidified the foundation for the deepening of development work in Sanhe Village, providing policy support and guarantees for the sustainable development of rural construction; the continuous design efforts of architects and planners are key to the construction process. In this process, architects and planners have established a long-term relationship of mutual respect and recognition with Sanhe Village, liberating rural construction from the category of static structures, making it a continuously improved “living” dynamic space closely linked to the changes and needs of rural society; the gradual improvement of industrial formats has expanded the channels for increasing income in villages, bringing considerable economic benefits. The combination of industrial operation and public welfare has also produced significant social benefits, harmoniously blending rural residents and urban tourists, alleviating the barriers between urban and rural areas, and providing continuous driving force for the dynamic improvement of rural construction; the independent participation of villagers provides continuous internal driving force for the development of Sanhe Village construction, deepens the emotional connection between individuals and the rural collective, enhances personal sense of responsibility and rural identity, and helps create more suitable architectural spaces in line with local realities, further promoting the dynamic improvement of rural construction and the sustainable development of rural communities. In the vigorous rural construction practice and exploration, the rural construction of Sanhe Village has realized the transformation from static completion to dynamic perfection through the joint efforts of multiple subjects, which not only improves the construction quality of Sanhe Village, but also improves the infrastructure, effectively responds to the actual needs of local and people, and shows the real rural life and style. It promotes the development of the countryside in a more sustainable and dyn

Abstract:This paper explores the development of Ruxin Town on Changzhi Island in Zhoushan, China, as a contemporary application of New Urbanism principles in the context of Chinese new town construction. Since the 21st century, China’s new town development has witnessed remarkable progress, with projects like Liangzhu Cultural Village, Aranya Community in Qinhuangdao, and Luhu Eco-City in Chengdu setting new benchmarks for ideal living environments. Ruxin Town, developed by Greentown Group since 2007, represents a unique case of New Urbanism adapted to a coastal island setting, integrating local characteristics and contemporary urban development trends.Spanning 3 314 acres with a planned population of 35 000, Ruxin Town features a diverse mix of residential, commercial, educational, and recreational facilities. Its development reflects broader trends in China, such as housing commercialization and suburbanization, as well as regional strategies like the “Small Islands Relocation, Large Islands Construction” policy and the establishment of the Zhoushan Archipelago New Area. Driven by a vision of creating an ideal living environment, the project has evolved through various conceptual phases, including proposals for an international retirement town, a life-oriented town, and an education-focused town. The development of Ruxin Town faced significant challenges, including integrating the town's design with the local urban fabric and topography, fostering economic vitality without a pre-existing industrial base, and managing social integration among diverse communities. Drawing inspiration from New Urbanism principles, the development team adopted strategies such as mixed-use development, compact urban forms, and pedestrian-friendly designs to address these challenges. For example, Ruxin Town's spatial planning emphasizes local geographical features, with a central hub and a network of walkable streets creating a compact and connected urban environment. The town's commercial, educational, and tourism facilities were developed to support local economic sustainability, reducing dependency on the main urban center. Community building has been a key focus, with shared governance and public participation fostering a sense of belonging. Collaborative planning and social conventions, supported by digital technologies, have further strengthened community cohesion. However, Ruxin Town's implementation of New Urbanism has required adaptations to fit the Chinese context. For instance, the town features gated communities rather than fully open urban spaces, and its architectural style blends contemporary and traditional elements. Additionally, the town’s relatively high housing prices have limited accessibility for lower-income groups, highlighting the need for further adjustments to achieve the New Urbanist ideal of diverse and inclusive communities. In conclusion, Ruxin Town serves as a valuable case study for the application of New Urbanism in China, demonstrating both the potential and the challenges of adapting western urban theories to local conditions. The town’s development offers insights into sustainable urban planning, community building, and economicvitality, providing a reference for future urban projects in China and beyond. However, further exploration of New Urbanism’s broader principles, such as ecological preservation and regional connectivity, is necessary to fully realize its potential in the Chinese context.

Abstract:The sustainable development of human settlements is an important support for building a beautiful China with harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and is also the core content of the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is an urgent need for sustainable development of urban human settlements to construct evaluation index system and scientifically judge the development stage, development quality and development degree of urban human settlements. In the 1950s, C. A. Doxiadis founded the theory of “human settlement science”, and after integrating Dao’s views, Wu Liangyong founded the concept of “science of human settlement” in China. After the discussion of human settlements at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, the concept of sustainable development was proposed in 1987. Afterwards, the concept of sustainable development of human settlements was defined at the Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements in 1996. In 2015, the proposal of SDGs proposed by the United Nations further enhanced the understanding of sustainable development of human settlements.This study based on the results regarding the evaluation on sustainable development of global urban human settlements from the Web of Science, it’s found that : 1) the development of evaluation research on sustainable development of urban human settlements was divided into the embryonic stage (1991-2002), the initial stage (2003-2014) and the rapid development stage (after 2015); 2) The institutions with the largest number of publications on the evaluation of sustainable development of urban human settlements are mainly distributed in China, Germany and the United States. The top three institutions were the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Helmholtz Association and the University of California; 3) Evaluation of sustainable development of global urban human settlements mainly focuses on research data and methods, evaluation dimensions and evaluation indicators; 4) The assessment of sustainable development of urban human settlements is closely related to the assessment of SDGs, with most studies concentrated on SDG11 (Sustainable cities and communities), SDG15 (Terrestrial biology), and SDG13(Climate action). Basically, numerous different types of index systems have been constructed for the evaluation of sustainable development of urban human settlements. Internationally, “livability” and “quality of urban life” are mainly taken as the themes guiding the construction of sustainable development of urban human settlements, and the evaluation dimensions focus on urban safety, convenience of infrastructure, social harmony, health and comfort of life, etc. From the perspectives of “quality of urban human settlement environment”, “livable city”, “suitability of humansettlement environment” and“ urban resilience”, domestic scholars mainly focus on the dimensions of living environment, ecological environment, infrastructure and public service environment as well as social and economic environment.For a long time, most of the data used in the evaluation of sustainable development of urban human settlement environment based on the index system are mainly statistical data. With the progress of science and technology, Big Earth Data such as the remote sensing data, POI data and network big data are gradually widely used in the evaluation of human settlement environment.There are synergistic relationships (mutual promotion) and tradeoff relationships(mutual restriction)between the goals and indicators of the evaluation index system. At present, there are few researches on urban human settlement environment evaluation, most of which focus on the interrelationship of SDGs related to human settlement environment, providing references for the realization of the sustainable development goal of urban human settlement environment. In recent years, the localization of the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the SDGs has become a hot topic at the United Nations High-Level International Forum on the SDGS, focusing on the sustainable development Goals of cities, regular monitoring, review, evaluation and optimization of implementation strategies at the local and city levels, and many explorations have been carried out regarding urban and rural planning, remote sensing, urban informatics and big data.With SDG11 as the core and other SDGs indicators combined, this study proposed a sustainable development index system framework of urban human settlements based on SDGs localization indicators from five dimensions including living environment, ecological environment, social and economic environment, infrastructure environment and public service environment, which may provide scientific references for the comparative study of different types of urban human settlements environment evaluation. On the whole, some progress has been made in the evaluation of sustainable development of urban human settlements at home and abroad, but there are still some deficiencies. In the future, it is still necessary to improve the construction of the evaluation index system for the sustainable development of urban human settlements, promote the evaluation research on the sustainable development of urban human settlements through multi-source big earth data, and explore the coordination and tradeoff relationship between the sustainable development goals and indicators of urban human settlements. It may provide references for China to implement the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and promote the sustainable development of urban human settlements.

Abstract:Natural environments, recognized as an effective intervention to release mental health issues, has been used in mental therapy for a long time. Traditional applications of natural therapy often involve direct exposure to natural environments such as forests, parks, and waterfronts. Interaction with these natural settings significantly reduce stress, enhance mood, and improve overall mental well-being. Previous research also adopted 2D interventions including photos and videos to provide natural experiences. However, the 2D interventions cannot provide mimic experience as real nature, which limit the evaluation of the effectiveness of natural therapy. The practical limitations such as lack of access to appropriate nature and the format of natural therapies available have constrained the widespread application of natural healing. Virtual reality (VR) technology, a technology provide simulated natural environments by wearing a head mounted device (HMD), offers a promising solution to make natural healing accessible in flexible environments.. Recent advancements in VR technology have enabled the creation of highly immersive and realistic simulations of natural environments, causing an increasing interest in the application of VR in environmental psychology. VR can simulates various natural settings, allowing users to experience the restorative benefits of nature without leaving their homes or clinical settings. In spite of the growing body of research utilizing VR for natural healing, few studies have specifically examined how the VR experience itself influences the perceived effectiveness of different scenarios.This study aims to fill this research gap by exploring the impact of different VR experience factors on the evaluation of healing effects. We selected three distinct virtual natural scenes: an underwater environment, snowy mountains, and green fields. These three scenarios were chosen based on previous research, evidencing the natural therapy values of green and blue spaces on mental well-being. Each high quality immersive VR video lasted for about three minutes. In total, a participant had a ten minutes VR experience during the experiment. The sample consisted of 94 undergraduate students recruited from a university located in a big city in China, a population often subjected to high levels of academic stress and urban environmental stress. The perceptions of students regarding VR therapy were measured using the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS), a validated instrument designed to measure the restorative potential of environments. Participants experienced each VR scene using HTC Vive Flow device, and their responses were recorded and analyzed through statistical methods. Specifically, Spearman correlation coefficientswere used for statistical analysis. Based on the correlation analysis, regression models were established to calculate the importance of various factors. Additionally, a mixed-factor design was employed to further analyze the impact of scenes and equipment on healing evaluations. The results of this study highlight several key findings:1) Experience of Equipment and Scenes: The quality of the VR equipment and the immersive nature of the scenes played a crucial role in shaping participants' perceptions of the healing effects of the natural environment. Participants who reported a higher quality of experience with the VR equipment and scenes also gave higher rating to the natural healing effects. This finding underscores the importance of investing high-quality VR equipment and designed scenes to maximize the therapeutic benefits of VR-based natural healing.2)Prior VR Experience: Participants' prior experience with VR significantly influenced their preferences and perceptions of the scenes. Those with previous VR experience found natural scenes that offered a break from daily life, such as snowy mountains and underwater environments, to be more restorative. This is because participants who experience VR first time may feel scare when involving in the virtual environments, causing a higher preference of green space, which is more close to their daily lives. As their VR experience increase, their perceptions of nature may change. The findings suggests that familiarity with VR technology may enhance the appreciation and perceived effectiveness of virtual natural environments.3) Gender Differences: The study revealed notable gender differences in the VR experience. Female participants reported higher levels of enjoyment and engagement with the VR scenes compared to male participants, but lower comfort and satisfaction with the VR equipment. Because of the brain structure, females generally have better abilities to build a imaginative world with perceived environmental features, which increased their experience when interacting with nature. While male generally have better operation abilities, which enable them to operate the VR device. These findings suggest that gender-specific preferences and comfort levels should be considered when designing VR-based natural healing interventions to ensure they are equally effective for all users. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the design and implementation of VR-based natural healing environments. Our findings emphasize the critical role of high-quality VR experiences in enhancing the perceived effectiveness of natural healing, the importance of prior VR experience, and the need to account for gender differences. These insights contribute to the growing body of knowledge on VR applications in environmental psychology and support the development of more effective and inclusive VR-based natural healing interventions. In future research, we will expand the sample size and adjust the sequence of scene experiences to enhance the reliability of the results, while also considering improvements to equipment comfort.

Abstract:Urban green space has a variety of ecological, landscape and social service functions. It is an important component of urban green infrastructure and public service facilities, as well as a key factor in a healthy urban environment. Walking plays an essential role in protecting the environment and promoting health, and promoting the walkability of streets helps to increase social vitality and promote sustainable development. Streets have been proven to surpass parks as the most popular places for walking and physical activity. Therefore, it is extremely critical to quantify the walkability of streets and consider the visual experience of greenery for pedestrians. The Walk Score method is now a commonly used method to measure walkability. The method focuses on measuring the convenient accessibility of walking, such as the spatial layout of stores, parks, and other amenities. However, the environmental aesthetic value of street green spaces influences the quality of the pedestrian environment and promotes the motivation of residents to be active, which is realized through the visual participation of people and is an important indicator of walking comfort. In the context of the big data era, new sources of data are constantly emerging. Street view images may capture the green information in a vertical dimension for the indirect representation of people’s perspective on the ground. Moreover, the green view index (GVI) estimated using Baidu Street View images to represent urban street greening, as an emerging green space evaluation index, providing a new way of thinking to quantify the green environment from a human perspective. The GVI was proposed by Japanese scholars and is defined as the percentage of green pixels in the person’s field of view. In recent years, GVI has been incorporated into governmental terminology and has been highly emphasized in China. Aiming at the problem that the current walkability evaluation rarely considers the walking environment, a comprehensive evaluation of street walkability was made on the basis of big data such as road network, point of interest and Baidu street view images. The street function was characterized by the Walk Score, and the street environment was characterized by the GVI. On the basis of Walk Score, the GVI was introduced to evaluate the walkability index of the street comprehensively. In addition, the number of population activities were extracted using the Baidu heat map. Taking Fuzhou downtown as a case study, the comprehensive evaluation method was compared with the Walk Score evaluation method. Its relationship with population activity was explored, and the variables influencing street walkability were examined. The average score of the comprehensive evaluation of street walkability in the study area is 58, which means that the street walkability in Fuzhou downtown is good. Among the streets of different traffic levels and functional types, the streets with the highest walkability are branch roads and residential streets, respectively. Overall, the positive correlation coefficient between the comprehensive evaluation method and the number of population activities is 0.313, which is 0.018 higher than the Walk Score. However, among the different traffic classes, the correlation between the comprehensive evaluation method and population activity is slightly higher than the Walk Score for both branch and secondary roads, and slightly lowerfor primary roads. Street environments with different traffic classes have different effects on walkability. In particular, there is a significant positive correlation between the GVI and walkability of branch roads (r=0.135). The configuration of public services, GVI, and vegetation diversity all showed significant correlations with street walkability. When the configuration of public services is difficult to improve in a short period of time, increasing the GVI by planting large trees and increasing the diversity of street vegetation may be a convenient way to enhance walkability. The comprehensive street walkability evaluation method in this paper is feasible and optimizes the walking index method to some extent. The analytical approach is applicable for other cities. It provides a new idea for the quantitative evaluation of street walkability, and has certain guiding significance for the planning of pedestrian system and the improvement and enhancement of street green space environment.

Abstract:Pedestrians are widely recognized as the most vulnerable group among road users and are more likely to be involved in severe traffic accidents. Therefore, creating a safer environment for pedestrians is crucial for protecting residents and promoting high-quality urban development. Traditionally, the factors influencing pedestrian traffic accidents have been analyzed from a micro perspective, focusing primarily on intersections and crosswalks. However, the effects of medium- and macro-level built environment factors, such as urban spatial structure, land use, and density, on pedestrian traffic accidents have not been comprehensively and systematically addressed. Recently, scholars in the fields of urban planning and geography have begun to explore the relationship between the built environment and pedestrian traffic accidents, often employing statistical models such as negative binomial regression and logistic regression. In recent years, machine learning methods have been increasingly applied to the studies of walking behavior. These studies have revealed a nonlinear relationship between the built environment and walking activities, and since pedestrian traffic safety is closely related to walking behavior, it is likely that similar nonlinear and threshold effects exist between built environment factors and pedestrian traffic safety. Investigating these nonlinear relationships and threshold effects challenges the traditional assumption of a linear connection between the built environment and pedestrian traffic accidents. It also provides valuable insights into the local characteristics of how built environment variables influence pedestrian traffic accidents, particularly from the perspective of marginal effects. In practical applications, empirical findings on nonlinear and threshold effects, especially regarding the relative importance and threshold ranges of various built environment elements, can offer more refined strategies and effective solutions for traffic management and urban planning.Yuzhong District in Chongqing, located at the confluence of the Yangtze River and Jialing River, covers an area of approximately 23.24 square kilometers. With its dense urban road network and compact land use, Yuzhong District has developed a unique and complex transportation system that integrates both underground and surface transportation. However, the increasing number of vehicles and relatively underdeveloped pedestrian infrastructure have exacerbated conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles. For these reasons, Yuzhong District serves as an ideal and representative reseach area. This study collects spatial big data from multiple sources, including pedestrian traffic accident data, road network data, land use data, mobile phone signaling data, and Points of Interest (POI) data. Using the Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) model,the study explores the nonlinear relationships and threshold effects of built environment factors across five dimensions: road facilities, land use, proximity to facilities, spatial structure, and socioeconomic factors, on the frequency of pedestrian traffic accidents.The findings of the study are as follows: First, there are significant differences in the degree to which built environment factors influence pedestrian traffic accidents. Spatial structure, with the highest relative importance, has the greatest impact on pedestrian traffic accidents, followed by population density, road network density, and land use mix. Second, the relationship between each built environment factor and pedestrian traffic accidents exhibits nonlinear and threshold effects. For example, pedestrian overpasses contribute more significantly to pedestrian safety than zebra crossings. When the number of pedestrian overpasses exceeds four per square kilometer, pedestrian traffic accidents can be effectively reduced. Similarly, in areas where the land use mix exceeds 0.37, traffic management measures such as speed limits should be implemented to mitigate pedestrian traffic accidents.

Abstract:The aging population in China is accelerating. In the face of a large population aging transformation, how to ensure the basic rights of elderly people to participate in society, reduce major disease risk factors, and improve their quality of life in their later years has become an important issue of concern for government management departments and academic circles. Physical activity has good health benefits. Elderly people actively participate in moderate physical activity, which can effectively maintain their physical health and self-care ability, improve their quality of life in later years, and promote the formation of a positive and healthy aging model. The community built environment is an important material foundation for the daily physical activity of the elderly. However, China is in the historical process of rapid urbanization development, and the long-term growth management led planning and regulation strategy has formed a spatial form dominated by motor vehicles and with clear functional zoning, which is not conducive to physical activity for the elderly. Faced with the dual challenges of aging population and rapid urbanization, it is necessary to explore a new approach to planning and regulation that focuses more on individual health and quality of life.The social cognitive theory believes that individuals, behaviors, and the environment are interdependent and interconnected entities, and the impact of the environment on individual behavior is usually mediated by cognitive mechanisms. This process focuses on the impact of individual psychological activities on behavioral decision-making, emphasizing the individual’s perception and symbolization of the environment as an agent. The key to achieving proactive intervention in public health issues in the built environment is the objective perception of the built environment and the accurate positioning of its perception function. Unfortunately, existing research has focused more on the identification of health supporting built environment elements and less on the positioning of their perceptual functions, making it difficult to provide decision-making references for optimizing existing built environments to effectively intervene in health aging in urban spaces. Therefore, based on social cognitive theory, this article constructs an impact relationship model that covers the willingness of elderly people to engage in physical activity, subjective perception, and core built environment elements in residential areas and surrounding areas. From the perspective of perception and mediation, key built environment elements that affect elderly people’s willingness to engage in physical activity are identified and individual perceptionfunctions are obtained.Results show　Landscape comfort (β=0.332), traffic safety (β=0.157), travel patency (β=0.146) and traffic convenience (β=0.079) are the subjective sensitive factors for the formation of physical activity willingness of the elderly, and the role of public security safety is not significant. This is not to negate the promoting effect of public security safety on physical activity among the elderly. However, in the current context of long-term social stability in China, the formation of physical activity willingness among the elderly has not generated a sensitive demand for public security safety in residential areas and surrounding built environments. In terms of built environment, the community opening form (ɑ=0.117), road network density (ɑ=0.579), NDVI (ɑ=0.172), rest and shelter facilities (ɑ =0.128) have positive effects, and the plot area (ɑ =-0.168) and intersection density (ɑ =-0.572) have negative effects, while the relationship between the density of bus stops and the accessibility of bus stops is not obvious. The reason may be that as the mobility of elderly people decreases, and their daily physical activities are gradually reduced to residential areas and surrounding areas that can be reached by walking, the impact of transportation convenience mainly based on public transportation is relatively limited. Mediation effect indicates that the form of community opening is the key factor affecting the traffic safety of the elderly, while the NDVI will affect the subjective perception of landscape comfort and travel patency, and then affect the formation of the physical activity willingness of the elderly. Some influence paths that fail to pass the Sobel-test reflect that the built environment in Dalian is not old enough or the corresponding built environment elements fail to effectively trigger the subjective perception differences of the elderly.

Abstract:As a famous world natural heritage site, Jinfo Mountain attracts many tourists with its unique natural landscape and rich biodiversity. Jinfo Mountain’s karst landscape, high-altitude cave system, and rich flora and fauna resources make it an important destination for scientific research and tourism. Jinfo Mountain has great potential for the development of its tourism industry, but it is still facing some challenges. For example, single tourism product, insufficient marketing and inadequate infrastructure limit its tourism attractiveness. The study of climate comfort can provide a reference for the development of diversified tourism products in Jinfo Mountain, such as outdoor activities and ecotourism in seasons with comfortable climate. In addition, the study of climate comfort can also help optimize the arrangement of tourism seasons and attract more tourists to come to visit in the appropriate season. However, with the impact of global climate change, changes in climate comfort have become increasingly significant for tourism. China is a mountainous country, and the systematic evaluation of the thermal comfort of mountain environments is an important part of the future development of mountain tourism. Therefore, an in-depth study of the climate comfort of Jinfo Mountain can help to better understand its natural environmental characteristics and can provide a scientific basis for the development of the tourism industry. In this study, Jinfo Mountain in Chongqing is chosen as the research object, based on the real-time microclimate monitoring data of 14 altitude gradients in Jinfo Mountain in 2019, analyzed the vertical change rules of temperature and relative humidity along the altitude gradient in Jinfo Mountain, and introduced the Temperature Humidity Index to determine the climate comfort at different altitudes, and made an evaluation of the climate suitability of Jinfo Mountain tourism area. The results of the study are as follows: 1) the average annual temperature on the western slope of Jinfo Mountain was 11.72 °C, the average annual relative humidity was 93.61%, and the average annual temperature lapse rate was 0.51 °C/100 m. 2) The altitude changes of daily average temperature, monthly average temperature, and annual average temperature of Jinfo Mountain are stable and have obvious differences. 3) The comfortable period of tourism in Jinfo Mountain is from April to October, of which July to August is the golden period of tourism. The climate comfort of the tourist area has obvious seasonal characteristics, that is, summer is the most suitable, followed by spring and autumn, and winter is the most unsuitable for travel. Jinfo Mountain elevation difference, and local microclimate features obvious, while high forest coverage, in the summer effectively alleviate the Yangtze River Canyon sultry climate brings discomfort, is the golden season of summer tourism travel. In spring and fall, the climate of Jinfo Mountain is more comfortable, suitable for tourism activities to the middle and low altitudes. In winter, the climate of Jinfo Mountain is less comfortable, not suitable for outdoor tourism activities, but tourists can enjoy the snow scenery. This study can provide scientific support for the sustainable development of the tourism industry in Jinfo Mountain in the future. It is of great significance for guiding tourists totravel, developing and perfecting tourism products, and expanding the market of health tourism. The evaluation of tourism climate comfort of Jinfo Mountain is not only applicable to itself, but also has important reference value for other mountain or upland tourism areas with similar geographical conditions, especially for those mountain scenic spots located in warm areas or with high summer temperatures. It will help these scenic spots to better carry out tourism planning and management, and enhance tourism attractiveness and visitors’ experience.

Abstract:The high-speed railway station (HSRS) is the intersection point of the high-speed railway system and the urban traffic system, and its intra-city accessibility directly affects the effect of the high-speed railway. At present, the research on the accessibility of HSRS mainly focuses on the external accessibility of cities, and the research on the internal accessibility of cities is relatively few, and the quantitative evaluation methods and cross-city comparative research are relatively insufficient. Therefore, based on multi-source data such as China Railway 12306 website and Baidu map, the paper adopts quantitative method to measure time accessibility to HSRS. It quantitatively evaluates the accessibility of HSRS of administrative, economic, cultural, educational, and tourist centers in ten major cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Wuhan, Hangzhou Chongqing Nanjing and Qingdao.The results show that 1) the main HSRS in the ten cities are located at the edge of the city center, rather than in the geographical center composed of administrative, economic, cultural, educational and tourist centers, which reflects the “extensibility” development characteristics of the big cities at the present stage; most of the main functional nodes of the ten cities are located in the central urban area, which reflects the “cohesive” distribution characteristics of urban functions. 2) The average time cost of ten urban HSRS is 39 min, all within 1 hour, and the accessibility is generally good. The accessibility rankings of the ten cities are successively Hangzhou, Nanjing, Chongqing, Chengdu, Shenzhen, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Qingdao and Wuhan, and the accessibility levels of each city are significantly different. Among them, Hangzhou HSRS has the highest urban accessibility, and its time cost is 29 min. Wuhan HSRS has the lowest accessibility in the city, and its time cost is 56 min, which is nearly twice that of Hangzhou, mainly because the commuting time from each functional node of the city to the HSRS is about 50 min. 3) The average time cost of the five types of centers varies greatly. The cultural center and the economic center have high accessibility, and the average time cost is 33 min and 35 min respectively, which is related to the fact that the library and the business district are basically located in the central area of the city. While education center, tourism center and administrative center have low accessibility, and the average time cost is 48 min, 42 min and 39 min, respectively, which is related to the distribution of some universities, governments and scenic spots are in outer suburban district. 4) The time cost of various functional nodes to HSRS is basically within 1 hour, but there are obvious differences, and the accessibility of single urban functional nodes to HSRS is low. Among them, the best HSRS accessibility is Hangzhou Municipal Government and Hangzhou Wulin Business District with the time cost is only 18 min; However, due to the distance between the Beijing Sub-center and the HSRS, the time cost of the Beijing Municipal government is up to 76 min. The accessibility ofShenzhen University and Fudan University to HSRS is low, and the commute time within the city is 65 min and 60 min respectively, mainly due to the fact that the school is not in the same direction with the HSRS. 5) The time cost from five types of centers in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and other cities to the HSRS is uneven. This may affect the choice of travel modes of different people to a certain extent. When a certain type of center has various options such as highspeed rail and plane, but the accessibility of high-speed rail is low, passengers may give up taking high-speed rail and choose other modes of transportation. 6) There is no significant correlation between the urban accessibility of HSRS and the operating mileage of urban rail transit. The top three cities in the accessibility of HSRS are Hangzhou, Nanjing and Chongqing, while the operating mileage of these three cities ranks 7th, 9th and 8th respectively, and the operating mileage of rail transit ranks lower. Beijing and Shanghai rank first and second in rail transit operating mileage, and their HSRS rank 6th and 8th in urban accessibility.

Abstract:Urban parks, as key components of green infrastructure, serve dual functions: ecological services and recreational spaces for residents. With the rapid pace of urbanization and the diversification of public needs, optimizing park planning and management has become an urgent issue. Parks with cultural attributes, such as those along the Grand Canal, not only serve as urban landscapes but also carry significant cultural heritage. The integration of cultural preservation and leisure functions in park planning is essential for maintaining both ecological balance and the cultural identity of a city. Existing research on public perceptions largely focuses on the cultural heritage along the Grand Canal or historical cultural districts, with limited attention given to the role of public perception in the planning of cultural parks along the canal. This paper aims to address this gap by exploring public perceptions of urban parks along the Grand Canal, utilizing network text analysis and machine learning to analyze largescale public commentary data. This study specifically examines parks along the Grand Canal in Suzhou, which is part of the Grand Canal’s cultural heritage and recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site. These parks are not only recreational areas but also carry deep historical and cultural significance. The research focuses on categorizing and optimizing public perceptions through the analysis of public comments, integrating sentiment analysis, topic modeling, and classification techniques. By capturing the emotional tendencies and experiences of park users, this research aims to inform urban park planning that aligns with public needs and cultural expectations, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of cultural resource utilization and promoting heritage preservation. The data for this study was collected from social media platforms such as Ctrip and Dianping, which provide user-generated content and feedback on parks along the Grand Canal. A total of 29 608 public comments were gathered between 2020 and 2023, focusing on 39 parks. After data cleaning and processing, 15 043 valid comments were retained for analysis. The parks included in the study are categorized into four types: comprehensive parks, specialized parks, community parks, and urban gardens. Using Python-based text mining tools, the comments were processed to extract significant keywords and sentiments. A combination of natural language processing (NLP) techniques, including Jieba word segmentation and TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency) analysis, was employed to extract key perceptual words from the comments. These words were then analyzed using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling to identify prevalentthemes within the comments. The LDA model revealed three primary categories of public perception: 1) public experience and facility management, 2) park design and functional layout, and 3) cultural heritage and community participation. Each category was further subdivided into more specific themes, such as smart facilities, landscape design, and cultural connotations. Sentiment analysis was performed to classify each comment as positive, neutral, or negative based on the presence of sentiment-bearing words. This was followed by an Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to identify areas in need of improvement. The analysis revealed several key insights into public perceptions of different park types. Comprehensive and specialized parks were found to face common issues regarding the provision of smart facilities, accessibility for disabled individuals, landscape design, and cultural representation. Community parks, on the other hand, were primarily concerned with service facilities, spatial vitality, and night lighting, while urban gardens faced challenges related to parking, functionality, and a sense of community attachment. The study also employed clustering techniques to identify overlapping issues in parks along the Grand Canal. It was found that comprehensive and specialized parks, due to their larger scale and tourist-focused services, shared concerns related to the integration of smart technologies, accessibility for the disabled, and the adequate display of cultural heritage. Community parks and urban gardens, being smaller in size and closer to residential areas, had distinct issues regarding service facility provision, spatial planning, and the ability to foster a sense of community. Based on these findings, the study provides several recommendations for optimizing urban park planning along the Grand Canal. For comprehensive and specialized parks, improvements in smart technologies, barrier-free facilities, and better integration of cultural heritage in park design are suggested. For community parks, there is a need for enhanced service facilities, such as better lighting, parking, and functional layouts to support community activities. Lastly, urban gardens could benefit from improving their sense of place and offering more practical spaces for local residents. This research underscores the importance of public perception in the planning and development of urban parks. By integrating public feedback through modern data analysis methods, such as network text analysis, this study provides valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers aiming to optimize park spaces for both cultural heritage preservation and community engagement.

Abstract:Accessibility to firefighting and rescue operations serves as a critical indicator for assessing the efficiency of urban fire and rescue operations and the allocation of firefighting resources. Functional departments can optimize and improve regions with areas lacking sufficient firefighting services by analyzing the spatial accessibility of fire and rescue services, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of urban firefighting and rescue efforts. Utilizing the driving route planning Application Programming Interface (API) of internet map technologies, it is possible to accurately estimate the distance and time between any two points based on real-time traffic conditions. This facilitates the calculation of fire and rescue accessibility on a macro urban scale. However, the driving route planning API’s data collection samples are based on standard passenger vehicles and do not comprehensively consider the real-world scenarios of fire trucks. Recently, the application of artificial intelligence technologies has enabled the evaluation of urban environments based on street view images across extensive spatial scales. Street view image data can intuitively reflect the accessibility of urban streets, providing a basis for assessing the passability of fire and rescue vehicles. This offers a more specific and realistic reflection of firefighting and rescue accessibility. Therefore, this study proposes an urban firefighting and rescue accessibility evaluation approach based on isochrone models with supplementary street view analysis. The research employs a multifaceted methodology using diverse datasets including fire statistics, geospatial data of fire and rescue stations, isochrone data, and Baidu street view data to develop a firefighting and rescue accessibility assessment method based on Baidu’s driving route planning API isochrones and supplemented by street view image analysis. Taking Liuzhou city as a case study, the fire safety of the city is assessed from the aspects of fire risk and firefighting and rescue accessibility. Firstly, the fire risk levels of regions are determined using historical fire data. Secondly, isochrones of fire stations are established using Baidu Maps driving route planning API to preliminarily analyze the accessibility of central urban area fire stations. This process aims to identify high-risk fire districts characterized by both high fire risk and low rescue accessibility. Thirdly, utilizing the Baidu Open Platform Panoramic Static Map API to obtain the street view of high-risk fire jurisdiction areas, conducting more precise isochronous analysis and street view data analysis on high-risk fire jurisdiction areas, and combining expert scoring methods to supplement and revise the accessibility of fire rescue within high-risk fire jurisdiction areas, obtaining the results of fire safety assessment in the jurisdiction. Fourthly, the validity of the assessment results is verified through field surveys and consultations with fire management departments, and suggestions forfirefighting planning and improvements are proposed. The results indicate that areas in Liuzhou City with high fire risk and low rescue accessibility are primarily distributed around Beizhan Fire Station’s jurisdiction, with the highest fire safety risk concentrated in the central old city’s commercial pedestrian streets and surrounding old residential areas. These regions have high population and building densities, frequent use of fire and electricity, and outdated electrical facilities and equipment due to their age, thereby posing a high fire risk. Moreover, access points in pedestrian street areas are often obstructed by illegally parked vehicles, which reduces road accessibility. In the old residential areas, inadequate early planning has resulted in narrow and winding roads, as well as vertical obstructions such as community gates and overhead cables, severely impeding the efficiency of firefighting and rescue vehicle movement, thereby reducing the accessibility of firefighting and rescue services in the area. Recommendations for optimization and improvement include: 1) areas within a 5-minute isochrone of fire stations that are accessible but have poor road conditions should focus on strengthening fire management, such as establishing parking facilities and enhancing parking control at vehicle-restricted entry points of high-rise pedestrian commercial districts. Attention should also be paid to clearing internal roads in old neighborhoods that are still in use, enhancing connectivity between these neighborhoods and city roads to provide more rescue route options, and addressing vertical restrictions on firefighting vehicles, such as overhead cables and community gates; 2) areas outside the 5-minute isochrone of fire stations should install intelligent early warning systems and establish small fire stations on the basis of improving the fire safety environment, enhance community volunteer fire safety training, and ensure timely presence of rescue forces to tackle initial fires.This paper develops a “fire risk assessmentrescue isochrone evaluation-road accessibility evaluation” model, arguing from qualitative and quantitative perspectives, planar and elevational views, macro and micro levels, and “theoretical” (big data) and “practical” (field research) multidimensional perspectives, providing a methodological reference for conducting more scientific urban fire safety research.

Abstract:The construction of modern metropolitan areas has become an important support for highquality regional development. According to the differences in the development level of metropolitan areas, the 2018 China Metropolitan Area Development Report divides them into three development levels from low to high: cultivation, development, and maturity. Most of these metropolitan areas have relatively low development levels and are still in the cultivation stage, which urgently needs to be taken seriously by the academic community. In September 2021, the Ministry of Natural Resources issued the “Regulations on the Compilation of Land and Space Planning for Urban Circles”, providing important guidance on the definition of spatial scope, compilation content, compilation results, and management regulations for urban circles. Identifying the spatial scope of a metropolitan area is the basis for conducting relevant planning and empirical research on the metropolitan area, and also the key to ensuring the rational allocation of resources, infrastructure co construction and sharing, regional transportation integration, and coordinated socioeconomic development between the central city and surrounding towns. Xuzhou Metropolitan Area is one of the three major metropolitan areas in Jiangsu Province. It is located in the fringe area of the four provinces of Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan and Anhui, and an important hub area of the “the Belt and Road”. It has the general characteristics of a nurturing metropolitan area (weak comprehensive competitiveness, central city radiation ability to be improved, etc.). At the same time, it is also one of the earliest urban agglomerations to carry out planning practice exploration nationwide, with its research object being typical of the development characteristics of nurturing urban agglomerations and representative of cross regional planning guidance. Therefore, based on a systematic review of the relevant concepts and delineation methods of urban agglomerations both domestically and internationally, this article first proposes the principles and ideas for delineating the spatial scope of urban agglomerations. It is believed that the delineation of urban agglomerations should follow the principles of central city radiation, qualitative and quantitative balance, complete administrative divisions, and highlighting regional characteristics. Then, using multi-source data and multiple methods to quantitatively overlay and calculate the spatial scope and layer structure of the Xuzhou metropolitan area from aspects such as transportation isochronous, spatial interaction, population density, and public facility density, etc. Then, qualitative verification was conducted from the perspectives of historical culture, industrial cooperation, and relevant planning to enhance the matching between the quantitative analysis results and the actual development. Finally, it was identified that the spatial scope of the Xuzhou metropolitan area includes 21 county/district units, with the core circle including Xuzhou City, Peixian County, Huaibei City, Tengzhou City, Xiao County, and Zaozhuang City, and the close circle including Pizhou City, SuiningCounty, Feng County, Suqian City In the urban areas of Suzhou and Xinyi, the opportunity circle includes Tancheng County, Yongcheng City, Dangshan County, Xiayi County, Lingbi County, Suixi County, Weishan County, Lanling County, and Si County. The identification results are similar to the main area of the existing planning scheme and have a more complete functional area, which has a certain degree of scientific and applicability. Through the analysis of the morphological characteristics of the circle structure and the main socioeconomic indicators, it is found that there is still a significant gap between the Xuzhou metropolitan area and the spatial pattern of networked connections, rational division of labor, and balanced development. Currently, the agglomeration capacity between the central city and the core circle is constantly increasing, and the polarization effect is greater than the diffusion effect in the development stage. Finally, by cultivating circle level transportation networks, it can improve the efficiency of resource flow in urban areas. It has proposed planning and guidance strategies to enhance the energy level of central cities and optimize the urban system structure of metropolitan areas. The main innovation of this article lies in the combination of the development characteristics of nurturing urban agglomerations, the combination of multidimensional quantitative superposition and qualitative auxiliary verification, which makes up for the shortcomings of urban agglomeration delineation research in terms of research objects, research methods, and research scales. The proposed principles and ideas for delineating the spatial scope of urban agglomerations have certain reference value for delineating the spatial scope of similar urban agglomerations in China. However, for different metropolitan areas, regional differences should be reflected in the selection of evaluation elements. With the upgrading of information technology and the reduction of data acquisition costs, multi-source data can be better applied to relevant research in urban areas in the future, further expanding the analytical dimension of spatial range identification in urban areas. In addition, as a complex giant system, the scope and boundaries of metropolitan areas will undergo dynamic changes with the advancement of urbanization, and appropriate adjustments need to be made based on the characteristics of stage development.

Abstract:Nature reserves are designated areas aimed at protecting biodiversity and ecosystems, playing a crucial role in preserving biological species and their environments. In recent years, with the continuous expansion of urban built-up areas, nature reserves have gradually been encroached upon by artificial light. This study utilizes vector surface data and point data provided by the China Nature R eserve Biological Specimen Resource Sharing Platform. Additionally, the study employs NPP/ VIIRS monthly data from 2012 to 2021, synthesizing it into annual average data, and optimizes data quality through processes such as outlier removal, negative value elimination, noise reduction, and continuity correction. The research methodology primarily focuses on changes in the quantity, level, and intensity of light pollution. Firstly, regarding quantity changes, this study adopts an NPP/VIIRS pixel value of ≤0.33 as the standard for unpolluted areas and uses the maximum pixel value within a reserve to determine whether it is polluted. Data from 2012 to 2021 are analyzed to calculate the annual proportion of nature reserves free from light pollution. Secondly, for level changes, two nighttime light indices are constructed to represent light pollution levels: the first is the Total Nighttime Light (TNL) of all nature reserves nationwide, and the second is the Mean Nighttime Light (NTM) of nature reserves. Finally, for intensity changes, a linear regression trend analysis is applied to assess light pollution trends across all nature reserves, with linear regression models established based on calculated values for each reserve. The findings are as follows. 1) From a regional perspective, nature reserves in the northwest and north China regions experience relatively less light pollution, with Shaanxi, Qinghai, and Shanxi Provinces being the least affected. In contrast, the central-south region shows the most significant light pollution, with Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan Provinces having the highest levels. Over the past decade, the number of nature reserves affected by light pollution has increased in most provinces, with only a few remaining stable. Hainan and Guangdong Provinces experienced the most significant changes, each adding 13 affected reserves, while Jiangxi, Liaoning, Hunan, and Sichuan Provinces also saw notable increases. Stable regions fall into two categories: western provinces such as Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and Guizhou Province saw no new light-polluted reserves, while areas like Tianjin maintained stable light environments from 2012 to 2021.2) A quantitative analysis of all nature reserves affected by human-induced light pollution at the national level reveals that TNL increased annually from 2012 to 2017 and stabilized from 2017 to 2021. From 2012 to 2021, the total DN value increased by 120 000, representing a 71.54% growth relative to 2021. Meanwhile, NTM showed an upward trend during the same period, rising from 0.66 in 2012 to 1.21 in 2021, with an increase of 0.55, representing an 83.85% growth relative to 2012. The analysis indicates that both the number of light-polluted nature reserves and NTM have been increasing, suggesting that light pollution is not only expanding in scope but also intensifying in strength.3) Overall, light pollution in nature reservesin the central and eastern regions tends to stabilize, while the western region shows a slow increase, and the northern region experiences a decline. Based on annual light radiation values, the study quantifies changes in the number of nature reserves affected by different levels of light pollution from 2012 to 2021. Among the three levels, the moderate level shows the most rapid growth, indicating that an increasing number of nature reserves in China are being affected by light pollution. The severe level reveals that parts of 227 nature reserves have light environments comparable to urban built-up areas, which could severely damage ecosystems and disrupt biological rhythms.This study evaluates changes in light pollution in China’s nature reserves using time-series-corrected NPP/ VIIRS nighttime light images from 2012 to 2021. Firstly, it quantitatively analyzes nature reserves unaffected by artificial light. Secondly, it establishes nighttime light indices to assess changes in light pollution across national nature reserves. Finally, it classifies light pollution based on light radiation values to analyze hierarchical changes in light pollution within nature reserves. The results provide a scientific basis for more comprehensive control of light pollution in nature reserves and offer critical support for ecological conservation decision-making. Future research will delve deeper into the potential impacts of light pollution on nature reserve ecosystems, including effects on plants, animals, and nocturnal environments, to provide further scientific evidence for ecological protection. By integrating multi-source remote sensing data and ground monitoring data, the precision and reliability of research can be enhanced, offering a more comprehensive understanding of light pollution in nature reserves. Future studies should also consider establishing buffer zones and formulating relevant policies to control and reduce light pollution in nature reserves.

Abstract:Turpan basin located in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region experiences the extreme dry and hot climates with the maximum outdoor air temperature of 38 °C and average annual precipitation of 16.6 mm. The problems of poor indoor thermal comfort, high energy consumption and fragile ecological environment are particularly prominent in this region. To improve indoor thermal comfort and reduce cooling energy demand, the passive cooling strategies adapted to this region should be investigated and then the effect of building design parameters on indoor thermal environment in summer should be analyzed. Unfortunately, the study focusing on the passive cooling strategies and critical design parameters for residential buildings in Turpan basin is limited, which restricts the development of modern building with low energy consumption and advanced energy saving technologies.A traditional rural dwelling located in Turpan basin was selected for a field measurement in this study. The studied building was constructed using earth bricks and reinforced with concrete beams and columns. The field measurement was conducted from Jul. 1 to Jul. 4, 2022 to investigate indoor thermal environment and evaluate thermal performance of the studied building in summer with the extreme dry and hot climate conditions. Through the comparative studies on indoor thermal environment for different rooms were performed, the significant effects of building orientation and semi-underground space on indoor thermal condition were determined. In detail, the higher indoor temperature of south-facing room was caused by the huge heat gain from direct solar radiation through south-facing windows during the daytime, and sun-shade of south-facing window is an effective cooling strategy to protect indoor environment from intensive solar radiation. Additionally, the average inner surface temperature of walls of south-facing bedroom on semi-underground floor is 8.01 °C lower than that of south-facing bedroom on the ground floor. This phenomenon indicated that massive earth walls under ground provide natural cooling capacity for ensuring indoor thermal stability.The traditional rural dwellings in Turpan basin are characterized by air-drying shelter. For the selected building in this study, air-drying shelter was positioned on the roof of kitchen and it also was the most visible difference between north-facing bedroom on the ground floor and kitchen. To investigate the thermal regulation of air-drying shelter, the indoor thermal conditions of kitchen and north-facing bedroom were compared: the average and maximum indoor temperature of kitchen were 2.56 °C and 2.4 °C lower than those of north-facing bedroom on the ground floor. Then, the surface temperature of two rooms’ roofs were measured and the results indicated that the average inner surface temperature of kitchen’s roof is 2.64 ° C lower than that of north-facing bedroom on the ground floor. The air-drying shelter positioned on the roof of kitchen provided shading and natural ventilation to reduce solar heat gain of kitchen’s roof and increase the heat convection between the outer surface of kitchen’s roof and outdoor environment. Based on the characteristics of selected building, a numerical building model was developed in this study and was calculated using themeasured values of outdoor climate condition. The simulated results of indoor temperature were compared with the measured results, in order to evaluate the accuracy of the developed building model. The verified building model was used to investigate the design parameters, such as window shading form, shading projection coefficient, solar radiation absorption coefficient, floor numbers inside air-drying shelter and area ratio of hole to wall for air-drying shelter’s hollowed walls on indoor environment. The simulated results showed that shading projection coefficient of horizontal shading element and solar radiation absorption coefficient of envelops are the key cooling design parameters of traditional dwelling in Turpan basin. With shading projection coefficient increased from 0.2 to 0.4, the mean and maximum value of indoor air temperature decreasd by 0.53 and 1.01 oC. When solar radiation absorption coefficient of westfacing wall increased from 0.52 to 0.86, the maximum indoor air temperature increased by 0.67 °C.To evaluate the improvement of indoor thermal comfort caused by building design optimization, the optimal values of above-mentioned parameters were set up as follows: shading projection coefficient of horizontal shading element was 0.4, solar radiation absorption coefficient was 0.52, number of air-drying shelter space levels was Two and area ratio of hole to wall for the hollowed walls was 10 %. The indoor air temperature of the optimal building model was numerical calculated and the simulated results showed that the average and maximum indoor temperature of south-facing bedroom on the ground floor decrease by 3.19 °C and 4.36 °C, respectively. An obvious improvement of indoor thermal comfort could be observed in this study.

Abstract:With the continuous improvement in people’s quality of life, the energy consumption and carbon emissions from residential buildings under traditional energy production methods have been increasing. Existing residential buildings, due to era of construction and energy consumption loss during operation, are often found to fail to meet current living standards and thus are recognized as having significant potential for retrofitting. The application of photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies is acknowledged as offering substantial potential for carbon reduction. However, in cold zone, the significant seasonal variations of heating and air conditioning energy consumption, as well as solar energy resources, make it difficult for the high emission reduction potential of existing residential areas to be matched with low investment costs. Furthermore, in previous studies, a sequential relationship between active and passive building technologies was typically shown, with passive retrofitting being followed by the installation of active systems for maximum energy efficiency. However, the optimization of the sequence of active and passive technologies in residential buildings can lead to resource wastage, issues of overlap and poor compatibility between different types of energy efficiency technologies are often encountered. Therefore, for existing residential buildings, research and analysis on the coordinated use of both active and passive energy efficiency measures are urgently needed to be conducted. This study aims to address issues such as large inventory, high energy consumption, and poor indoor thermal environment of existing residential community in cold zone of China.In this paper, urban residential buildings in cold zone were focused on, with basic building information being gathered through surveys and analyses, and Yunshanli Community was identified as a typical residential community. Using the Grasshopper platform, a basic model of the selected typical existing residential community was built, with the constraints of active and passive technologies being defined. The study then involves the analysis of the lifecycle investment and the lifecycle carbon emissions of the selected building technologies, with the process being optimized for environmental benefit, economic benefit, and predicted percentage of dissatisfied during the retrofitting process, leading to the proposal of an optimal low-carbon retrofitting plan for existing residential buildings in cold zone. The results show that: 1) In the decision-making stage of low-carbon transformation, the weight of environmental benefit, economic benefit and predicted percentage of dissatisfied are 24.46%, 30.25% and 45.28% respectively. The primary consideration for low-carbon retrofitting is identified as the predicted percentage of dissatisfied, followed by the economic benefit, while the environmental benefit is usually the least considered. 2) In theoptimization results of passive technologies, the key parameters for existing residential buildings in cold zone were found to include a 0.12 m thickness for external wall insulation, 0.10 m thickness for roof insulation, XPS as the material for external wall insulation, rock wool board for roof insulation, and 12 mm thick transparent glass. In active technology optimization, the south-facing photovoltaic panel angle is 2°, the west-facing photovoltaic panel angle is 0°, with 5 floors of photovoltaic panels being used, photovoltaic and solar thermal system angle is set at 0° on the roof, and photovoltaic panel area ratio is 0.5 on the roof. Compared with the typical model, the incremental environmental benefit of life cycle retrofit after optimization is 355.06 kgCO2/m2, the incremental economic benefit of life cycle retrofit is 1 197.75 yuan/m2 and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied is 16.8% with a reduction of 10%. Therefore, the active-passive coupled parallel optimization approach has broad application prospects in the design of low-carbon retrofitting of existing residential community.An in-depth study on the retrofitting of existing residential community buildings was conducted in this paper. A design procedure for low-carbon retrofitting, which combines model extraction, performance prediction, and strategy optimization, was established for existing residential community buildings. The interaction between active and passive technologies was enhanced, leading to increased energy efficiency in buildings and reduced carbon emissions, and simultaneously ensuring economic viability and comfort. The maximization of retrofitting benefits were achieved, and an optimization method and strategy for the low-carbon retrofitting of existing residential area buildings based on the coupling of active and passive technologies were developed. It provides theoretical support and strategic references for the renewal and retrofitting of existing residential community and the coupled application of active and passive energy efficiency technologies.

Abstract:Under the background of global environmental change and rapid urbanization, urban flooding, typhoon disasters, public health events and many other urban safety problems are emerging, and various uncertain risks have become important obstacles to urban safety and sustainable development, and how to better address this problem and achieve effective early warning is becoming a common concern of different interest groups. As a specific unit of risk management at the grassroots level, the community plays an indispensable role as the “last kilometer” in planning, construction and management, so the research on the interaction and coupling between resilience and the community has become an area of great concern. Incorporating the concept of resilience into community governance and development is not only necessary for the construction of the community itself, but also plays a fundamental role in enhancing the overall resilience level of cities from the bottom up.Taking 1 023 articles of the resilient community research from 1986-2022 in the core collection of Web of Science as the research subjects, this paper used CiteSpace bibliometric method to review and prosper the research on resilient community, specific methods including literature co-citation, keyword co-occurrence and burst word analysis. It was found that the current resilient community research has completed the structure of the basic theory and research system, but the research on the evaluation system is too concentrated, and there are fewer frontier branches. The following are some of the most important findings: 1) The boom in resilient communities research was formed in the past decade, and the related research field has become an important branch of research to help cities achieve sustainable development. 2) Countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany and Sweden have been influential in the field of resilient communities’ research and have played an important role in facilitating international collaboration. 3) The main knowledge groups of resilient community research include the origin of the concept of resilient community, the basic theoretical framework of resilient community, community resilience evaluation methods, community disaster risk identification and response mechanisms. 4) Research on resilient community is summarized into three core paths: research path of “basic theory of community resilience”, research path of “resilient community-community resilience evaluation-capacity improvement of community resilience”, and research path of “resilient community-evaluation of community disasters and risks-response model of community disaster”. 5) Research on dynamic measurement model of community resilience has become the current frontier of resilient community research, how to dynamically simulate the non-linear interaction between social and environmental systems has become a key technical issue in resilient community research and even resilient city research.The construction of resilient communities is a long-term and systematic project, which requires continuous improvement of the theoretical framework, evaluation methods and governance system. The study summarizes the insights andprospects from five aspects: building a theoretical framework with a multi-dimensional perspective, clarifying key influencing factors, exploring a dynamically coupled evaluation model, establishing a resilient community-planning paradigm, and proposing a full-cycle resilience action plan, with a view to providing guidance for deepening the relevant research.

Abstract:In recent decades, the world has witnessed the increasing risks and uncertainties brought about by global climate change. Cities have become particularly vulnerable to the severe impacts of climate-related disasters. As a result, the concept of sustainable urban development, including climate adaptation strategies, has become a crucial task for countries worldwide. Cold region cities, as a special urban group, face unique and diverse climate issues, requiring a multi-perspective approach to establish innovative strategies for cold region urban development. Throughout the long history of humanity, various disasters have plagued communities, and our ancestors have repeatedly demonstrated their survival wisdom in overcoming these challenges. Traditional knowledge has played a vital role in shaping their ability to adapt to and mitigate the effects of these disasters. While the traditional knowledge and ideas of indigenous peoples in cold regions may be complex and diverse, they contain valuable insights and technological wisdom that can be learned from and applied to contemporary urban planning practices.In the face of the present-day challenges of climate change, energy scarcity, and environmental degradation, it is evident that universal technological solutions grounded solely in natural sciences are inadequate for addressing the unique climate conditions of cold regions. Instead, a comprehensive understanding of the essential attributes and resilient characteristics of cold region urban communities, from the perspective of local traditional knowledge, is needed to inform local sustainable planning practices. This study focuses on unraveling the ecological core connotation of traditional knowledge held by indigenous peoples in cold regions. It highlights the ecological consciousness within traditional knowledge systems that enables the identification, understanding, and response to extreme cold climate environmental changes. This ecological consciousness emphasizes the need to maintain adaptive socio-economic environments within communities. It encompasses various aspects, including the protection of ecological integrity, the sustainable development of resources, comprehensive material management, adaptive spatial construction, and multidimensional interactive maintenance. Furthermore, the study delves into the transformation path of ecological wisdom derived from traditional knowledge within cold region urban communities. It argues that the evolution of wisdom from traditional knowledge should be based on its ecological connotation. This provides a foundation for constructing a comprehensive ecological wisdom system in cold regions, which guides and inspires the implementation of scientific ecological information within urban construction activities, particularly climate protection initiatives. Moreover, it underscores the importance of fostering cohesion and cooperation among planning participants as a critical aspect of constructing ecological wisdom. Through collaborative management and reflection on outcomes within ecological practices, an intrinsic spiritual and cultural consensus is formed. This consensus serves as a catalyst for cold region cities to adopt new perspectives and higher levels of environmental cognition, ultimately leading to the evolution ofmodern cold region ecological wisdom. This dynamic approach ensures the continuous renewal and preservation of ecological wisdom within cold region communities. Building upon these findings, the study reconsiders the strategies for cultivating ecological wisdom within modern cold region urban communities, drawing from traditional knowledge as a starting point. It provides a comprehensive framework and modern application paths for enhancing climate adaptability, social robustness, and systemic inclusiveness within urban communities. This encompasses various aspects, including environmental cognition, resource utilization, production activities, spiritual culture, and social organization. Moreover, the study offers planning and governance insights tailored to foster sustainable development within modern cold region communities.The study aims to explain the ecological wisdom necessary for the resilient development of social-ecological systems within modern cold region urban communities from the perspective of traditional knowledge. By exploring the ecological connotations embedded within local knowledge and experiential practices, this study seeks to apply the evolved modern ecological wisdom to inform value-based decision-making, environmental planning, and social governance within cold region urban communities. Ultimately, it aims to provide innovative ideas and value-based guidelines for the theory and practice of resilient development within modern cold region urban communities.

Abstract:In an era when urban development is shifting from incremental expansion to stock optimization, these industrial relics will become an essential breakthrough for urban regeneration. The significance of industrial relics in urban regeneration is increasingly recognized due to their potential land use value and their capacity to create public spaces. At the same time, with the improvement of material living standards, people’s demand for urban spiritual and cultural construction is growing day by day. Public art, as a language of integration, has commenced to play a vital role in the urban development process, demonstrating a unique cultural and economic influence and leading to numerous successful cases of industrial relics regeneration. Through the view of public art, the specific case of the Guangzhou Pearl River Piano Factory is used as an entry point to analyze the intrinsic connection between different elements in the process of industrial relic regeneration. Public art has proven to be a dynamic force in shaping the way urban spaces are reimagined and repurposed. As industrial relics hold substantial potential for land use and public space attributes, they have emerged as a focal point for urban regeneration efforts. The intervention of public art in the process of urban development has not only contributed to the revitalization of industrial relics but has also brought forward a unique cultural and economic influence. The successful transformation of numerous industrial relics through the integration of public art serves as a testament to its pivotal role in urban regeneration initiatives.First of all, this paper reviews the literature related to the renewal of public art and industrial heritage, including its concept definition, historical tracing, practical application, strategies, and methods, to reveal the historical evolution and development trend of its theory and practice. Moreover, the connotation characteristics of public art and the core elements involved in the renewal of industrial heritage are integrated and analyzed. It is pointed out that public art, as a comprehensive means with regional, contemporary, and cultural characteristics, has a catalytic effect on the renewal of industrial relics. The method and significance of industrial relics renewal are proposed from three levels of space, function, and culture, based on which the whole process method of industrial relics renewal design from the perspective of public art is proposed. Secondly, taking the regeneration of the Guangzhou Pearl River Piano Factory as an empirical case study, the whole process of its regeneration is analyzed in three phases in detail, and the role of public art in this process is systematically sorted out. Based on the literature review, field research, and expert opinion consultation, the perception elements of public art and spatial elements of industrial relic regeneration are integrated to establish the evaluation indexes of industrial relic regeneration from the perspective of public art, and the regeneration effect of Guangzhou Pearl River PianoFactory is evaluated by using the IPA analysis method, corresponding optimization suggestions are put forward based on the results of the evaluation.Urban regeneration presents stronger sustainability from the perspective of public art. It plays a positive role in improving spatial quality, optimizing urban image, and attracting social investment. The dynamic nature of public art intervention is conducive to guiding the process of self-organized urban regeneration and perpetuating the precious urban collective memory of industrial culture. Finally, based on the above theories and empirical research, the industrial relic regeneration design model and whole-process approach are proposed from the perspective of public art, which will be a useful reference for the innovative development of urban inventory land regeneration.

Abstract:Since the concept of sustainable development was put forward in the 1980s, the relationship between cities and sustainability has been widely concerned by countries and regions around the world, our cities are still facing problems such as climate change, population explosion, traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, and increasing social differences, which threaten ecosystem security and human health. Urban form is closely related to these problems. In order to create a healthy living environment, the design of sustainable urban form has become the mainstream of current research. Based on the analysis of relevant researches at home and abroad, this paper systematically summarizes the concept of sustainable urban form and its differences and connections with the concepts of sustainable city, urban form, good urban form and ideal urban form. After a brief review of the current assessment methods of sustainable urban form, it is found that the current assessment methods are not accurate enough. Based on the analysis of the applicability of complex adaptive system to the study of sustainable urban form, the core concepts of complex adaptive system are corresponding to the elements of sustainable urban form. To this end, this paper puts forward five evaluation contents, such as the evaluation of nonlinear feature gap with ideal urban form, the evaluation of spatial mobility of form elements, the evaluation of local and integral form elements, the evaluation of diversity of form elements, and the evaluation of the advantage of form elements identification. A systematic analysis of the evaluation content, using fractal, space syntax, biodiversity, multidimensional index construction and other methods to put forward a specific quantitative framework and steps: using fractal technology to evaluate the nonlinear characteristics of the ideal shape structure, and explain its applicability to the assessment of sustainable urban shape; based on space syntax technology, spatial efficiency concepts based on integration degree and selection degree are used to evaluate the mobility of form elements, and its principle and calculation method are described. The correlation between the global integration degree and the local integration degree of space syntax parameters is used to evaluate the local and global coordination, and the evaluation principle, judgment criteria and methods are described systematically. Three types of sustainable urban morphological diversity are proposed, and the quantitative methods of each type are determined based on the measurement method of biodiversity. At the same time, a quantitative method of the fit degree between diversity and spatial efficiency is proposed to evaluate the spatial effectiveness of diversity. An index system was established to evaluate the advantage of identificationfrom the aspects of adaptability, connectivity and complexity of morphological elements, and the steps of quantifying connectivity and complexity indexes with path network analysis were described in detail.Taking the central urban area of Tianjin as the object to evaluate the sustainable performance of its form, the research finds that: in terms of nonlinear feature gap assessment with the ideal urban form, the current shape dimension of the central urban area has a large gap with the ideal dimension and the fractal dimension of different functional land has obvious changes. In terms of mobility evaluation of form elements, with the increase of spatial scale radius, the spatial efficiency showed a trend of concentric circles, and the spatial efficiency was the highest in the center and gradually decreased to the periphery. In the evaluation of local and overall coordination, the coordination of most streets in the central six districts is good, while the coordination of the peripheral areas of the central urban area is poor. The results also show that the coordination of historical and cultural districts and the overall urban area is perfect. In terms of diversity assessment of form elements, the results show that Santiaoshi, Da Hutong, Quanye Chang, Nanshi and Xinxing streets in the city are poor, other streets are good, and the spatial efficiency and diversity of streets in the old city, the northeast and western edges of the central city and the lower reaches of Haihe River are poor. In terms of morphological factor identification advantages, the path network quantification method is adopted, and the results show that the form elements identification advantages in the old city area are the best, while the first-line streets in the outer ring Road West and North Road in the central city have poor advantages. The field investigation on the evaluation results shows that the evaluation results are in good agreement with the actual morphological performance, which confirms the effectiveness of the evaluation method. It shows that the proposed evaluation method can provide a basis for the design of healthy human settlement environment and has great potential for popularization.

Abstract:The territorial planning and governance of river basin is an important issue in achieving highquality development of the basin. As a crucial component of national land space, the high-quality development of watersheds aligns intrinsically with the construction of spatial governance systems. Watersheds have become essential units for advancing the modernization of the national governance system. The establishment of the national spatial planning system offers an opportunity to reshape the spatial order of river basin governance, presenting new propositions and higher standards for watershed planning and management. The development of watersheds necessitates maximizing comprehensive benefits, with coordination, stability, and sustainability as core elements. Drawing from global experiences, comprehensive watershed planning emerges as a vital tool to ensure effective and favorable watershed governance development. However, China’s current watershed planning and governance encounter issues such as management fragmentation, system disconnection, outdated methods, and unclear boundaries. Addressing how to allocate resources, optimize planning systems comprehensively, and collaborate with a wide array of stakeholders to implement development concepts and governance goals is crucial. This approach aims to scientifically plan the ecological protection and high-quality development of watersheds, making it an urgent concern in watershed spatial governance. This paper first briefly reviews and reflects on the development process of river governance in China. China’s integrated watershed management is continually innovating and has undergone four main periods since the founding of New China: the development of traditional water conservancy, the advancement of water-related projects, integrated watershed management, and the concept of a life community encompassing mountains, waters, forests, fields, lakes, and grasses.At present, watershed planning and governance are characterized by three main problems. The first is the weak coordination of regional-element. The parallelism of water function areas and basin control units creates obstacles to regionalelement integration. The second problem is the loose articulation of affairs and functions. The connection of authority and function is essential for implementing river basin planning, but currently, there are issues both horizontally and vertically. Horizontally, the synergy of the basin governance system is weak. Vertically, the interaction between the central government and local governments is inadequate. The third issue is the insufficient respect for development laws. On the one hand, there is a lack of understanding of the spatial layout laws of the watershed in plan preparation. On the other hand, the assessment of administrative region divisions tends to emphasize short-term interests over overall protection. To address the above issues, this study briefly introduces the practices of comprehensive river basin planning in the United States, Finland, and Australia, drawing advanced experiences from three aspects: use control guiding spatial strategy, policy authority combined with tool science, and organizational coordination ensuring decisional adaptation. Thestudy also points out that the applicability of this experience to China is reflected in three aspects: a use-oriented strategy guarantees the value of the planning intention, policy combination tools enhance the seriousness of the planning process, and organizational guarantee decision-making strengthens the articulation and coordination of planning and implementation.Finally, in combination with the construction of the territorial planning system and the modernization reform trend of the governance capacity, four ideas of innovating and improving the territorial planning and governance of river basin are proposed. The first idea is matching resource endowment with functional positioning. The functional positioning of watershed spaces should align with their resource endowment, and the goals and paths of watershed planning should be guided by the designated use of these elements. The second idea is integrating spatial authority and the planning system. This involves promoting high-level management of comprehensive planning, formulating the outline of basin law and development planning as the top-level design, and preparing special plans related to basin land and spatial planning. The third idea is giving equal emphasis to flexible decisionmaking. A multilevel, multiagency, and multisectoral coordination and safeguard mechanism should be established to encourage the involvement of multidimensional planning values and the enrichment of local informal complementary tools. The fourth idea is cross-border tradeoff and synchronizing dynamic assessment and information management. This involves strengthening the impact assessment and dynamic adjustment mechanisms for planning, design, and construction operations to enhance the effectiveness of watershed planning and management. In the future, watershed territorial spatial planning should seize the opportunity of systemic reform and construct a watershed territorial spatial planning governance system and methodology with Chinese characteristics that meet actual governance needs and support the system of territorial spatial development and protection in the new era.

Abstract:The physical and psychological stress of urban youth groups have become an urgent issue in urban development. A large number of previous studies have confirmed that the positive benefits of waterfront spaces on the recovery of psychological stress in urban youth groups. However, there is still a lack of in-depth research on the differences in the effects of different waterfront space characteristics on the recovery of stress and their working mechanisms at the micro-scale. According to the theory of stress recovery and related previous researches, four types of waterfront spaces were summarized, including natural grass slope type, artificial fence type, artificial hydrophilic type, and mixed type. A virtual reality technology was applied to construct VR scenes, and a VR visualphysiological feedback interaction experiments were carried out to collect instantaneous electrodermal activity (EDA) from 30 subjects as sampling replications. The VR visual-physiological feedback experiment was conducted to collect instantaneous electrodermal activity (EDA) feedback data from the 30 subjects, which revealed the differences in the effects of different waterfront space characteristics on stress recovery. The results showed that 1) the hydrophilic waterfront space has significant stress-relieving benefits. Subjects in all four waterfront space scenarios showed a trend of decreasing stress levels, confirming the recovery benefits of urban waterfront spaces on psychological stress. The stress recovery efficiency of the scenarios with different degrees of hydrophilicity was different. The mixed type, artificial hydrophilic waterfront and natural grass slope type had significant stress-relieving effects compared to the artificial fence type waterfront. This suggests that hydrophilic waterfronts could have a high sense of restoration and relaxation, compared to the waterfront spaces that lack open space and isolate pathways for human-water interaction. Therefore, it is important to increase the num’s interaction with water. 2) Well-designed hybrid waterfronts had the best stress recovery, whereas man-made fences were lack in stress recovery. The hybrid waterfronts were more restorative than natural grassy slopes and artificial hydrophilic waterfronts, suggesting that grassy slopes or hard waterfronts with a single shoreline form had limited restorative potential. Additionally, this also demonstrated that the stress recovery effect was not linearly related to the size of the green space. In additionally, well-designed hybrid waterfront spaces had the best stress recovery. Therefore, the design layout of the waterfront space should focus on diversified treatment, and the green vegetation environment should be controlled within a reasonable range. Mixing the design of both and above elements could help to enhance the restoration benefits for visitors. 3) The difference in the restorative benefits of stress between the natural grass slope type and the artificial hydrophilic waterfront space was not obvious. The restorative benefits of natural grassy slopes were lower than those of artificial hydrophilic waterfronts, which may be due to the fact that artificial hydrophilic waterfronts had a certain design that makes them more attractive to youth groups. It may also be dueto the lack of spatial utilization in the natural grassy slopes type of waterfront.Subjective questionnaire data is an important research method, while objective physiological data can provide quantitative support, using a combination of subjective and objective data of the experimental method can be mutually corroborated, resulting in a more scientific and rigorous argumentation of the experimental results for the design of the waterfront space to provide qualitative and quantitative reference basis. In the face of the ever-deepening humanistic thinking and development paradigm research on urban waterfront space, it is necessary to shift the focus of future research from macro-scale theoretical research on “planning mode” to applied research on “scene creation”, including waterfront space, in order to effectively enhance the practical depth and application efficiency of urban waterfront space planning and construction. It is recommended to shift the focus of future research from the theoretical study of macro-scale “planning model” to the applied study of “scene creation”, including waterfront space, in order to effectively improve the practical depth and application efficiency of urban waterfront space planning and construction.

Abstract:Territorial space use control is a key link in the implementation of territorial space planning and the core system of territorial space development and protection. In the territorial space planning system, the compliance review of construction project land use is the top priority in the reform of the territorial space use control system, which is directly related to the rational use of territorial space and the smooth implementation of construction projects. Looking back, due to the differences in the objects and mechanisms of control between urban and rural planning and land use planning, although there is connection and complementarity in the review of construction land, the problem of overlapping is also relatively prominent, which has brought many obstacles to the implementation of construction projects. For example, some construction projects that comply with the urban and rural planning are difficult to advance due to the restrictions of the land use planning, or vice versa, resulting in cumbersome project approval procedures, prolonged time, and even some projects being forced to be shelved. The overall land use planning is based on the annual plan indicators, and takes the “land type + construction land control zone” in the lowest-level planning as the basis for the review of construction project land use. Through the management of major use categories and the flexible control of layout, as well as the differentiated planning review and modification mechanism established according to the type of construction project, the effective allocation of land resources is realized. Urban and rural planning adopts the hierarchical control mode of “master plan + detailed plan (village plan)”, focusing on the public welfare and implementing the differential land type control for cities, towns and villages to meet the development needs of different regions. Under the framework of territorial space planning, the “zoning-classification” territorial space use transmission mechanism has been established, and the land use control elements cover control lines, planning zones, land use classification and other aspects. In this context, this study proposes that the compliance review of construction projects under the territorial space planning system should implement the strategy of hierarchical, zonal and classified control. In terms of hierarchical control, the master plan and the detailed plan have different focuses on the content of land use control. At the master plan level, the compliance review is carried out in the way of “ ‘three lines’+planned land use+ planned zone” of the lowest-level territorial space master plan, and it is taken as an important basis for the review of land use approval, which helps to control the utilization direction and layout ofterritorial space from a macro perspective. At the detailed plan level, for the area within the urban development boundary, the focus is on the review of other planned land types except the public welfare land, and the land type and use compatibility of the regulatory detailed plan shall be strictly implemented to ensure the orderly progress of urban construction; outside the urban development boundary, the focus is on the review of the compliance of the construction land use in the village planning to ensure that the rural construction meets the actual needs of rural development. Zonal control reflects the differences in the access conditions and control methods of projects inside and outside the urban development boundary. When the use of the construction project meets the requirements of the compatibility of the planned land type, it can be regarded as complying with the master plan; outside the urban development boundary, the master plan carries out the use control according to the “access catalogue + planning zone”, which not only considers the functional orientation and development needs of different regions, but also can effectively guide the reasonable layout of the construction project. Classified control implements targeted control measures for different land types and different types of construction projects with different intensities, and establishes a flexible planned land type adjustment mechanism. For the situation involving the adjustment of the land type in the master plan, it can be classified and adjusted according to three different situations: technical correction, general adjustment and major adjustment, making the control more flexible and accurate. This study inherits and integrates the characteristics of the two-level control of urban and rural planning and the zonal control of the overall land use planning, fully reflects the characteristics of “integrating different plans into a single master plan”, makes the territorial space planning more coordinated and unified. At the same time, this control strategy also better adapts to the trend of combining rigidity and flexibility and hierarchical control of territorial space planning and the needs of planning implementation and management, provides operable ideas and suggestions for the improvement of China’s territorial space use control system, and helps to further improve the scientificity, rationality and effectiveness of territorial space use control and promote the high-quality development and protection of territorial space.

Abstract:This paper combs the historical process of campus construction in China, and discusses the logical relationship and internal connection between campus space quality and humanistic spirit construction. This paper reviews the construction and development of the university campus in the peak period of our country, discusses the cultural inheritance of the mountain university campus construction, the Chinese traditional humanistic spirit and development, the enlightenment of western educational thought, and analyzes the nurturing effect and health value of the excellent campus environment construction on the humanistic spirit. The synchronous development of the material environment and the spiritual and cultural environment in campus construction is similar to the law of urbanization development in China. When the material environment construction enters the middle and later stages, it will develop towards refinement and quantification. The improvement of cultural quality and spiritual content has become a new aspect and growth point in the development of urbanization. China’s social and economic development has entered a new normal, and university campuses have entered a stage of coordinated development where the improvement of “space quality” and the construction of “humanistic spirit” go hand in hand. With the optimization of discipline quality, the construction of campus culture, the construction of students’ spiritual outlook, and the construction of the party’s ideological and political education, the construction of the cultural environment of the campus is reaching a new level. Citing the practice cases of the new city construction of Chongqing University, the Huxi new campus construction of Chongqing University and the Yongchuan campus construction of Chongqing City Science and Technology College, this paper further demonstrates the important role of mountain university campus and landscape environment construction in shaping campus quality and its scientific and cultural value. As the material carrier of higher education, the university campus is a place that comprehensively reflects the quality and academic level of school education. In the new historical period when the state proposes to rejuvenate the country through science and technology and strengthen the country through education, the development and improvement of the quality of science and technology and talent education are clearly reflected in all aspects of the country’s comprehensive development of society, economy, science and technology, culture, and art. At present, China’s university education and university construction are further showing a prosperous situation, which is an important part of the national education and science and technology undertakings to maintain high-quality development and competitiveness in the world, promote the level of scientific and technological construction andtalent development in China, and stimulate the development of internal circular economy and culture. The construction of the physical environment and the cultural environment of the university campus are two aspects of equal importance. Education and the construction of university campuses can be understood as a very important part of the “cultural form” of the city. Universities are places for imparting cultural knowledge and spiritual education, and universities have the dual value roles of “material” and “spiritual”. The function of the university is not only to cultivate all kinds of talents needed by the society once a year, but more importantly, to echo the cultural behavior of the university and the urban society, and to contribute to the city’s knowledge innovation, cultural education, and social development. Campus culture and urban culture influence each other to promote the healthy and innovative development of “citizen culture”. From the historical process of the construction and development of China’s campus, the cultural connotation of landscape campus construction, and the campus construction such as Chongqing University, this paper expresses the core point of the paper: the university is the hub core and the first good place for the construction of science and humanities, and the construction of the university campus especially needs to reflect the dual connotation and thought of space quality and humanistic spirit, so as to guide our students, consult and educate our teachers, beautify our campus, and grow and cultivate generations of talents who are physically and mentally healthy, excellent in character and learning. At the end of the paper, the academic point of view is expressed: university is the hub core and the first good place for science and humanities construction, and the construction of university campus especially needs to reflect the dual connotation and thought of space quality and humanistic spirit, so as to guide our students, train our teachers, beautify and shape the campus characteristic environment, and cultivate the talents with physical and mental health and excellent character and study.

Abstract:Traditional agriculture is overly dependent on natural conditions, which was particularly evident in the early society, and the area along the Ming-Qing old course of the Yellow River is more like a typical slice, where the contradiction between disasters and human settlements is more prominent. The area flourished on the Huai River and suffered from the floods of the Yellow River. It relied on the protection of hydraulic engineering and accommodated a large number of political immigrants. Avoiding the harm of water while pursuing the benefit of water is the way of survival for settlements and residents along the river. The development pattern and human habitat landscape model of rural settlement cluster along the Ming-Qing old course of the Yellow River are typical of the region, and their evolution process is accompanied by the transformation of the human-water relationship in rural society. The summary of development experience in diachronic research is of practical value to today’s society where floods are becoming more frequent. In recent years, the area along the old course of the Yellow River has gained new development opportunities through policies such as the ecological corridor construction, the irrigation area construction, and rural revitalization. The human habitat landscape along the old course of the Yellow River carries the culture of the ancient Huai River and the ancient Yellow River. Incorporating it into tourism can promote the integrated development of agriculture, culture and tourism. Based on the above background, taking the area along the old course of the Yellow River in Funing County as an example, the settlement cluster information and hydrological information of three historical stages (the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China and the present-day) were restored, and ArcGIS was used to digitize and compare. The study found that water environment affected politics and military, landform and flooding, water transportation and trade, thus having a great impact on the rise and fall of settlements along the old river course. Specifically, military settlements were built near the water, residents preferred to build their settlements by dikes, and market towns emerged near waterways and ferries. Combining the above analysis, it explored the evolution of development pattern and human habitat landscape model of rural settlement cluster under the influence of water environment. The study found that the development pattern of settlements along the old river course has changed from a hierarchical and scattered individual type to a balanced and integrated overall type. The human habitat landscape model has changed from a fragmented disaster-stricken type in which settlements and flood traces are passively integrated to a stable disaster-prevention type inwhich settlements and the water conservancy system are integrated as a whole. In this process, systematic water conservancy construction has played an important role, driving the transformation of human-water relationship from seeking individual survival in floods to seeking overall development relying on water conservancy. In the early stage, regional society was in the stage of individual development. The single, decentralized and closed natural economic structure made the human habitat system highly vulnerable and unable to resist disasters. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, systematic water conservancy projects created an integrated pattern of strip fields and water networks, which became the framework of the disaster prevention system. At the same time, it also laid an important foundation for the construction of the road network. Subsequently, the transportation mode changed from water transportation type to land transportation type, and the connections within the region and between the region and the outside world were enhanced. Systematic water conservancy construction did not only end the history of disasters along the old river course, but also promoted the transformation of rural economic development, achieved multi-objective collaborative governance, and provided a steady stream of power for the sustainable development of regional society. The three types of elements of ecology, production and life have been constructed as an organic whole, achieving the overall coordinated development of regional society. The water-adaptive human habitat landscape model along the old river course is precisely based on this development pattern. Therefore, it can be said that the development transformation and the scientific reconstruction of the human habitat system of the area along the old course of the Yellow River are the result of the joint action of top-down water conservancy construction and bottom-up settlement construction. Therefore, the development model of the area along the old river course provides a valuable template for disaster prevention and sustainable development of regional rural society.

Abstract:As the important creation by ancestors in early Chinese history, both Chinese character and architecture reflect understanding of Chinese people of the world. Early Chinese architecture has not been preserved due to its special material of soil and wood, so the study of early architecture can only be done with the help of archaeological sites and records in ancient books. The ancient Chinese characters, as ideographs, recorded the form and content of early architecture with their shape and meaning. The study of the formation of Chinese character can clarify the isomorphic feature of form and meaning between Chinese characters and architecture, providing theoretical support for the study of the evolution of architectural types based on the form and meaning of Chinese characters. Since there is a certain mutual proof between ancient Chinese characters and ancient architecture, the analysis is further based on the inscriptions on oracle bone scripts, jinwen（金文） and the residential architecture characters in pre-Qin literature, to analyze the type of residential architecture and the connotation of important buildings and provides clues for the deduction and restoration of early residential building types in China in the absence of early architectural sites. In the first part, from the perspective of cultural semiotics, it is pointed out that both Chinese characters and traditional Chinese architecture are a kind of symbols, reflecting the conceptual archetypes of human collective society together. By analyzing the symbolism of the Chinese character “yi（一）、er（二）、san（三）” and the space of early Chinese architecture, it discusses the specific representations of the different components of the Chinese character on the concept of space and time of early Chinese people in traditional Chinese culture, and the specific representations of the space and components of traditional Chinese architecture on the concept of space and time of early Chinese people. Then，through the “structure-function” analysis in Chinese character morphology, the specific ways and results of different structures of Chinese characters on architectural form and function are discussed. It is proposed that the shape and meaning of the character can completely express the whole content of the Chinese ancient architecture it refers to, and can be used as a criterion for the classification of the building. In the second part, in order to form a more comprehensive understanding of the types of residential buildings in early China, based on the Shuowen Jiezi （说文解字）, supplemented by the excavated systematic early Chinese characters, it have exhaustively counted the characters related to residential buildings in oracle-bone inscriptions, jinwen （金文）, and Pre-Qin documents, which form the basis of the research in this paper, and categorized them according to the meaning of textual configurations, so as to discuss the characteristics and connotations of the different types of residential buildings in early China in a more intuitive way by means of quantitative analysis and diagrammatic representation. Through quantitative analysis and graphical representation, the characteristics and connotations of different types of residential buildings in early China are discussed more intuitively. At the same time, based on the statistical results, it analyzed the components of different architecturaltypes in terms of form and function, and symbolism, and summarize the characteristics of the residential buildings they represent. In the third part, based on the statistics and analysis of the previous characters, combined with the early ruins and documentary records, the five types of residential buildings, namely, “caves （穴）”, “nests（巢）”, “palaces（宫室）”,“ mansions（家宅）” and “pavilions（楼阁）”, were mainly studied, and the characters contained in each type were interpreted one by one, and the specific architectural forms and functions reflected were investigated, and then, by synthesizing and comparing the similarities and differences in the architectural images expressed in the texts contained in the same building type, the horizontal, vertical, and semi-subterranean cave dwellings in the early cave dwellings, the different nesting spaces expressed in the early nesting dwellings by the words kang（康）, geng（庚）, and yong（庸）, etc.， the architectural spaces comprising the palaces in the early period, the early house spaces named by different standards, and the early “lou（楼） and ge （阁）” buildings are all discussed in depth, then a more comprehensive understanding of the above five types of residential buildings is formed.

Abstract:The Dunhuang culture is a dazzling pearl of world civilization, and the Mogao Grottoes are a typical representative of it. The well protection of the Mogao Grottoes and the well inheritance of Dunhuang culture are the responsibility of the Chinese for the progress of world civilization. The architectural history of the Dunhuang frescoes is an important basis for refining the history of ancient architecture, so this paper takes 77 images of city walls in Dunhuang frescoes as the object, and interprets the historical picture. Image rewriting and extraction techniques of CAD are used to perform mathematical analyses such as quantitative statistics and correlation of the four first-level elements of the city wall images in Dunhuang frescoes, which including the city “shape”, city “wall”, city “gate” and the environment outside the city, as well as 32 sub-elements, and interpret the information in it. The study shows:The study categorizes the evolution of the city wall in Dunhuang frescoes by the appearance and disappearance of important elements such as city shape, walls, and gates as historical nodes into four periods: inheritance, development, maturity, and evolution. The city wall in the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Northern Zhou Dynasty belongs to the period of inheritance, and the social upheaval during this period made the city walls focus on defense. The city wall from the Sui Dynasty to the Early Tang Dynasty as a period of development. After the unification of the Sui and Tang dynasties, political stability led to economic development and the construction of cities. The elements of city walls in this frescoes period are gradually enriched, and show that the ritual system began to be established. The city wall in the Grand Tang to Late Tang dynasties were the period of maturity, a period of economic prosperity and development, when the technology and types of city walls matured, and the ritual hierarchy was established. The city wall in the Five Dynasties belongs to the period of evolution, the defense function of the wall reappeared in the frescoes with the emergence of the late Tang Dynasty local ruling regimes. In addition, the low-level local city wall has also evolved and matured.The shape of the city gate is the dominant element in the transformation of the city wall paradigm and historical staging, in which the emergence of a large number of corner towers in the Grand Tang can divide the evolution of the city wall into two periods. In addition, the shape of the city and its external environment evolved slowly during this period. City wall in Dunhuang frescoes form evolutionary paradigm of dominated by the connotative impacts of the ritual and music system, supplemented by the gradual guiding impacts of social ideology, policy, and construction techniques. Through the correlation analysis of the number of gateways, the opening of the citadel and the form of the roof, which reflect the ritual system of the city wall, it is found that the city walls of Dunhuang frescoes are in line with the ancient ritual system, and the ritual system is the main factor in the transformation of the city wall paradigm.The images of city wall in Dunhuang frescoes are formed under the combined effect of multiple factors, which is dominated by the ritual system. According to the paradigm theory, the images of city wall are historical images close to the reality of the archetypes formed with the painters reached the state of expression of the “collective unconscious”. Therefore,although some of the city wall images differ from the realization, it can still consider the images of city wall in Dunhuang frescoes to have the paradigmatic characteristics of ancient Chinese cities, and regard them as the mapping of the real cities in ancient China.The study of Dunhuang frescoes architecture is of great significance in supplementing the historical materials of ancient architecture. According to the research, although some of the city wall images differ from the realization, but it can still build the ancient city wall image library by them through the exclusion, screening and organization based on historical data. This paper proves that the images of city wall in Dunhuang frescoes comprehensively display the rich and three-dimensional image of ancient city walls, and at the same time, it can also provide theoretical reference for the construction of the image library of ancient Chinese city walls and the archaeological research of ancient cities.Dunhuang frescoes shows the historical picture of ancient China’s architecture for thousands of years, which is an important historical material for the study of China’s ancient architectural research, especially the pre-Tang Dynasty architecture. In future research, it can be studied from the ancient planning ideas, the construction of human settlements, residential architecture and garden architecture and other directions in Dunhuang frescoes, and provide new historical materials for the history of Chinese architecture and urban construction. In addition, 3D restoration modeling of the images of city wall in Dunhuang frescoes can be carried out to enrich the historical materials of ancient Chinese architecture with more intuitive and real information.