Abstract:For several decades, the United States has been committing to improving air quality by empowering its Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and has achieved excellent results on a large scale. However, EPA has reported that, there were still a large number of population, over 81 million in 2019, living in counties with air quality concentrations above one or more National Ambient Air Quality standards (NAAQs) in the US. Currently, in some major intensive manufacturing cities, air pollution still presents at relatively high levels, such as Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Dallas, and Houston. In relevant environmental studies, environmental justice is often highlighted that disadvantaged populations are often observed experiencing higher level of air pollutions, but fewer studies have adopted quantitative methods to assess the effectiveness of environmental policies. Taking the Houston area as an empirical case, this study explores the impact of air pollution on local housing prices and racial distributions, and examines the impact of regional environmental policies on housing prices. As the most populous city in southern US, Houston is famous of its energy industry and the majority working class population own at least one vehicle. Industrial production and traffic emission are the two primary sources of air pollution in the urban area. Additionally, high temperature stimulates the creation of smog and ozone, causing public health concerns to the local communities. Even though that the overall air quality is good in this area, there are still many days in a year when the air pollution levels exceed the limit, especially the ground level ozone. This study employs the Hedonic price model to quantify the impact of urban ozone pollution on local communities and residents, as well as to test the responses of housing prices to environmental policies. The Hedonic price model recognizes the housing prices as a bundle of prices of many different characteristics, often referring as the implicit prices. To evaluate the impact of air pollution, ground level ozone is considered as one of many explanatory variables that affect housing prices. Ozone data is obtained from Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), which is the state environment agency monitoring daily air quality. In geographic information system (GIS), inverse distance weighted (IDW) method is applied to interpolate site observed ozone data to the entire study area, and then each housing unit is assigned with an estimated ozone value by their location. The other explanatory variables in the model include housing structure variables, neighborhood quality variables, and demographic variables. To identify city centers, Census Transportation Planning Products (CTPP) data is obtained to identify major Transportation Analysis Zones (TAZs) that have the highest job densities as city centers. Moreover, EPA has passed three ozone standards, 1997 standard, 2008 standard, and 2015 standard, based on which metropolitan areas are being identified as attainment or nonattainment areas. Four dummy variables are included to represent four periods of time before and after governmental regulations became effective on air quality. There are several interesting and important findings. First, this study finds that housing prices follow the general market trend. Housing prices are negatively correlated with home age, distance to central business districts, and distance to nearest highway, but positively correlated with floor area, school district quality, and median area incomes. Second, accessibility analysis shows that housing prices decrease with the increasing distance from the urban centers, which reflects the special pattern of urban development in the US. Housing units locate close to city centers are generally older, and most of the newer housing units are built in the suburbs. Housing units with high accessibility to city centers and transportation facilities tend to have higher transaction prices as land value is relatively higher within the city than in the suburbs. In addition, this study finds that air pollution has an unbalanced impact on housing prices. The regression results indicate that the ozone levels positively correlate with median housing value. Areas close to city centers tend to experience higher level of ozone. Percentages of Asian population, Hispanic population, and African American population are used to estimate the impact of demographics on housing prices. The regression also shows that minority populations are negatively correlated with housing prices. The evaluation of the environmental standards shows that environmental policies have two major effects. One is that the policies have lagged effects on housing prices. The other one is that those policies, in general, have positively significant impacts on local housing prices. As air pollution standards become more and more strict, air quality could be potentially improved over time. In future research, improvements can be made by incorporating more explanatory variables and by collecting more air monitoring data. Additional site monitoring air quality data could improve the accuracy of interpolation method. This study is among one the few studies exploring the relationship between air pollution and the housing market in the Houston area, and it discusses the effectiveness of local environmental policies in-depth.

Abstract:Urban governance of air pollution at the fine-grained or hyperlocal level has attracted great attention to improving the quality of urban life. The assessment of spatiotemporal patterns of fine particles (PM 2.5 ) in urban areas and their corresponding influencing factors can help reinforce the positive impact of urban planning and design on public health. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) was selected as the research object and the literature review of its distribution characteristics, influencing factors, the evolution of research methods was presented under the regional-city-community scale. The outlook on urban planning response was put forward then. As urban governance has entered into a new development stage in China, researchers have gradually started to explore the urban PM 2.5 distribution patterns in-depth in different spatial and temporal dimensions. In this way, they could respond to air pollution issues more efficiently and precisely from the perspective of urban planning and management. The annual variation of PM 2.5 concentration in China showed a U-shaped curve, which presented higher in winter and lower in summer. In addition, the daily concentration variations were bimodal and had hourly differences, showed that the maximum appeared during the morning and evening rush hours. The spatial distribution showed that the pollution caused by PM 2.5 was severer in the plain areas of North China, while the areas north of the Yangtze River also showed higher PM 2.5 concentration levels due to the dense population and developed economy. South of the Yangtze River, Tibet, and Yunnan in the southwest and southeast coastal areas had lower annual average PM 2.5 concentrations. At the urban scale, different cities showed different spatial and temporal distribution patterns due to their various geographical location, population distribution, and climatic characteristics. At the same time, the distribution of the pollution sources, traffic behavior, and blue-green spaces within the cities were also the main influence factor of PM 2.5 concentrations on the urban scale. The community-scale PM 2.5 distribution showed much heterogeneous, in specific, areas with dense traffic and crowd activities presented higher PM 2.5 concentrations, especially near highways. As urban management is required increasingly refined, understanding the complexity of the main factors affecting the multiple-scale spatial and temporal distribution of urban PM 2.5 , promoting refined urban air management according to local conditions, and carrying out the optimal assessment of urban planning and design based on air quality is becoming an inevitable option to achieve high-quality urban development. PM 2.5 concentration in cities is mainly governed by the land pattern, transportation network, emission source distribution, blue-green open space, and meteorological factors. At the regional scale, PM 2.5 concentrations were mainly related to economic and social factors, such as industrial structure, urbanization rate, and precipitation. At the city scale, urban spatial structure, land use type, ventilation corridor construction, population size, and meteorological conditions all affected the distribution of PM 2.5 concentrations in cities. In addition, the spatial layout of buildings and structures, the morphology of transportation facilities, and the characteristics of vegetation were identified as the main influencing factors of PM 2.5 distribution at the community scale. In terms of research methods, three types of methods were commonly used in studying the spatial and temporal characteristics of PM 2.5 concentrations in urban areas at multiple scales: atmospheric chemical transport models such as WRF-Chem and WRF-CMAQ, remote sensing inversion methods, and spatial statistical models such as land use regression (LUR). These methods could quantitatively assess and predict the spatial and temporal characteristics of PM 2.5 concentrations in high resolution. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms innovated the methods of urban air quality prediction simulation in temporal and spatial dimensions, providing more temporal and spatial data models for solving practical problems. They also promoted the formation of ever-complete spatiotemporal data prediction networks, which were more advantageous in the fusion analysis of nonlinear and more complex features at high precision scales. Using urban planning solutions, previous studies focused on two perspectives, reducing emission intensity and accelerating pollution dispersion to manage urban air pollution. The solutions of promoting regional collaborative governance and adjusting industrial structure were proved effectively in reducing pollution at the regional scale. Meantime, optimizing the plan of blue-green space and traffic facilities were useful solutions at the city scale. While at the community scale, adjusting the design of neighborhood building layouts was adopted. These solutions could help researchers deal with air pollution more efficiently and precisely in the field of urban planning and management. Finally, this paper proposed the following recommendations in response to the requirements of refined urban governance and existing urban governance experience: 1) Artificial intelligence (AI) models explore the PM 2.5 concentrations distribution characteristic and mapping of PM 2.5 source apportionment with high spatial and temporal resolution; 2) Determination of influencing factors of the spatiotemporal distribution of urban PM 2.5 concentrations under the different scales; 3) Prediction of high-resolution urban PM 2.5 concentrations distribution patterns and promotion refined urban planning and governance under different scales.

Abstract:The rapid construction of high-speed rail promotes the agglomeration effect, improves the accessibility of station area traffic, drives the spatial flow of different elements and the agglomeration of people, and forms the driving force for development. The gathering rules of people are related to the characteristics of the station area. The construction of the station area has an impact on crowd behavior, and the characteristics of crowd activities can provide a basis for the optimization and layout adjustment of the station area. Due to the limitation of data and other reasons, the existing research focuses on the spatial form of the station area, economic development, etc., and the research on the quantitative analysis of population agglomeration and the influence mechanism is insufficient. This paper uses big data and traditional data such as mobile phone signaling and POI of Amap to analyze the population distribution characteristics and influencing factors of 13 high-speed rail stations in four cities of Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing and Chengdu. It carried out researches according to the logical main line of “population characteristics-influencing factors-influencing mechanisms-planning response”. By analyzing the characteristics of high-speed rail stations, it is found that the proportion of resident passenger flows at different stations are different. The non-resident passenger flow is significantly higher than the resident passenger flow. The resident passenger flow accounts for about 22% of the total passenger flow of high-speed rail travel. The non-high-speed rail passenger flow has significant characteristics in terms of the built environment and gathering direction. The population living or working in the station area has a relatively low dependence on the high-speed rail, and the dependence of the residents on the high-speed rail is greater than that of the workers. Among non-high-speed rail passenger flows, few significant differences of the proportion of residents and workers at most stations is found. The paper extracts and analyzes the significant influencing factors of population agglomeration in transportation service facilities, commercial and business facilities, public service facilities, station location, etc. The results show that there are differences in the relevant factors affecting people clustering in different types of high-speed rail stations. High-speed rail passenger flow is positively correlated with population scale, transportation facilities, and station building scale. Non-high-speed rail passenger flow is positively correlated with commercial and public service facilities, and negatively correlated with station location. The living or working population is positively correlated with population size, transportation facilities, and station building scale. The paper deeply analyzes the influence mechanism of high-speed railway station area crowd gathering, and explores the function mechanism of basic support force, node comprehensive strength, and place resident force for station area development. In the initial stage of station establishment, the urban development conditions provided the station with “basic support”, the change of traffic accessibility increased the value of the node, and attracted more non-resident passengers, and the station’s transportation facilities played the role of “node comprehensive power”. With the continuous improvement of the station area development and construction, various facilities provide “place resident power”, and the value of the place is prominent. The non-resident passenger flow began to overflow to the resident passenger flow. In addition, the information flow, logistics, and capital flow are converged in the station area, and the high- speed rail passenger flow is further enhanced. The spatial distribution of the agglomeration of non-high-speed rail passenger flows includes three agglomeration modes: fan-shaped agglomeration, balanced direction agglomeration, and insignificant agglomeration. The influence mechanisms of different agglomeration modes have certain differences. The high-speed rail has no obvious impact on the cluster of residents or working people in the station area. On the one hand, the construction time of stations in new urban areas or fringe areas is short. On the other hand, with the development of cities and urban agglomerations, the proportion and frequency of crowd trips have increased, but they have not yet formed a certain scale. Finally, this paper proposes related planning strategies such as coordinating the spatial relationship based on the multi-perspective of “people-station-city”, constructing efficient traffic based on “time-space-quantity” multi-level, and dynamic planning of station area based on “circle-environment-industry” multi-dimensionality.

Abstract:Station placement has been a controversial topic in China’s high-speed railway (HSR) development. The media and the literature have frequently mentioned that many HSR stations are placed too far from the cities they intend to serve, and new districts planned around HSR stations are becoming ghost towns. In addition, those mis-placed stations reflect the poor connection of HSR and local urban planning. Location choice of HSR station can significantly influence the accessibility and social-economic benefits brought by HSR investment. Therefore, the decision-making process underlying HSR station placement has significant policy implications. As a result of multi-stakeholder game, station placement is affected by not only geographical conditions and technical factors, but also political and economic factors. This paper reviews the underlying principles of HSR station placements under the changing circumstances of HSR funding. We find out that decisions on station placement are driven by four distinct factors: passengers’ access to HSR stations, cost constraint of the rail company, local government’s desire for land development revenue, and the equity concern of the central government. These factors in many circumstances contradicts with each other, and their relative importance largely shapes the outcome of station placement. The observed station placement outcome, therefore, could be explained with a framework incorporating these four factors. With this framework, this paper explains a group of representative cases of HSR station placement. Firstly, it is not rare that travelers’ convenience is emphasized in HSR station location choice. Noticeable examples include Shanghai Hongqiao Station and Shenzhen Futian Station. Shanghai Hongqiao rail Station claims to be the most passenger friendly air-rail transport hub in China. It enables easy connections between HSR and flight. This location selection was made possible because the reform in the national rail system happened to increase the negotiation power of Shanghai city government. Shenzhen Futian rail station, secondary to Shenzhen North Station, is at the very center of Shenzhen. It was completely funded by the local government. It aims to offer a better intercity rail travel experience for travelers whose trips originate or end around the city government center. The economic and political power of Shenzhen and Shanghai plays a vital role to place stations at such location, despite its relatively high engineering cost. Secondly, the stations’ placement in most secondary cities are affected by the rail company’s desire to save engineering cost and to shorten travel time between the major anchor cities. The former Ministry of Railway introduced the principle of “big and fast” for HSR projects, which prioritizes service quality for the regional centers at the expense of that for smaller cities. As a result, typical stations in the secondary city have to be relatively distanced from the central part of the city in order to save engineering cost and to maintain operational line-haul speed. It frequently happens that HSR stations are so distanced from the pre-existing urban area that the plan to build an urban settlement around the new HSR station imposes a great challenge. Thirdly, a few widely criticized HSR station placement are produced out of political equity rather than transportation demand. As HSR becomes a symbol of modernity, leaders of various local governments compete for HSR services. China’s planning rule for HSR says that local governments are qualified to have a station if the rail track passes its jurisdiction, which unfortunately results in unnecessary and sub-optimum station placement. In addition, when HSR service and HSR stations are used as a measure for poverty reduction in China’s relatively under-developed inner parts, the weak city center there can hardly plays as an anchor point for station placement. One representative case is Xiaoganbei rail station, which claims to be China’s No.1 HSR station when ranked by the distance to the city center. Fourthly, with a strong interest in land lease profits, local governments are quite willing to put the station at the periphery or even outside the pre- existing built-up area, expecting great land value increments around HSR stations. However, unfulfilled development around HSR stations creates a persistent impression that the station has been placed at wrong location. The existing experience tells us that HSR service alone is not sufficient to create a new city. The case of Huizhounan rail station and Guangzhounan Rail Station, tell that stable and favorable urban and regional plans are essential for timely land development around the new HSR stations. Overall, those mis-placed HSR stations represent a new challenge to connect urban development and transportation investment in the HSR era. The so- called “mis-placed HSR stations” may not be truly mis-placed, but reflects a variety of station placement outcome. Station placement is driven by mainly four factors, and their relative importance shapes the dynamics of station-placement. Those rationales behind the HSR station placement can also bring some inspirations for the future development. As the railway investment and operation becomes more market-oriented, the funding source of HSR project will increasingly shift toward province and local governments, which gives them greater bargaining power in HSR alignment and station placement. HSR stations to be planned are opportunities for resourceful local governments who are ambitious enough to reshape its urban spatial structure with the new HSR station, as long as the risk of debt is taken good care of. For HSR stations in operation, they serve as nodes in the transport network. The vitality of their surrounding area relies on and interfere with the function of HSR stations. Existing research tells us that a value-capture mechanism based on real estate property could serve as a venue to improve the co-existence of the station and its surrounding area..

Abstract:Urban transportation & built environment (TBE) planning is the core contents of urban comprehensive planning, and a kind of planning with transportation infrastructure planning and configuration as the main design content, and contains the relevant environmental design of the special planning. As one of the branches of the overall urban design or master plan, and the matching degree between the social economic conditions such as GDP, the main planning concepts like smart growth or TOD (transit oriented development) and policy guarantees like government initiatives of a legal nature and utility, such as land zoning laws and land management regulations for development zones, it has a continuous impact on urban development at different stages. In the important period when Chinese cities are facing with the transformation and development of spatial growth to connotation upgrading, the land development strategy of many cities has changed from incremental to stock, which not only begins to have the overall spatial boundary control, but also pays more attention to the harmonious relationships between ecology, production and life, and pays more attention to the development of social relations in addition to the economic benefits of the city. Further examining the paradigm changes (including the background, development concept, planning key points, implementation effect, etc.) in the comprehensive planning of metropolis in developed countries at different stages, comparing the phased characteristics of the development of China’s metropolis since 1979, which is the real development period of China, will provide a useful reference for the qualitative development in future. By combing the development context of TBE planning in some cities in China and the United States, it is believed that the evolution of TBE development in large cities in the United States reflects the continuous innovation and development of the comprehensive planning paradigm under the mutual influence of TBE. It embodies typical differentiated phase characteristics in planning concepts, technical methods and implementation guarantees. China’s metropolitan transportation development is a process of constantly learning from the construction experience of developed countries and combining with its own practice. With the further advancement of regional integration and transportation system construction, some large cities have begun to rise from spatial expansion to the level of policy governance. The large number of traffic flows generated at the regional level require coordinated governance of multiple cities. A variety of new travel modes put forward new requirements for traffic management. The development of big data has created brand-new technical means for urban traffic governance, which requires multiple parties such as government, enterprises, and the public to participate in traffic governance. Under the current background of the reform of the space planning system, the spatial development of China’s large cities embodies the four new trends of people-oriented, regional integration, quality improvement, and diversified values. The paradigm evolution of comprehensive planning has gone through four stages, the first stage with the construction of road traffic facilities as the main body, the second stage with the construction of traffic facilities promoted by the development of the built environment as the main body, the mutual support and guidance of TBE, and the gradual promulgation of traffic management policies is the third stage of the main body, and the fourth stage of expansion and deepening is supported by big data, characterized by spatial quality improvement, targeted for travel services, and guaranteed by demand management. In the future, the focus of comprehensive planning will be given to consideration to the demand for renewal of space stock and the multiple objectives of sustainable development, better practice people-oriented in space, so as to achieve new breakthroughs in space governance by continuously improving the quality of space.

Abstract:Green travel refers to travel behavior that have little impact on the environment, including preferential choice of green transportation modes such as public transportation, bicycles, and walking. Advocating green travel is a realistic choice to alleviate traffic congestion in big cities and reduce the air pollution. It is also a strategic need to respond to the energy crisis and global climate change. Measures to promote green travel can be considered from two aspects: built environment planning and transportation demand management. The built environment plan aims to promote the transformation of residents’ transportation options to green travel by creating a built environment for residential areas and main activity locations. Compared with built environment planning, transportation demand management can increase the proportion of green travel such as public transportation and slow traffic without changing the land layout. As two important measures to promote green travel, there have been many studies analyzing the impact of the built environment or transportation demand management on travel behavior, but most of them ignore the synergy between them. A better understanding of the impacts of the built environment and transportation demand management on travel behavior and their synergistic effects can provide theoretical support and nuanced policy implications for promoting green travel in large cities, and have academic significance for improving the basic scientific level of urban traffic planning and management. This paper summarizes previous studies on the impacts of the built environment and transportation demand management on travel behavior and the synergy between the built environment and transportation demand management. In light of the connections between built environment attributes and travel behavior in Chinese large cities, this study also offers some recommendations for future studies. The built environment and transportation demand management are two key factors that affect residents’ travel behavior. However, related researches on the built environment, transportation demand management, and travel behavior are far from meeting the requirements of fully and accurately describing and explaining the internal relationships of the three, and cannot support the scientific and accurate implementation of various travel policies. Accurate analysis of the impact of the built environment and transportation demand management on travel behavior, as well as the threshold effect and synergy between the two on travel behavior, can provide theoretical support and accurate policy basis for promoting green travel in big cities. This paper summarizes previous studies on the impacts of the built environment and transportation demand management on travel behavior and the synergy between the built environment and transportation demand management. In the literature review of the research on the relationship between the built environment and travel behavior, this paper mainly explains the reasons for the current research controversy from four aspects: sample segmentation problems, modifiable area unit problem, nonlinear and threshold effect of the built environment, and modeling methods for built environment and green travel behavior. At present, there are many related studies analyzing the impact of transportation demand management policies on travel behavior and its effectiveness evaluation. This paper mainly reviews the previous literature from three aspects: travel cost, travel restriction, and effectiveness evaluation of transportation demand management policies. In addition, considering the development level of the city, the built environment, and the travel purposes of different residents, the general city will implement multiple transportation demand management policies at the same time, and there are also relevant studies that suggest multiple measures to be implemented at the same time. This paper summarizes the literatures that studied the simultaneous implementation of multiple transportation demand management policies. We also focus on the analysis of the synergy between the built environment and transportation demand management. A conceptual model diagram of the causal relationship between the built environment, travel attitude and green travel is drawn to visually explain the mutual effects. Although scholars have pointed out that the relationship between the built environment and transportation demand management is not a substitute, but there is a synergistic effect, there are few studies that consider the synergy between the built environment and transportation demand management at the same time. Analyzing the differential impact of built environment characteristics under different transportation scenarios can provide scientific guidance for coordinating built environment planning and transportation demand management measures. The relationship between the built environment and transportation demand management involves many factors and complex mechanisms. Although there are related researches, the current research results still cannot meet the requirements of accurately and fully describing and explaining the synergistic effects and evolution laws between the two. Based on the current research status, combined with the built environment of big cities and the characteristics of residents’ travel, the following aspects need to be carried out urgently: 1) model analysis of the spatial scale and threshold effect of the built environment affecting green travel; 2) identification of psychological influencing variables and integration of theoretical frameworks into green travel behaviors of residents in large cities; 3) built environment, travel attitude, and causal sequence and evolution process identification of green travel.

Abstract:At present, there are serious problems in the global nutrient circulation and urban metabolism, which are ignored by the researchers of human settlement field. Normally, nutrients refer to the substances that an organism obtains from the surrounding environment to support the growth of the organism and maintain life. In the context of ecological problems, nutrients mainly refer to nutrient elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium required for farming. These nutrient elements maintain the operation of the whole ecosystem orderly through the natural metabolic process. Similar to energy circulation and water circulation, nutrient circulation has always been an important component of the urban ecological circulation system. It links the natural ecosystem and the human social system as an organic whole with the help of the agricultural system. In the pre-industrial society, the human and animal waste could be recycled to facilitate nutrient recycling. However, the industrialized society abandoned this good tradition and relied entirely on external resources to maintain agricultural cultivation. The nutrients are imported into cities in the form of food, which is consumed by city residents and converted into human excrement and organic waste. The human excrement is dealt with by sewage treatment plants, while the organic waste is mainly sent to suburban areas for landfill or incineration. Thus, a large number of nutrients cannot be returned to the soil, which directly leads to the following serious consequences: on the one hand, surface water is polluted, rubbish is piled up and human health is threatened; on the other hand, due to the decline of farmland fertility, a large amount of minerals and energy is consumed to produce chemical fertilizer so as to supply the land fertility, resulting in a serious nutrient crisis. With the increase of urban population, the one- way-flow of urban nutrients and linear metabolism has increasingly become the dominant factors of nutrient shortage and environmental degradation. Based on this background, closed urban nutrient circulation becomes an important topic in the field of ecological human settlement environment. As a fundamental principle of soil science, the nutrient circulation was analyzed earlier in the agro-food system. And now, it has become one of the most important evaluation indexes for the sustainable development of human society. The close correlation between the degree of nutrient circulation and kinds of environmental pollution problems are generally acknowledged. From the perspective of human settlement,the paper presents the relevant discussion between eco-city and nutrient circulation in recent international academia, and presents a systematic literature review mainly from the following four aspects: the mechanism of nutrient circulation for eco-city, the crucial strategies of urban nutrient circulation (urban agriculture), the technical framework of urban nutrient circulation, as well as the eco-city planning and construction integrated with nutrient circulation. From the perspective of this paper, in recent years, the international academic community has paid more attention to the ecological significance of nutrient circulation and related technical issues. Especially in the decentralized nutrient recovery in low-density and low-income communities, in-situ reuses technology, as well as the urban and rural nutrient recycling. Many technologies related to the nutrient circulation have been successfully applied to ecological communities and building practices, along with the advantages and disadvantages, technological feasibility, benefits and risks of nutrient circulation have also been summarized. As the connector and regulator of urban nutrient metabolism circulation, urban agriculture has also been fully discussed by the researchers and many theoretical researches are presented. China has rich experiences in the use of large-scale sewage treatment plants, treat of urban organic waste by compost yard, as well as reuse urban fertilizers in the rural areas. These research results and practical experiences have laid a foundation for the further development of related theoretical problems in this field. However, there are still insufficient researches in this emerging field, and the following shows four aspects that need to be further strengthened in the near future. 1) In the future, it is necessary to further define the constituent system and hierarchical structure of urban nutrient systems in order to further standardize the research content and define environmental intervention strategies; 2) The urban nutrient cycle should be regarded as a compound system, which includes the space, technology and society. The study of multi-dimensional interaction mechanism should be further strengthened; 3) How to build an appropriate technical system to give the nutrient metabolism process an environmental quality that matches the needs of urban communities and “elegantly” close the nutrient cycle is a new element that needs to be included and a new subject that needs to be solved in the current ecological city construction; 4) It is necessary to focus on how to return to traditional ecological wisdom and transform the traditional system of nutrient cycling into a new system with more adaptability, so as to provide a theoretical support for exploring the localization of China's ecological city construction.

Abstract:The outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) has severely affected people’s lives, health and daily life. The population, production and living resources in cities are relatively concentrated, and the losses are often more serious when public health emergencies occur. In addition, due to rapid population growth and disorderly spread of urban boundaries, urban vulnerability and the probability of secondary disasters have increased, and the difficulty of post-disaster prevention and recovery has also increased. Urban resilience can effectively respond to sudden disaster risks, and through a series of interventions, help cities transition from a collapsed state to a self-organizing cycle of steady state, and gradually recover. Therefore, it has become increasingly important to formulate specific prevention and control mechanisms and strategies for public health emergencies, and to build an urban resilience planning framework oriented to prevent and control emergencies. In this context, this article firstly expounds the concept of urban resilience, that is, urban resilience refers to the urban system that can withstand a lot of changes and self-organize and adapt to maintain the original function and structure of the city when faced with acute shocks and chronic pressures. Secondly, the article sorts out the characteristics and meanings of urban resilience planning, including self-organization, redundancy, diversity, adaptability, synergy, and interdependence. By analyzing the response relationship between the characteristics of resilient cities and response measures to public health emergencies, the applicability of urban resilience planning to respond to public health emergencies is discussed. It is believed that the characteristics of resilient urban planning can influence and help address public health emergencies. The construction and implementation of various response measures can effectively respond to the incident. Thirdly, the article is based on the four aspects of vulnerability analysis, urban governance, prevention, and uncertainty-oriented planning in the framework of urban resilience planning, combined with the four development cycles of the precursor period, outbreak period, treatment period and recovery period of public health emergencies. Based on the principle of resilient city characteristics, a framework for early warning, response and recovery is constructed. Finally, the article proposes response strategies for public health emergencies based on the framework of early warning, response and recovery. At the early warning level, it evaluates potential risks and builds an early warning system to prepare for disaster prevention; at the response level, it includes the provision of redundant allocation of urban emergency resources, the diversified construction of urban infrastructure, and the multi-level collaboration of urban ecological environment. The four major planning strategies are for self-organized response at the community level; at the recovery level, it includes focusing on the reconstruction and restoration of resilient urban planning, emphasizing post-disaster assessment and feedback, and enhancing public awareness of disaster prevention with a view to constructing a socialized, instant, informatized, and comprehensive, urban resilience framework for responding to public health emergencies.

Abstract:Physical activity level is closely related to the healthy life of residents, especially for the elderly, appropriate physical activity has a positive effect on their physical and mental health. Buying foods is one of the important activities in the daily travel of the elderly in the city, which has a significant impact on their quality of lives. The frequency of food market used by the elderly reflects their daily physical activities level to a large extent, and is closely related to the characteristics of food market itself and surrounding built environment. In the fruitful research on the relationship between the built environment and physical activity, there is still a lack of systematic decomposition of the built environment and in-depth discussion on the healthy life of the elderly. In order to analyze the key influencing factors of the built environment of the frequency of food market used by the elderly, and to explore the needs of the built environment from the perspective of healthy life of the elderly, this paper from two levels of accessibility and attractiveness, decomposes built environment into two dimensions: spatial proximity and travel suitability, self-planning elements and external environment characteristics, and constructs an integrated analysis framework. The convenience of spatial conditions and environmental quality of the food market determine the results of its use. Through these two levels, we can clearly and structurally reflect the impact of the food market on users. In terms of data collection, through the questionnaire and structured interview survey of the elderly in the central area of Dalian, the elderly were randomly asked about the place, time, frequency and personal attributes of shopping activities, so as to obtain the daily travel data of the elderly. In the analysis method, ArcGIS software is used to analyze the spatial characteristics of variables, the nuclear density analysis method is used to analyze the spatial layout characteristics of the facilities network, and the buffer zone analysis method is used to determine the research scope around the food market. With the help of SPSS software, the specific index elements of the accessibility and attractiveness of the built environment of the food market and the use frequency of the elderly were analyzed respectively, and the significant influencing factors were screened. It is found that in terms of accessibility, spatial distribution density promotes the elderly to buy foods, the increase of minimum space distance, actual travel distance and the number of intersections has a negative impact on the frequency of using foods market, while the correlation between the satisfaction of walking facilities and the usage frequency has not passed the significant test. Compared with the travel suitability, the spatial proximity has a negative impact on the elderly food market usage frequency has a greater effect on validity. In terms of attractiveness, the types and nature of land use have significant differences in the average use frequency of the elderly’s food market. Compared with the street functional richness and land use mix, the diversity of facilities and outlets significantly promotes the elderly’s food buying activities. The impact of self-planning elements and external environmental characteristics complement each other. Comprehensive analysis shows that compared with accessibility, attractiveness is the dominant factor affecting the usage frequency, in which the market type and the diversity of facilities and outlets play a key role. It can be seen that buying foods is not a simple transactional activity for the elderly. It is an important direction of refined transformation of urban food market under the demand of healthy life of the elderly to promote the formation of "accessible and available" characteristics of facilities and places, and to support the elderly to form an active physical activity mode. In the aspect of space layout, we should not only ensure that there are enough choices for the elderly to buy foods, but also consider increasing the actual travel distance to improve the physical activity level. In the aspect of place characteristics and quality, it should keep the diversity of food market types, improve the quality of "informal" market space, and it’s suggested that the food market should be compared with other elderly places facilities (squares, parks, etc.) and it’s required to be interwoven to form a systematic travel activity chain.

Abstract:With the change in the concept of social health, the impact of the built environment on health has become a hot issue in the research of urban and rural planning in recent years. At present, most of the existing researches on healthy cities in our country explore the direct relationship between the built environment and health or physical activity, or the path that affects health by affecting physical activity. However, the existing research generally ignores the indirect effects of urban food environment on residents’ health by affecting residents’ catering behaviors. For example, many foreign studies have confirmed that obesity is closely related to whether residents can obtain affordable, balanced and diverse health foods. The traditional physical food environment can be measured by the accessibility, availability and affordability of various foods within a certain space. The first two elements are closely related to the built environment. In recent years, the rise of O2O food delivery is changing the way Chinese residents eat and drink and even their living habits. At the same time, it has also brought about some health controversies. Given that it plays an increasingly important role in residents’ daily dining behavior, it is necessary to expand the connotation of the built environment-based food environment study in our country, and to join the virtual online food environment research. “O2O takeaway”， as a new product in the information age is greatly changing the dining style and even living habits of Chinese residents; among them, college students are its important audience. This article takes Nanjing City as an example, selects 10 universities (campus) located in different locations in the city, combines big data and traditional questionnaire data, uses spatial and statistical analysis methods, and establishes a variety of analysis models step by step to explore the relationship between university’s food environment, college students’ dining behavior and individual overweight. The research finds that the physical food environment and the virtual food environment are coupled. At the same time, the effects of the two on the catering behavior are similar and different. The main conclusions of this study are as follows. 1)Different food environments have different influence mechanisms on individual dining behaviors and tendencies. In the physical dining environment, the canteen, as a basic way of dining, is mainly affected by the elements of the objective dining environment, and its willingness to choose meals is mainly affected by accessibility, while the off-campus restaurants, as a more flexible and personalized way of dining, are influenced by multiple effects of subjective and objective food environment factors. 2)The frequency of O2O takeaways is an important indicator to measure individual preference and dependence on food delivery. Research shows that the frequency of individual ordering of O2O takeaways is related to personal attributes (age, number of years in school, living expenses level), to personal dietary preferences, and positively related to respondents’ taste, health awareness and accessibility of food delivery, but is irrelevant to the perception of takeaway prices. In addition, O2O takeaways, canteens, and restaurants around the school are the three main dining options in competition. Improving the physical food environment can reduce the frequency of college students ordering takeaways. 3)Respondents’ BMI, whether they are overweight, and their weight changes have not been found to be related to the frequency or tendency of ordering takeaways. Therefore, this study cannot prove that there is a correlation between the behavior or tendency of ordering and obesity of college students. 4)For people with take-out behavior, the higher the frequency of individual ordering of healthy takeaways, the lower the BMI value of the sample; the higher the accessibility of the canteen, the lower the individual BMI value. In addition, the BMI value is also affected by other individual attributes (such as individual socioeconomic indicators, individual physical activity preferences, individual diet preferences, etc.) in addition to the food environment. Therefore, these factors should not be ignored in the research and the independent impact of the dining environment on health should be studied. . This study still has the following shortcomings. Firstly, since the research object is college students, retail food environments such as supermarkets are not considered, which may have a certain impact on the results. Secondly, the individual health indicators selected in this article are self-reported by the interviewed individuals, and thus the accuracy of the data is limited. Finally, the research method used in this article mainly explores the correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable, and does not investigate the specific influence path. These issues need to be further explored in future research. In response to the above conclusions, this article puts forward the following suggestions. 1)Walkability is the most important factor affecting people’s dining behavior in the physical food environment. The planning of the life circle should be based on the characteristics of the community to promote the layout of various healthy dining facilities. For example, for colleges and universities, the walking distance of the canteen should be optimized as much as possible, and the walkability of the campus environment should be improved through landscape design and slow-moving system planning, which will help reduce students’ dependence on off-campus restaurants and takeaways. 2)Takeaways, an emerging catering model, has greatly improved the availability of various types of food, and will account for a larger proportion of residents’ catering consumption in the future. Therefore, in the management of the urban catering environment under the concept of a healthy city, it is necessary to make an overall consideration on the planning of the virtual network food environment and physical catering facilities.

Abstract:In China, cities’ economic and social development and spatial development is directly affected by economic and social development five-year plan and urban and rural plan (which has been integrated into territorial spatial planning). The synergy of these two types of plans is of great significance for guiding the high-quality development of cities and supporting the healthy and sustainable development of China’s economy and society. The existing researches on the synergy of the two types of plans are mainly from the institutional perspective. However, these studies also show that in addition to the innovation of institutional mechanisms and planning workframe, in order to achieve good synergy between these two types of planning, we should fully understand the objective laws of urban development, and the synergy and interaction of the two types of planning in urban economic development and space development. Therefore, firstly, this paper theoretically analyzes the relationship between urban economic development and space development, and then clarifies the role and interrelationship of economic and social development planning and space planning in urban development; then this paper takes Shenzhen as the research object to analyze the synergy of its economic and social development planning and space development planning; finally, this paper discusses several tactics for the synergy of the economic and social development five-year plan and the territory development plan of large cities in China in the high-quality development period. The study of Shenzhen shows that the economic and social development plan has a strong impact on the direction of economic and social development of the city, and is an important condition for the rapid and high-quality development of city. However, its effectiveness cannot be achieved without the support of space development plan. At the same time, space development plan does not just simply support the implementation of development plan, but also has its own basic, forward-looking and strategic functions on the urban development. Third, the strategic goals of space plan cannot be realized without the impetus of development planning. Therefore, the synergy strategies of urban economic and social development planning and space development planning should be as follows. First, constructing and optimizing spatial framework based on spatial resources is fundamental to the urban economic, and space development. Second, the goals of the economic and social development five-year plan and the territorial spatial plan should be put forward coordinately on the basis of comprehensive analysis of urban economic, social, and space development conditions. Third, territorial spatial plan should make use of the driving force brought by economic and social development five-year plan to determine a reasonable path to achieve the goal of space production.

Abstract:In March 2018, the Chinese National Development and Reform Commission issued the Lanzhou-Xining Urban Agglomeration Development Plan (hereinafter referred to as the “plan”), which proposed for the first time to build a regional urban agglomeration in Northwest China from the national level. Lanzhou, Xining and their surrounding areas are located at the junction of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau in China. They are relatively densely populated areas with relatively superior natural conditions in Gansu and Qinghai province. They are also the important hubs connecting the central regions to the western regions of China. The “plan” proposes that the Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration should be cultivated and developed into an important urban agglomeration supporting the pattern of territory security and ecological security and maintaining the prosperity and stability of Northwest China. In China’s urbanization strategy, Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration, which is still in the cultivation stage, is a regional urban agglomeration in Northwest China. Compared with the role of the developed areas as the engine of China’s economic development, Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration also has its special historical mission and major responsibilities of maintaining territory and ecological security, promoting national unity, ensuring people’s livelihood and happiness. Based on the cognition of the “space of place” of this urban agglomeration, this paper analyzes the city network characteristics of Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration and explores the optimization path of regional spatial pattern of Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration by constructing three types of urban network from the perspective of “space of flows”. The main conclusions are as follows: The characteristic analysis of the three types of networks shows that Lanzhou and Xining are the main and sub centers of the city networks, and the network pattern in the east area is strong and the east area is weak. At present, Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration is in the early stage of network development, and its resource elements aggregation, infrastructure configuration and industrial development layout have not been finalized, especially for the central cities such as Lanzhou and Xining, the urban space development is still in the expansion period, and strategic deployment has been made for the bottleneck problems of their own space development. For example, the construction of Lanzhou New Area, Xining Duoba New Area and Haidong Hehuang New Area all are far away from the original central city, so the overall spatial structure of the central city will have obvious changes in the future. In addition, the improvement of modern regional transportation and communication facilities such as high-speed railway, expressway and Internet will also make a systematic and networked regional spatial structure. For the western region of China, it is undoubtedly an important way for the region to move towards a high-quality development pattern with the ecological and agricultural security as the background, the energy accumulation of urban nodes as the basis, and the improvement of functional network as the basis. Under the background that ecological conservation and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin has become a national strategy, the following aspects should be paid attention to in optimizing the regional spatial pattern of Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration. First of all, the central city needs to improve the quality and capacity, reasonably layout the strategic space area of the central city, and enhance its radiation capacity; at the same time, the Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration needs to strengthen the construction of secondary central city, improve the regional urban system, and form a multi-level urban system of “central city-secondary central city-support node”, and jointly promote the formation of an efficient development of modern metropolitan area. At the level of metropolitan area, there are strong small cities in the periphery of Lanzhou-Baiyin metropolitan area, such as Dingxi and Linxia, after the completion of the high-speed railway, Baiyin will enter Lanzhou’s 1-hour commuter circle, which will greatly promote the process of integration process of Lanzhou and Baiyin. While, in Xining-Haidong metropolitan area, although high-speed rail has been operated between Xining and Haidong, it is still necessary to actively strive for and plan the construction of intercity rail line network to create the Great Xining, so as to effectively connect with the gateway areas such as airport and airport logistics park, and strengthen the functional convection between regions.

Abstract:The research on the mismatch of job-housing originated from the concern of the vulnerable groups abroad. Although there are many concerns about the vulnerable groups including women and affordable housing residents in the current domestic research, there are few studies focusing on the balance of job-housing in low-income communities. The job-housing balance of low-income communities is affected by different social development stages and built-up environment. There are great differences between countries and regions. The research paradigm, methods and conclusions are often not fully universal. In China, the situation is especially special. The process of urbanization is so fast that the economic development among regions is unbalanced. The spatial distribution of low- income communities and the situation of job-housing are complex. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the three types of low-income residential communities by Cite Space literature measurement analysis , and traditional literature review are combined to present the progress of current domestic and foreign research on this topic. Through the comparative review of domestic and foreign literature, this paper analyzes the current job-housing balance research object and method of low-income community and the controversy in the conclusion, so as to provide theoretical support and direction for the development of related research in China. First of all, through the keyword overview analysis to clarify the differences between Chinese and foreign research target groups, it’s found that in foreign research, the research target groups have relatively clear social characteristics, and most of them focus on vulnerable groups. In contrast, domestic research groups need to be further refined. The lack of focus on the target groups ignores that the employment accessibility of different groups may vary greatly, and it will ignore the research on the job-housing relationship of vulnerable employment groups. Secondly, this paper studies the characteristics of low-income communities, especially the job- housing characteristics in foreign countries, so that we can clarify the differences of job-housing characteristics problems in different regions and their influencing mechanisms. At the same time, this paper discusses the development and the community characteristics of low-income communities in China’s special national conditions by means of classification and definition, and further discusses their job-housing characteristics. Finally, on the basis of the comparison between Chinese and foreign studies, this paper summarizes the focus issues and disputes in the current research of job housing mismatch. It is found that the built-up environment differences and individual attribute differences of low-income communities, as the key factors affecting the balance of job- housing in low-income communities, are lack of research, which partly leads to the lack of relevant planning and governance policies. Therefore, it is an important direction to focus on the research on the mismatch of occupation and residence space, which focuses on the differences between the built environment and socio-economic characteristics of low-income groups.

Abstract:The urbanization proless driven by capital expansion leads to the tightening of natunal resounrces constraints. Natural resources are not only the material basis for human survival and development, but also the ecological background supporting the process of urbanization. Therefore, the construction of ecological civilization focusing on human needs has become the only way for urban development in China. The theoretical and practical research of green infrastructure is an important topic of current academic concern. This paper discusses the construction mode of urban space guided by Green Infrastructure. It emphasizes the adaptive ecological protection and utilization in principle, integrates the thinking of ecological priority into the whole process of urban planning and design, and takes green infrastructure as the ecological support of urban space system for systematic organic construction, so as to leave enough flexibility and enhance toughness for the future development of urban space. In order to realize the normal operation of “social ecosystem” and promote the urban spatial growth to adapt to the ecological service function, the construction of the spatial model supported by Green Infrastructure not only considers the economic benefits and spatial efficiency, but also considers the comprehensive benefits of sustainable development of economy, society and ecological environment. The spatial expression emphasizes the combination of “blue-green” system and road system. Green Infrastructure is composed of natural areas and open space network. As a connecting medium, Green Infrastructure can be used as the ecological support for the synchronous development of the “two systems”. It is based on the spatial characteristics of the interrelationship between Green Infrastructure planning and urban design, mainly reflected in the structural connectivity and multi-scale adaptability. Multi scale adaptation is the foundation of green infrastructure structural connectivity, and structural connectivity is the fundamental purpose of multi-scale adaptation. Green Infrastructure is derived from the natural element system, and as an ecological support, it can fit the development order of urban space system. The systematic construction method emphasizes the organic construction of urban space system by deriving the basic structure and connecting the system as the order unit. The construction process is divided into three steps, it discusses a systematic method of ecological priority, that is “Green Infrastructure planning as spine-Grey Infrastructure planning as skeleton-The Land, Buildings, etc. as Tissue”. The advantages of green infrastructure as the guide lie in the development concept of ecological and environmental protection first, emphasizing the green spatial structure of structural connectivity, more compact and intensive project layout and efficient land use methods, so as to lay the foundation for encouraging green travel, low-carbon life and building high-quality human settlements. Infrastructure construction is the first condition of urban land development, bearing the heavy responsibility of population aggregation and industrial development. If ecological priority is not considered at the beginning of planning, the implementation of sponge city and other concepts will be difficult to sustain. However, the traditional Gray Infrastructure planning and green space system planning are two parallel work processes, which respectively undertake different urban function roles, and the functional complexity between them is not strong. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the leading role of Green Infrastructure, Gray Infrastructure to do more system cooperation, and build the urban space system of natural and artificial synchronous symbiosis. Based on the project practice of Diaoyuzui district in Chongqing, this paper analyzes the construction process of the mode, and demonstrates that the green first and gray collaborative spatial structure generation logic should be formed in the urban design of important sections. Diaoyuzui district of Chongqing is located in the southeast of Dadukou District, adjacent to Zhongliang Mountain in the north, and adjacent to the Yangtze River on three sides, with a total area of 7.92 square kilometers and a total length of 10.26 kilometers of waterfront. It is the first peninsula area where the Yangtze River enters the main urban area of Chongqing. As an important part of urban design, Diaoyuzui area has a relatively complete natural area, which provides a good ecological background for the development of urban green space network. The urban design of Diaoyuzui district is essentially the arrangement of the spatial resource allocation sequence and spatial structure generation logic. From the perspective of green space development, it accumulates practical experience for the development and construction of new urban areas and key areas. This project discusses the specific application of green infrastructure planning in mesoscale urban design, and explores an efficient and flexible spatial development model. First of all, the morphological constraints of green space elements are analyzed, and then the physical spatial structure of the city is generated within the delimited space boundary, and the “gray and green” construct to establish the spatial order of urban green integration. In a word, the implementation of the ecological support function of Green Infrastructure in urban design method is to realize the urban form with controllable system, organic whole and more toughness.

Abstract:During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were dozens of rural gardens at Guangfu Town of Suzhou, many of which were recorded by the literati at that time. The owners of these rural gardens were mostly retired literati. They chose to nestle at Guangfu town in the west of Suzhou. The town is a main scenic part of Taihu Scenic Area with two thousand years of history. The hills there stretch, which are below 300 meters at the highest elevation, and vast Taihu Lake surrounds the south to north territory of the town, and all these form the semi- encirclement terrain, a unique scenery of the lake and the hills adding radiance. These also provide natural foundational conditions for the construction of rural garden. Most ancient rural gardens at Guangfu Town were built in three areas of the traffic convenience and beautiful scenery. One was the surrounding of Xiyan Lake which is the best scenic spots of Guangfu. The second one was the Wujia Mountain area, and the third one was the lakeside area from Xiqi Mountain to Tandong Village. There were a lot of activities centering on the gardens. Firstly, they enjoyed the daily life in garden, and each space was for different use, such as the hall, pavilion, bedroom, living room, porch, study and so on. There are less daily chores in the literati’s notes, but the reader still can guess or feel the pleasure from their descriptions of the rural garden. For example, Gu Tianxu described his self-sufficient life of Wanxianglin. Secondly, friends visited there sometimes, communicating, drinking or intoning. Actually, that was very common at that time and was also a part of literati activities. Recluse Xu Yongzhuang often invited celebrities to visit his Gengxuezhai in Xiyan Lake in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Many famous scholars were the frequent guests to his garden, like Wu Kuan, painter Shen Zhou, etc. That going out of the garden to take a sightsee of the mountain landscape together was another popular literati activity, for example, climbing mountains, enjoying plum blossom, and writing poems for these. In fact, the literati of Ming and Qing Dynasties left a lot of words of travel literature, but few research connected them with garden life. Such as Ge Zhi, a recluse in Wolong Mountain of Guangfu, usually wandered in woods. The forth one is gathering with many friends. There were many famous gathering at the rural garden in the history. For example, at the beginning of February in 1701 of Kangxi Period, Zhu Yizun, the famous scholar of the Qing Dynasty,was invited by Zhang Shijun, the owner of Liufuge to the party at the pavilion in Cha Hill of Guangfu, together with other dozens of people. It was a typical party in rural garden literati’ living in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The party was well known widely because of the attendance of Zhu Yizun, the literary leader. Their rich garden life: looking for plum, enjoying snow, climbing mountains, meeting friends, drinking wine, tasting tea, visiting ancient relics and writing poems, implies rich social and cultural connotations. The main reason why they built these gardens was that they loved the natural landscape and sought for the pleasure of “reclusion in the wild”. The owners of rural gardens mentioned in Table 1 were mostly recluses. In the Ming Dynasty, they gave up the official examination, and did not enter into the official career. The situation of the early Qing Dynasty was different from that of Ming Dynasty. If the Ming recluses were due to being tired of the career, and choosing to dwell in countryside and pay attention to their own moral uplift, so the early Qing recluses were with the hate of subjugation, not willing to be officer for Qing government and decided to live reclusion life. So, they were more than recluses, also adherents of Ming Dynasty as their identity. The most typical examples were Ge Zhi and Xu Fang. Another possible reason was that it was communicated with Suzhou City by water convenience, with the mountain and the lake adding to each other’s splendor, which formed the perfect scenery. Thus, there were also many recluses in the history. With the change of society in modern times, the rural gardens has disappeared, but the sites of these gardens and the spots of literati’s activities have become an important part of the Suzhou garden culture, which should arouse our attention. The study of these rural gardens and the exploration of their historical connotation and cultural value can provide reference for relevant disciplines and academic support for the development of local cultural undertakings.

Abstract:With the development of technology, the application of eye tracking technology in landscape research has gradually increased, which provides a more objective evaluation method for landscape visual evaluation research. Eye tracking was mainly used in advertising evaluation and reading research in the early stage. It has been gradually introduced in design psychology, cartography, driving, multimedia courseware design, geography and living environment in recent years. At present, researchers have applied eye tracking to landscape visual assessment. By recording people’s observation of the landscape environment objectively, the visual experience and cognitive process of human eyes are quantified, so that the subjective feelings of evaluators can be objectively reflected through eye movement indicators. Compared with the verbal reports of participants, eye tracking technology is more objective, with the advantages of quantitative research and direct evaluation. It is a powerful tool in landscape research. This paper purposes to summarize and prospect the application, general application characteristics, limitations and trends of eye tracking technology in landscape research on the basis of reviewing relevant research literature. This article uses the CiteSpace visual atlas analysis tool, based on 127 English literatures from Web of Science database and 88 Chinese literatures from CNKI, to visualize and quantitatively analyze the status and trends of eye movement research in the landscape, assisted with qualitative analysis. To summarize the research findings: eye movement research began in 2003, and such research in China has been started relatively late, with a large number of studies focused between 2013 and 2020. In landscape research, eye tracking technology is currently mainly used in the field of landscape aesthetics, practical effects and healing effects. Researches on aesthetic effects mainly focus on building a subjective evaluation system of landscape visual quality by combining eye movement with subjective evaluation, use eye tracking technology to analyze the participants’ visual behavior and landscape quality, and then infer the influence of the landscape space or its components on the landscape quality; practical effects pursue the satisfaction of people’s needs for familiarity, viewing, and use of scenery, and related research focuses on wayfinding, tourism resources and map use; the healing effect focuses more on the adjustment of the individual’s physical and mental health,with eye tracking technology generally combined with questionnaires and scales to explore the relations between environmental components and individual behavioral psychology. This paper sorts out the existing eye movement research in the landscape field, and summarizes the general characteristics of eye movement research in the landscape from three aspects: participants, experimental materials, and eye movement indicators. In eye movement research, experimental design is particularly important. The results have an important relationship with the choice of participants, experimental materials and eye movement indicators. Due to the complexity of the experiment, college students are usually selected as participants, and the number is about 30. Experimental materials include static stimulus, dynamic stimulus and real environment. The three stimulus materials have their own advantages and disadvantages. From the feasibility of current research and the systematic perspective of data interpretation, static stimulus materials are the most widely used. Dozens of eye movement indicators have been used in various studies. Among them, commonly used eye movement indicators include fixation indicators, saccade indicators, and pupil indicators. At present, the application of eye tracking technology in landscape research still has certain limitations. In order to ensure the scientificity of eye movement research, the scientific and rigorous aspects of eye movement data extraction, interpretation and experimental process control should be further promoted. The base number and selection range of the participants should be expanded, making the samples diverse. Combining with cognitive psychology testing methods, strengthening the coordination of eye movement and other physiological sensor technologies, and conducting multi-sensory comprehensive evaluation in the landscape field will help to better explore and explain the relationship between “human-space-perception”. The application of eye tracking technology to quantify and explore people’s in-depth perception of the landscape environment, to enhance the credibility of landscape evaluation using objective data, and to improve the quality of the landscape, is bound to get more attention and recognition in landscape design and optimization. Eye tracking will also become an irreplaceable method and tool in landscape visual evaluation. It is believed that with the development of research, eye tracking technology will be more widely used in the landscape field, and more in-depth and systematic research will be completed.

Abstract:Chinese traditional villages and dwellings have a long history and a wide range of distribution. In the long-term development process, affected by the regional environment, climate characteristics, human history and other factors, they have formed a variety of residential types. Dongyang City, in the middle of Zhejiang Province, has been the hometown of architecture since ancient times, with many construction craftsmen and excellent construction skills. The traditional villages are often composed of “thirteen rooms” as a typical unit, emphasizing the integration of the village with the surrounding environment and natural scenery. At the same time, Dongyang is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with high temperature and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter. Measures such as heat protection, rain protection, moisture protection, ventilation, and wind protection are taken to prevent the indoor temperature from being too high and humid, which will affect the living environment quality of residents. Taking Hengtang Village, Liushi Street, a typical traditional village in Jinyang City as an example, this study restored the layout mode of the village by consulting historical data and field mapping, and established envi-met calculation model to simulate the wind speed, temperature and humidity of the important nodes of the village. In this paper, a typical type of three-section compound residential building, “thirteen rooms”, is selected to establish a Phenix calculation model to simulate the actual indoor ventilation of traditional residential houses. The wind speed, temperature and humidity of the village lane and important public space were recorded by on-site instrument measurements. Based on the measured, simulated and measured data, this paper discusses the climate adaptability strategy of the traditional construction methods of Dongyang residential buildings from aspects of the village planning and residential houses. First of all, through the research and analysis of the location and orientation, roadway and vents, water system and vegetation of traditional villages, it is found that in the overall planning level, Dongyang traditional houses pay attention to the optimal location, and use the surrounding natural environment to improve the microclimate of villages. The overall layout pays attention to the group optimization effect, and the residential buildings adopt the construction mode of high-density on the ground floor to form a good mutual shading effect. It also pays attention to the construction of village node space and roadway space, and uses the enlarged opening of the roadway to introduce the dominant wind in summer. The north-south lanes are narrow and deep, and properly reverse and block the north wind in winter. In addition, to meeting the spiritual needs, the village landscape also pays attention to the reasonable collocation of water system, greening, square and other landscape elements to form the temperature and humidity difference as well as strengthen the effect of stack-ventilation. Then, the spatial form and building materials of the single residential buildings are studied. It is found that in terms of the construction of single residential houses, Dongyang residential buildings form a vertical space of stack-ventilation through the bright hall and the courtyard to promote the air circulation. The veranda, open hall and attic are used as thermal buffer space to isolate the heat in summer, so as to achieve good heat insulation and self-shading effect. Take advantage of the east-west lanes and the veranda around the bright hall to form a cold lane to improve natural ventilation. The building interface adopts the combination of external solid and internal virtual, and the hollow brick wall and the wood internal wall are organically combined to form the internal environment with the bright hall as the heat conversion center. In the process of modern residential buildings, most of them consider to solve the problem of thermal comfort through the thermal control measures of a single building, which can bring higher energy consumption and not necessarily achieve better thermal comfort effect. The traditional residential buildings in Hengtang Village pursue systematic climate adaptive design strategy in the aspects of village group planning and individual residential buildings. Through the comprehensive utilization of space and materials, the optimization effect of group combination is formed, which makes up for the disadvantage of poor thermal performance of individual materials. Its ecological wisdom and technical strategy are worthy of in-depth study and reference. This study mainly analyzes the thermal environment in summer. In the future, it can further explore the wind environment, thermal environment, air tightness of building doors and windows, thermal insulation performance of materials and other issues in transition season and winter, and provide valuable methods and ideas for modern green rural planning and architectural design.