Abstract:The optimal design of building daylighting performance in cold regions is helpful to improve the quality of indoor daylight environment. In recent years, scholars have explored the optimal design of building daylighting performance based on computer simulation and parametric simulation method. The existing researches are mostly based on simulation tools, through the daylighting simulation results of a specific viewpoint in the building space, to carry out the optimal design of daylighting performance. However, there are few researches on the complex building space and the space with multiple glare sources. In the face of the increasingly complex space form of buildings in cold regions, the limitations of existing simulation design methods for daylighting performance, such as insufficient consideration of complex space and long simulation time, are increasingly prominent. It is difficult for designers to accurately judge the daylighting conditions of indoor multi-directional complex daylight sources through a single viewpoint simulation analysis. Although the daylighting analysis tool based on Radiance has a high calculation accuracy, Monte Carlo random sampling and reverse ray tracing algorithm take a long time to calculate, which limit the daylighting design efficiency in the scheme design stage. Faced with the daylighting performance simulation and optimal design requirements during the design phase of the building scheme, a method for optimal design of building daylighting performance in cold regions based on progressive tracking technology was proposed. This method can not only ensure the accuracy of graphics rendering simulation, but also realize the multi perspective and multi-directional daylighting simulation of complex building space, and improve the designer’s ability to analyze the daylight environment performance of complex building space. In this paper, a multi-storey complex building space in a cold region is taken as an example to develop the practical application of the optimal design method of daylighting performance. The optimal design process of building daylighting performance based on progressive tracking technology includes four steps: information modeling of sky environment in cold regions, parametric modeling of building information, design of daylighting performance simulation scheme, feedback of simulation results and optimal design. This study takes a multi-storey building space in Harbin as an example (45.75°N, 126.64°E). The south side of the building is close to the playground, and the north side is close to the city main road. The terrain around the building is relatively flat, and there is no high building shelter. Firstly, based on the sky meteorological data of Harbin, it constructs the information model of sky environment in cold regions. Secondly, it constructs parametric modeling based on the spatial information such as doors, windows and walls, and the physical properties of material interface. Thirdly, according to the requirements of the actual project, the simulation scheme of daylighting performance is developed based on the AcceleradRT platform. Finally, it obtains the feedback of simulation results of daylighting performance, and according to the feedback results, it proposes the methods of optimizing the indoor daylighting design. In the process of optimal daylighting performance of buildings in cold regions, the designer simulated the indoor daylighting condition of the office area at 2:00 p.m. on June 21st and obtained the pseudo color pictures of 27 main observation angles. During the camera position and observation direction moving, the designer can find the influence of multi glare daylight source from multiple perspectives and dimensions, and judge the glare prone area. The daylighting performance in most areas of the practice cases is good, which meets the needs of indoor illumination. However, the illumination and the probability of glare is relatively high. Therefore, in the process of daylighting optimal performance design, sunshade facilities should be added at the window with strong incident daylight. After adding shading facilities, the luminance and the probability of glare near the window are obviously reduced; however, the overall natural daylighting level of the office space is reduced at the same time. The study also compared the DGP values obtained from the daylighting simulation. The DGP values are mainly concentrated in the range of 20%~35%, indicating that the glare risk control is relatively good, but visual discomfort still exists in some areas. The probability of perceiving glare is obviously reduced after adding external shading facilities. With the development of the society and the demand of engineering practice, the optimal design method and technology development of daylighting in cold regions based on progressive tracking technology are promoted, which provides strong support for the daylighting design of complex space in cold areas. The results show that the optimal design of building daylighting performance in cold regions can dynamically analyze and feedback the spatial daylighting performance of complex building space, significantly reduce the time-consuming of optimal daylighting performance, improve the precision and efficiency of optimal design of building daylighting performance in cold regions, and provide technical support for building daylighting design in cold regions.

Abstract:As the interactive interface between indoor and outdoor environment, the building skin is an important system to alleviate the adverse impact of outdoor environment and respond to the users’ comfort demand, which has a significant impact on the building performance. The researches on intelligent building skins are of great significance for the implementation of energy conservation and pollution emissions reduction strategies and the construction of ecological civilization cities. Under the restriction of energy efficiency design standards, the carbon emission of the existed building envelope in cold areas is large, the cost is high, the dynamic fluctuation of outdoor environment and the potential of response to the demand of indoor users are insufficient, which restricts the improvement range of green performance of buildings in cold areas. With the development of artificial intelligence technology and the improvement of the quality of living environment, the building skin in cold regions presents an intelligent evolution trend. The paper aims to analyze the internal industrial demand of the intelligent evolution of building skin in cold regions and the external technical thrust in the context of artificial intelligence, and concludes the development of the building smart skins and discusses the keypoint scientific and technical questions. This paper reviews the research on building epidermis intelligence and analyzes the landmark achievements and engineering practice explorations in the evolution process of building epidermis intelligence. Further from the dynamic shape finding, efficient transmission and intelligent control three aspects of the evolution of intelligent development of building epidermis in the cold regions, it illustrates the science and technology issuse, so as to expand the theory and method system of building epidermis design, improve the level of building epidermis intelligence, as well as promote the transformation of building industry information. This paper is composed of 4 sections. Firstly, it analyzed the industry requirement for the intelligent evolutionary of building skins in cold regions and pointed out that the building skin played an active role in energy efficiency and pollution emissions reduction, the construction of healthy and comfortable living environment, and the improvement of green performance. Meanwhile, the study demonstrated that the application of the artificial intelligence technology, such as natural language processing, computer vision, biometrics and human-computer interaction in building adaptive skins is a promising way to solve the bottleneck problem in building design. Secondly, it reviewed the symbolic achievements and engineering practice exploration during the development of the intelligent evolution process of building skins intelligence. Since the 1960s, the intelligent evolution of building skin has gone through many stages, and gradually expanded into a multidisciplinary interdisciplinary research field for the demand of building multi green performance optimization, and evolved into kinetic architecture, climate adaptive skin and other building intelligent skin design theories and methods, and under the demand of contemporary construction industry and the thrust of artificial intelligence technology, it presents a diversified development trend. Further combined with the climate characteristics of cold regions and the main contradiction between buildings and environment in cold regions, the study analyzed the positive and negative cases of the evolution of intelligent development of building epidermis in the cold regions of science and technology issues from the dynamic shape finding, efficient transmission and intelligent control, so as to expand the theory and method system of building epidermis design, improve the level of building epidermis intelligence, and promote the transformation of building industry information. The results showed that in the aspect of dynamic shape finding, the building skin in cold regions should have a certain spatial structure to flexibly respond to the influence of environmental factors such as sunshine and radiation, and the dynamic feature of building smart skin shape should be fully considered in the design based on the dynamic nature of environmental information. In the aspect of efficient transmission, we should pay attention to the influence of low temperature environment on the implementability, weatherability and reliability of building skin transmission structure. In the aspect of intelligent control, the skin of buildings in cold areas should focus on the influence of composite daylight and thermal impacts to improve the indoor visual and thermal comfort of buildings in cold areas through responding to the sunshine radiation environment. In future, the researches on the adaptive skins for building in cold regions could expand the design theory and method system of building skins, and promote the transformation of building industry informatization.

Abstract:The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of geometric parameters of facade opening on the natural ventilation performance of large space buildings in cold regions. The National Fitness Center was selected as the research object, and the relationship between the geometric parameters of the facade opening and the natural ventilation performance was simulated and analyzed combining the parametric modeling technology, CFD numerical simulation technology and parameter correlation analysis method. Based on the field investigations of 15 national fitness centers in the cold regions, the typical space model was summarized. Four geometric parameters including the number of facade openings(Pn), the width of opening(Pw), the distance from opening to the floor(Pd) and the height of opening(Ph) were extracted as simulation variables, and the range of each geometric parameter was determined based on the survey data. The parametric model was established by setting the coupling and constraint relationships between geometric parameters. Based on the consideration of three aspects of air quality, thermal comfort and sports requirements, the air age, temperature and wind speed of the reference surface were extracted as the evaluation indicators of natural ventilation performance. Fluent in ANSYS 17.0 was used for CFD simulation analysis. Natural ventilation under the action of wind pressure and buoyancy was adopted in the simulation. The incompressible ideal gas model was used to simulate the process of natural convection. The average wind speed of the transitional season in Shenyang, a typical city in the cold region, was selected as the inlet boundary of the calculation domain, and the thermal environment boundary conditions were set in combination with the measured data. First, four groups of single variable simulation experiments were performed. With other parameters kept at their initial values, a single geometric parameter’s influence on natural ventilation performance was tested separately. According to the CFD simulation results, cloud maps of the air age, temperature and wind speed of the reference surface were extracted, and the fitting curve of the influence trend of geometric parameters on natural ventilation were drawn. The simulation results of the single variable experiments showed that the air age changed in a power function or a quadratic term with the increase of geometric parameters, and kept a negative correlation with Pn, Pw, Ph, and a positive correlation with Pd. The temperature changed linearly with the increase of geometric parameters, and kept a negative correlation with Pn, Pw, Ph, and a positive correlation with Pd. Wind speed changes linearly or quadratically with the increase of geometric parameters, and kept a positive correlation with Pn, Pw, Ph and a negative correlation with Pd. The evaluation index values of the reference surfaces of first and second floor were basically consistent with the overall average. In other words, increase of Pn, Pw, and Ph will cause increasing trend in wind speed and decreasing trend of air age and temperature; in contrast, increase of Pd will cause a slight decrease in wind speed and a slow increase in air age and temperature. Then the correlation coefficient was calculated to explore the sensitivity of each parameter. The Latin hypercube sampling method was used to obtain 200 groups of geometric parameter data. CFD numerical simulation was carried out to calculate the air age, temperature and wind speed of 200 groups of samples. Then the Spearman method was used to calculate the correlation coefficient of each parameter. The results of correlation analysis showed that the geometric parameters of the facade opening kept different sensitivity on natural ventilation performance. The comprehensive ranking of the correlation coefficient of geometric parameters in descending order was: the width of opening(Pw), the height of opening(Ph), the number of facade openings(Pn), the distance from opening to the floor(Pd). Among all parameters, Pw is the most sensitive parameter, and Pd is the non-sensitive parameter. The correlation coefficients of Pw, Ph, and Pn were close, and they were key geometric parameters that need to be considered in the design. The research results can assist architects to quickly identify key geometric parameters during the design process, and make targeted adjustments to the facade opening shape to improve natural ventilation performance. Based on the evaluation of three goals of air quality, thermal comfort, and sports requirements, the ideal wind environment for the sports space of the National Fitness Center should keep a smaller air age, lower temperature and lower wind speed. From the simulation experiments, it can be known that the increase of single geometric parameter will lead to contradictory results of the three goals. Therefore, the optimal combination of opening parameters should be the result of comprehensively weighing the three goals. In addition, this research is an exploration mainly on natural ventilation performance. In actual projects, the determination of the facade opening shape should also be combined with other design factors such as building image, daylighting and thermal performance.

Abstract:Changchun City is a very typical winter city. The frequent occurrence of haze in winter and the terrible outdoor thermal comfort have seriously affected residents’ outdoor activity and health. Unlike the non-cold city wind environment, non-cold city mainly aims to enhance the urban ventilation effect, so as to reduce the smog phenomenon and solve the urban heat island problem. The city needs the wind to weaken the haze, but the wind weakens the outdoor thermal comfort and destroys the activities in winter time. The paper tries to optimize urban wind environment from multi-scale to deal with that contradiction. Under this background, combined with the special topic of “Changchun General Urban Design”, the wind environment of Changchun is studied. Through the identification and analysis of urban wind environment problems, the disaster environment of various wind environment problems and their related influencing factors, the urban space form elements affecting urban wind environment, such as open space distribution, urban height distribution, architectural layout and architectural form are identified. After that, the subjective and objective evaluation method combined with CFD simulation method and network semantic analysis method and literature review method are used to analyze the countermeasures to form the coping strategy of “central urban scale-pedestrian scale”. The central urban scale couples the ventilation corridor with the natural landscape pattern to optimize the construction of the ventilation corridor. At present, there are a large number of parks scattered in the central urban area, which are not connected with the city, making it difficult for fresh air to flow into the city. However, by comparing the historical water system with the layout of urban parks, it is found that the restoration of Changchun historical water system can effectively connect urban parks in series so as to enhance urban ventilation. In this study, CFD simulation is used to compare the changes of regional wind environment before and after the restoration of historical water system, and it can be concluded that the regional wind speed can increase from 0.5m/s to 1m/s after the restoration of historical water system. In terms of urban form, due to the high-intensity development and construction in the southeast of Changchun over the past few years. The emergence of a large number of high-rise buildings hinders the ventilation of the city, making it difficult for the fresh cold air produced by the Great Black Mountains to flow into the city. Therefore, in order to introduce the fresh cold air produced by the Dahei Mountains in the southeast of the city into the city, the development intensity of construction land in the southeast of the city is limited (such as ventilation corridor width, building height and building density, etc.) to form a ventilation corridor, and combined with CFD simulation to analyze the changes of regional wind environment before and after the construction of ventilation corridor. Finally, it is concluded that after the construction of the ventilation corridor, the regional average wind speed increases by about 0.5m/s, which can more effectively introduce fresh cold air into the city, and thus improving the air quality inside the city. In the aspect of pedestrian scale, it mainly focuses on solving the problem of thermal comfort. This paper simulates and analyzes the influence mechanism of urban spatial elements on wind environment under different urban conditions, and evaluates the subjective will of citizens combined with network semantic analysis. Form the subjective and objective way of network semantic analysis and CFD simulation analysis, the paper more accurately puts forward the strategy of improving the thermal comfort on the pedestrian scale, such as reducing the layout of high-rise buildings, increasing the layout of podium and low-rise buildings, and increasing sunken squares and closed corridors. Finally, the layout of “coordinating the urban park water system at the macro central urban scale” is formed. Limiting the development intensity of the urban piedmont area, controlling the urban form and achieving the purpose of enhancing urban ventilation could alleviate the urban haze phenomenon. In the micro-pedestrian scale, improving thermal comfort by the combination of architectural form, architectural layout and urban design strategies, and the formation of different perspectives to deal with cold areas of the wind environment improvement strategy can improve the urban wind environment and enhance the vitality of the city.

Abstract:At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 suddenly attacked China and spread rapidly over the world within only three months, which brought an enormous impact to China and even the world. It is not only seriously threatened people’s physical and mental health, but also hindered the normal progress of social production and living. This major epidemic disease broke out in cities at first, which exposed the weakness of the contemporary public health system, and the strategies of different countries to address this epidemic disease also exposed the practical problems under different social and economic backgrounds. This impactive epidemic disease drew experts, governors of cities and the public’s attention on the importance of construction of public health system once again and also led the experts to rethink the essence of urban planning. In fact, urban planning was established to solve the problems of public health caused by the construction of the built environment in cities during the eighteenth century, so that urban planning should consider the public health as the foundation of development in the future as well. This paper reviews the development history of the studies on the human settlements and public health at first to find out how the built environment affected the public health, and then synthesizes the research frameworks, methods and theories of the studies which focus on the relationship between public health and built environment at home and abroad. According to those studies, this paper identifies the characters of healthy human settlements by analyzing the factors of physical environment, which includes the ecological environment, urban environment and architectural environment, and immaterial environment, including the socioeconomic environment, policy environment and cultural environment, which affect public health, and also recognizing the differences of impacts which the environment has made on various types of people to guide the planners and governors to build the human settlements more effectively and precisely, which can help more residents stay healthy. In terms of the features of healthy human settlements, this paper takes the human settlements science as a core theory to establish a preliminary research framework of healthy human settlements, which aims to explore the underlying relationships between the human settlements and public health, so that it can ensure the human settlements’ healthy system be in working order in the future. To achieve this aim, this paper suggests that the urban planning, the related subjects of architecture, landscape and public health can collaborate with each other and carry out an interdisciplinary study to address the conflicts between environment construction and public health and complete this research framework gradually. It’s expected that it will be conductive to enhance the scientificity of human settlements construction and the sustainable development of human settlements.

Abstract:Across the globe, the rapid urbanization process has caused a series of urban problems, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, heat island effect, resource shortage and degradation of human settlements environment, which many countries and cities have to face in their development. In the middle and later stages of urbanization, cities no longer regard economic interests as the first demand, but advocate creating better living environment and higher quality of life. In 1984, the World Health Organization (WHO) first proposed the concept of “Healthy City”, and then more and more health-oriented urban projects began to be implemented. People realized that in order to build a healthy city, it was necessary to restore their dominant position in the city and control the growth of vehicles and the spread of lanes. Therefore, the planning session gradually puts forward the concepts of "Reclaim the Right-of-Way" and "Pedestrians First". The Superilles in Barcelona, Spain is such a block repair plan aimed at reshaping street space, restoring street vitality and building healthy blocks. Since the 1990s, Barcelona has faced increasingly serious urban problems, including air and noise pollution, green space reduction, frequent traffic accidents, and degradation of human settlements. In order to solve such urban problems and improve the living environment, the Barcelona authorities have proposed a super block plan-Superilles-aimed to give fresh air and street space back to urban residents. This article firstly reviews the implementation background and development process of the plan. The Superblock Plan is based on the urban pattern and road network laid by the Cerdà Plan. The core of the Cerdà Plan is the urban breathing theory, which advocates reducing the building density and providing green space. However, as the population continues to increase and the building density increases, a large amount of green space is occupied, and the leisure and entertainment functions of the streets are disappearing. Since then, Barcelona has begun to explore the construction of pedestrian blocks, and has put forward “Street Plan”, “Mobility Plan” and “Urban Mobility Plan”. Based on the previous practical experiences, Barcelona proposed the Superblock Plan in 2016. In this plan, the original urban streets are redefined as public spaces, livable places, community spaces and entertainment venues, rather than pure vehicles and pedestrian roads. It combines the original 130 m * 130 m block unit into a 3 * 3 unit network and becomes a 400 m * 400 m super block. The original traffic flow direction is adjusted, which is only used for residential traffic services within the block, emergency vehicles and loading and unloading vehicles. The speed of the vehicle is controlled within 10 km/h to reduce transit traffic. In December, 2019, the Superblock Plan has established implementation pilot in 8 blocks of 6 regions. According to its completion, the author selects the Poblenou block to conduct field research. It is found that the implementation of superblock is conducive to the decrease of temperature, the increase of humidity, the improvement of microclimate and the increase of human comfort in the neighborhood. It can also reduce traffic flow and noise, and improve the safety of the block. At the same time, it can increase the area of public space and green space, improve the comprehensive environment of the block and promote the health of residents. Through the analysis of its update strategy, the author summarizes its implementation experiences into four points. Firstly, it should give priority to pedestrians. Secondly, it should restrict private transportation and provide convenient public transportation. Thirdly, it should adopt a phased and progressive implementation mechanism. Fourthly, it should emphasize public participation. In the process of urbanization, China is also faced with similar "urban disease" problems. Drawing on the successful experience of Barcelona Superblock Plan, this paper puts forward several suggestions on building a healthy city and repairing block space in China. First, it should determine the humanist-oriented space governance method, transform the street to pedestrian priority moderately, elaborate the street space and facilities, and pay attention to the safety of the streets and the diversity of street activities. Second, it should improve the current status of traffic congestion, promote green commute, improve the bus line network and bicycle network, reduce bus waiting time and reduce road parking. Third, it should transform the planning and management mode, promote restoration from the part of whole, and pay attention to the coordination and cooperation among multiple departments. Fourth, it should promote the social inclusive planning, pay attention to “bottom-up” public participation, encourage the community residents, social institutions and civil groups to participate in the planning and action of street reconstruction management, and protect the public’s right to know and supervision.

Abstract:Urban construction, government management and community management were assaulted by the outbreak of new coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in early 2020. This epidemic triggered a deep reflection and extensive discussion in urban research. As the minimum unit of the national space governance system, the community has become the focus and also be a basic foothold for many experts and scholars to study the epidemic suppression and prevention. Therefore, the level of community prevention and anti-epidemic capacity has become important issues. Nanning, as the capital city of Guangxi Autonomous Region, because of its higher urban prestige, developed external transportation system, and the most densely populated flow, it has become the easiest infected areas and the highest number of infection by the epidemic in the entire region. Based on this, Nanning was selected as the research area. Based on urban community planning and modern epidemiological research, using the new coronavirus pneumonia data before April 15th, administrative division spatial data and land data, a “community physical examination model” (CPEM) was proposed on the base of PSR (stress-state-response) planning logic and analysis program. A 15-minute life circle as the examination unit, comprehensively derive the community health index (CHI) and the various epidemic prevention capabilities was calculated by CPEM by the rapid spread of the epidemic. Firstly, the environmental pressure source of the built-up area was analyzed, then the livability of the urban people was evaluated, and finally the community space environment was optimized. The public point system includes the analysis of the facility group pressure, the distribution of public point evaluation, and finally the optimization of urban space facilities suggestions. The epidemic system focuses on the pressure analysis of epidemic situation aggregation to evaluate the spread of epidemic disease, and ultimately assists in the optimization of the layout of the intercity space. Based on the PSR planning logic, the overall survival pros and cons of the urban community under the impact of the epidemic can be evaluated by these three parallel systems (urban people, public places and epidemics). It could provide targeted suggestions for the community defense response measures under the impact of this outbreak and the orderly improvement of the community space in the future. The results showed that: 1) The Community Physical Examination Model (CPEM) can effectively delineate the sub-health community unit in Nanning (CHI <5). CPEM has a powerful single-factor evaluation of the epidemic prevention level and comprehensive CHI calculation ability, which can comprehensively examine the health level of the community and find specific impact factors. However, the ability of community management calculation is weak because there are few policy indicators and human-based psychological indicators. 2) The 15-minute community life circle can work well as the minimum evaluation unit of CPEM. The 15-minute community life circle is different from the grassroots organizations such as streets and neighborhood committees that rely on national administration in the past. It can better play the self-organization of residents from the bottom up, thus establishing a self-management management and mutual assistance complementary mechanism for the basic unit of community medical examination. It is the core unit for building urban defense space and physical examination under public health emergencies in the central urban area of Nanning. 3) The community units with super high scores are arranged in the southeast corner of Nanning city center. The function types are residential communities and industrial communities. The uniform characteristics reflect the general paradigm of a healthy community: excellent ventilation, easily cut off pollution sources, a livable environment and convenient public services. In addition, sub-health community units with a score of less than 5 are distributed in the center of the city, mostly on the north bank of the Yongjiang River, with high construction density and poor ventilation environment. Old town facilities, unreasonable street directions, and sanitation prevention measures are the main causes of sub-health. Street micro-renewing of old communities and residents and hygiene awareness training will become the primary tasks of such units in future community construction. In all, the results showed that the sub-health units which are below 5 points were distributed in the center of the city, and all of them had a high construction density and poor ventilation environment. At the same time, it puts forward some targeted planning and management suggestions to provide references for the effective management of the community under the threat of urban public health

Abstract:Physical inactivity is one of the most important public health issues internationally. Public health advocates have increasingly highlighted the importance of implementing physical activity interventions. Active living is a way to incorporate physical activity into daily life which could provide health benefits. The “Active Living by Design, ALbD” project is a community grant program established to help communities create environments that support active living. But the research of active living in China is still limited with little comprehensive consideration of various factors promoting active living. This paper first reviews the literature on active living from three aspect, including policy, public support, and evaluation. Research has already found that active-living oriented zoning had a positive impact on physical activity. Policies, like guidelines, principles, laws, and regulations all could promote active living. Therefore, the renewal and reform of those policies is an effective way for policymakers to create a physically active community, and urban planning regulations are one of the most important parts of policy implementation. Furthermore, studies show that public support for policies is also related to physical activity, thus public education and media coverage addressing active-living issues can help shape a social environment in which facilitate active living. Additionally, evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation process and results of the project could figure out the existing limitations and strengthens of the ongoing project, which needs multiple evaluation methods depending on different situations. Secondly, we exemplify different levels of practical projects in time sequence, including the initial period of the ALbD, the developing stage and the practices after the new concept updated. The first level is the initial implementation of the 5P (preparation, promotions, programs, policy, and physical projects) strategy. We exhibit five representative cases selected from the initial 25 pilot areas. Then, the project of the second level covers several areas, including parks, recreational facilities, schools, pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, gardens and workplaces. In the third level, Santa Ana, California, which is one of the initial pilot areas, is used as an application example of the new model of community action.Further, this paper focuses on the improvement of the new model’s concept, strategy and renovation, which is related to various community health goals. The new action model is concentrated from the initial 5P to the new 3P (partner, prepare, process) method. Through comparison of the case study during past years and the concept change, we could get deep into the developing process of active living projects. In the early stage, the implementation depicts a linear community change process. From pre-preparation and promotion to implementation and policymaking, showing how a community could engage individuals in physical activity through design. However, the new community action model weakens the order of execution but emphasizes the core concept of execution. The three concepts, including partner, prepare, and process, run through the whole project, no longer a single procedure. Accordingly, ALbD puts forward new practical content based on initial one. The practical strategy of the new model broadens the depth of the design content, which can be divided into two parts; focusing on equity and cooperation, including health interests, community participation, joint leadership and strategic communication; emphasizing the idea of sustainable development, like strategy of sustainable development and the construction of learning atmosphere. Finally, this paper provides references for active living related design in China. 1) Shaping an active living norm through refined management. The concept of active living can permeate every link of the traditional urban design management system. 2) Diversifying the foundation resources and promote multidisciplinary partnerships. Communities in a variety of settings could adjust measures according to local conditions to encourage multiple organizations to participate by publicizing the economic benefits brought by active living. 3) Focusing on the micro-scale improvement of service groups. Renovation of micro-scale projects within the community can also improve lifestyles compared to traditional area planning. Combined with the administrative system of our country, we can divide the design-related work into every community by starting from serving smaller residential groups and encouraging community demonstration grant program. This study analyzes the renewal of the ALbD project concept and the development of practice projects, finding that the design needs to combine the concept of equity, cooperation, and sustainable development while using policy measures. The ALbD project starts with daily life and practically implements the concept to every potential aspect, therefore reduces the timeliness and implementation difficulty of macro-scale planning control. Different from the situation of European and American countries, domestic social projects are mostly led by the government. The mechanism of multidisciplinary participation is lacking, and the active lifestyle and other health concepts are not considered high priorities in community design. Therefore, we expect to offer references on integrating the design concept of active living into the policy implementation, management and institutional level, which could broadly address physical activity, built environments, social support, and community awareness.

Abstract:China’s rapid urbanization process began in 1979, and after 40 years’ development, the current stage of urbanization in China has gradually moved towards the middle and late stage. Although the advancement of rapid urbanization has brought about rapid development of the rural economy, it also brought the negative impacts on the village space: homogeneous tourism development has obliterated the uniqueness of the villages; the extensive development mode has destroyed the traditional pattern of ancient villages to some extent. And these irreversible destructions have accelerated the disappearance of the village’s traditional style. In the past, the research on the protection of villages in China focused on the traditional villages or historical and cultural villages in the national directory. However, other villages which have also experienced the precipitation of history and the baptism of culture and to a certain extent retained the traditional style and local characteristics have been neglected. This is a pity in the protection of traditional villages in China. The number of such atypical traditional villages is huge and their distribution is extremely wide. They are the foundation of Chinese traditional history and culture. The study of such villages has important theoretical and practical meaning. How to deal with the impact of urbanization in rural China? How to keep nostalgia? How to continue the heritage of Chinese rural culture? How to build and develop to achieve historical mission? Whether the relationship between the protection and use of the village space can be properly handled correctly determines the development and future of the village. It is a problem that must be faced and resolved as soon as possible. The space syntax explores the interrelationship between the spatial organization and human society through a quantitative description of the spatial structure of the human settlement environment. This method can study the spatial morphology from the perspective of human perception of space, and provide scientific explanations of human behavior and social activities. Therefore, it is widely used in the fields of architecture, planning and transportation. This paper focuses on atypical traditional villages from a scientific perspective. Firstly, it analyzes the protection weakness and development dilemma faced by atypical traditional villages under the background of rapid urbanization in China. This article explains the significance of the study of atypical traditional villages. Secondly, this paper summarizes the application of space syntax in the study of villages in China from the four aspects of village space form, space structure, traditional dwellings, and renewal models, and summarizes the role and significance of space syntax in village studies in China. Based on this, this paper takes Yuejiapo Village, Jingyang County, Xianyang City, Shanxi Province as an example, and based on the spatial syntax theory method and Depthmap software, using the axis and line syntax model to quantitatively analyze the spatial morphology of Yuejiapo Village. The following characteristics are obtained: 1)On the whole, Yuejiapo Village has the characteristics of “one big, three small” spatial morphology, retains the traditional pattern of self-organizing evolution of the village from ancient times to the present; 2)The integration and connectivity of the main street and the surrounding space are at a high level, which means that this place is the spatial core of Yuejiapo Village; 3 )The intelligibility of the current situation of Yuejiapo Village is only 0.17. It indicates that the local space of Yuejiapo Village cannot be well integrated into the entire street space system, and the spatial perception from local to overall is weak. It also shows that the decentralized spatial structure of "one large, three small, and three small" affects the space perception ability of foreign tourists. In addition, based on the current spatial morphological characteristics of Yuejiapo Village, this paper compares and analyzes the village spatial morphology before and after planning. From the perspective of syntactic parameter branches, the global integration and intelligibility have increased, and the remaining parameters have not changed much. After planning, Yuejiapo Village inherited the original spatial sequence and living order, and retained the original spatial structure of the village. Based on this plan, the overall spatial accessibility and rationality of the village has been significantly improved through the fine-tuning of the transportation structure and spatial properties. It’s proved that the planning scheme of Yuejiapo Village is relatively reasonable. Therefore, this paper proposes that in the research on the protection and development and utilization of atypical traditional villages, it should emphasize the continuation of the village’s original natural spatial pattern. Planners should pay attention to the systematic and skeletal protection of villages and carry out appropriate development and extension on this basis. In this way, villagers in the atypical traditional villages are kept in contact with each other and it also can promote the systematic protection and healthy development of atypical traditional villages.

Abstract:At present, planning theory and practice has always regarded technological innovation and industrial revolution as exogenous variables, and seldom discussed the systematic impact of technological progress on space. At present, scientific and technological innovation is very rapid, and new concepts such as “the third industrial revolution”, “industry 4.0” and “the fourth industrial revolution” have emerged. With the deepening of relevant discussions, it is necessary try to deeply grasp the spatial impact of technological innovation and industrial revolution through in-depth analysis. In theory, technological progress continues to shape the spatial form of cities and villages. The fourth revolution will change the “rules” of economic growth and industrial development, as well as the rules of spatial evolution. It will not only transform the strategic industries and leading industries, but also reconstruct the mode of production organization. Technological innovation and industrial revolution is a complex process, which is a magnificent and colorful picture. Specifically speaking, it is a process of general-purpose technology renewal, basic energy iteration, and leading industry transformation. It is a historical process in which multiple innovation waves interweave and play a role, rather than a leap overnight. Technological revolution brings irreversible structural changes such as new industries, new organizational models and new industrial spatial forms, and also embeds reversible cyclical cycle, which affects the fate of the country, the city and the society. Therefore, the technological revolution will also change the fate of cities and villages, and generally speaking, will show an unbalanced duality. Why do we say that there is spatialtemporal imbalance in technology diffusion? This is because technological progress will encounter the “exclusion” reaction of institution and culture, in other words, the isolation of “the Braudel Bell Jar”. Technological innovation has also shaped emerging leading industries, transformed the demand for corresponding resource, resulting in great disparity between different cities, and brought differences in production mode, production organization mode and industrial space form. At the same time, these development realities guide the direction of urban industrial space transformation and upgrading. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the law of industrial revolution. On this basis, according to the reality of local industry and spatial development, the paper puts forward that industrial space should be oriented to innovation driven, transformation and upgrading. In the industrial development and spatial evolution of Chongqing, we can clearly identify the traces left by the technological revolution, and also need to think about the transformation and upgrading of Chongqing’s industrial space in the new context. Since 1978, Chongqing has changed from a traditional heavy industrial city to a dynamic mixed economy, from a decentralized manufacturing base to a diversified and complex modern industrial space. Chongqing has made great achievements in economic development. However, due to land shortage, path dependence, peer competition and other reasons, there are still problems such as high proportion of heavy industry in industry, long industrial space distance, weak ability of independent innovation and so on. In the context of new industrial revolution, it is necessary to rethink the cultivation of new industries and industrial space optimization, as well as the innovation ecology guidance and formation. In the context of the new industrial revolution, Chongqing’s industrial space needs to be upgraded to innovation driven. In order to achieve this goal, it should select appropriate emerging industries, fully stimulate the correlation effect between industries, properly guide the spatial choice of enterprises, optimize the industrial spatial development platform, and guide the formation of innovation ecology and culture. In the process of transformation and upgrading, Chongqing should not disobey its comparative advantage, and should choose appropriate strategic emerging industries to carry out secondary innovation, and pay attention to the industrial correlation effect. At the same time, Chongqing needs to strengthen the integration of industrial space, provide sufficient space for the cultivation of emerging industries, and effectively enhance the agglomeration economy. Chongqing also needs to guide the formation of innovation ecology and culture, and improve the number of independent innovation. Of course, industrial space upgrading is a system engineering, which is a complex action that is difficult to predict and control under the influence of many factors. Therefore, Chongqing not only needs to continue to work hard in gathering high-end elements, but also needs to continue to vigorously promote external connections, and more actively integrate into the global innovation chain and industrial chain. Thus, we can continuously tap our own unique advantages, make up for the defects in the past development, optimize our own choice under the constraints of geographical location and traffic conditions, and obtain the best development effect.

Abstract:In recent years, the sharing economy has taken on a leap-forward development in China, reaching into all aspects of urban life. This new mode of transportation has raised higher requirements for urban construction, but also exposed many problems. In terms of urban planning, it is necessary to make rational planning and construction of urban riding space to solve these problems. Shared bikes can provide data with time and space attributes in daily use. By means of big data analysis, we can more objectively understand the rules and the spatial characteristic of the citizen riding, providing strong support for the planning and design of urban riding space. The research area is selected as the downtown areas of Nanjing where the shared bikes are put into use, mainly including Gulou District, Jianye District, Xuanwu District, Qinhuai District and Yuhuatai District in the central urban area, as well as Qixia District, Pukou District and Jiangning District, which have developed rapidly in recent years. In this study, the data of Mobike APP system is captured by using Python crawler software programming. The bike data information collected include bike ID, bike type, longitude and latitude information of bike location, and the time of bike data collection. During the data collection period, the weather is sunny or cloudy, respectively on October 31st, 2017, November 2nd and November 4th, 2017, with the collection duration of 24 hours and the time interval of 1 hour. In the later period, due to the need of block level research, the bike data collection is carried out on the central street of Gulou District on December 22 during the whole day, with a time interval of 30 minutes. In this study, the line tracking tool based on GIS software is utilized to simulate and analyze the path of its riding OD data, and to study its riding rules such as moving distance and spatial distribution. The results show that there are four core areas of the use of shared bikes in Nanjing, namely, the center of Gulou, Jiangning Higher Education Mega Center, Pukou Higher Education Mega Center and Maqun Science Park. Through the field investigation and analysis, the common characteristics of these four blocks are centralized distribution of universities and high-tech enterprises, a large number of floating population, and a large number of young people with great demand for short-distance travel. In addition, Xianlin University Town, the surrounding area of Olympic Sports Center and Pukou riverside area have great development potential for the use of shared bikes, and are forming the core area of bike use. The latter two plots are large-scale residential function concentrated plots. Through the riding track OD analysis, it can be seen that many users have broken through the original habitual use area and distance limit, crossing several blocks, not only transfer, short journeys and other behaviors. All functional areas in the city are not necessarily independent and closed for bikes, and citizens need to carry out long-distance and large-scale riding. In addition, compared with rail transit hubs and bus stations, it is found that the high-density area of riding track is not limited to the vicinity of the stations, although the areas where shared bikes are put into use are mainly near the stations. Combined with the riding OD map, it can be seen that stations and places of residence in parts of Gulou District and Jiangning Higher Education Mega Center are no longer the only starting and ending points for riding. The high-density areas of riding tracks are distributed in the living areas. Riding has become an important means of transportation for short-distance life-style travel in the region. Thus it can be seen that a relatively independent life-style short-distance riding space system will be formed in various urban groups in the future. Through the research on the west side of Xuanwu Lake Park in Gulou District, the core plot of shared bike use in Nanjing City, it is found that the average riding distance in this area is 768 m, the median value is 541 m, and the maximum riding distance in this area is 8.2 km. The short-distance riding space within 2 km is mainly distributed in the area of the people flow distribution center at all levels, and the roads of all grades can be used as riding space. The medium- and long-distance riding more than 2 km mostly chooses the city’s main roads, and the riding space is associated with the city’s various transportation hubs, most of which are commutes. In view of the above conclusions, this paper puts forward the corresponding suggestions for the optimization design of riding space in Nanjing: Firstly, to set up riding space system in different regions and at different levels; Secondly, to set up bike lanes between the central groups of the city; thirdly, to enhance the comfort of riding space in streets and lanes, and relieve the pressure of urban riding demand.

Abstract:Social development has gradually transformed from an industrial society to a knowledge-based society, regarding innovation development as the basic organization and development form of a knowledge-based society. The creation, dissemination, and application of knowledge are important operating mechanisms for knowledge-based cities. Continuous innovation and knowledge renewal are essential for the orderly development of cities. Talents are an important carrier of the flow of knowledge elements, that is, talents play a key role in building a knowledge-based city, and is an important factor to promote social and economic transformation and development. As a carrier and creator of knowledge and innovation, the spatial distribution of talents will affect the spatial structure of knowledge-based cities. The concentration of talents has significant particularity and complexity, and is of great significance to China’s socio-economic innovation and development. Related research is mainly based on the perspectives of different disciplines, with a focus on the impact of certain factors on the concentration of talents. From the perspective of spatial planning, the research on the growth of urban talent scale and the evolution of spatial structure is still lacking. Therefore, on the basis of literature analysis, taking Hangzhou City as an example, this paper analyzes the population growth and spatial pattern of talent scale from 2000 to 2016 by using nuclear density analysis. Studying the spatial process and rules of talent agglomeration, and providing support for urban spatial planning and construction can effectively organize the flow and agglomeration of talents and then promote the development and construction of knowledge-based cities based on innovative development. The study finds that: 1) The speed of talent population growth is getting slow, and the trend of slower growth of talents in urban central areas is relatively obvious. 2) The concentration of talents shows regular development characteristics at the geospatial level, and its distribution pattern has experienced the same development process as the general urban space growth. The distribution pattern of talents has the trend of evolving from “single center structure” to “multi center structure”. While the concentration of talents has a multi-center development trend, the size of the concentration of talents is significantly different in different directions. 3) There is an imbalance between the high concentration of talents in the central area and the high concentration of innovation platform at urban fringe. On the one hand, the central area of the city is the core area of the multi-center distribution structure of talents. On the other hand, most of the innovation and development platforms are located outside the city. Urban central area is a highly concentrated area of talents, and urban fringe has become the main area for the growth of talents. Further judgements are put forward, and we think that urban geographical space plays a very significant role in the pattern of talents gathering, the main university, innovative enterprises and policy measures of the city also play an important role in promoting talent agglomeration. In the process of promoting the accumulation of talents and implementing the related spatial planning for innovative development, targeted research is also required from the micro perspective (spatial movement characteristics of individual talents) and the current status of urban innovation and development resources. Then we give some spatial suggestions on promoting the growth of urban talent population, optimizing the distribution pattern of talents to push innovation-driven development. Firstly, it is necessary to guide the formation of a polycentric structure for talent gathering. Active allocation of urban space resources, targeted guidance and promotion for talents to form a multi-center distribution structure are important space strategies to achieve the continuous growth of talents and to promote urban innovation and development. Research universities and innovative enterprise clusters are important areas for the development of talents. Therefore, cities should pay attention to the planning and construction of knowledge production space in the periphery of the city. In response to the preference of innovative talents, some measures should be taken to increase cities’ attractiveness to innovative talents, like optimizing transportation, improving related supporting service facilities, and implementing housing subsidies. Secondly, city should make full use of the stock space in the urban center. The urban central area is a highly concentrated area of innovative talents. In the process of Hangzhou’s innovation development, it is possible to cultivate or develop innovation platforms (spaces) in urban central areas through urban renewal or transformation, relying on low-efficiency land, and promote the innovation of urban areas through the of industry-city integration. This is not only conducive to revitalize the city center’s stock space, but also can show its highly concentrated resources of talent advantages. It is a balance of “stock optimization” and “innovative development”.

Abstract:Urban development has a great impact on geochemical and physical processes. Ecological security and healthy development of ecosystems have become major problems in the development of human society. With the rapid development of economy and society, people pay more and more attention to the living environment. As an important factor that threatens human existence and sustainable development in the 21st century, desertification has drawn great attention from all countries in the world. How to mitigate and control desertification more effectively has become the focus of international ecological and environmental research. Worldwide, about 25 percent of available land is highly degraded. Desertification, as an important factor threatening human survival and sustainable development in the 21st century, will lead to the loss of biodiversity, threatened food security and other adverse effects, which has attracted great attention from countries around the world. Controlling desertification and carrying out ecological restoration is an important research content to realize the sustainable development of ecological environment in the global scope, which is the focus of current international research in the field of ecology and environment. This paper summarized the development of desertification control and ecological restoration at home and abroad. The United Nations consider the Convention to Combat Desertification as legally binding international agreement to link environment and development and the sustainable land management. The 197 parties specifically address the most vulnerable ecosystems and the people living in them in the dryland environment and expect to work together to achieve environmentally and ecologically sustainable development. Under the guidance of the United Nations Convention to combat desertification, Europe and North America have carried out practical exploration on ecological restoration of their respective environmental problems, including the establishment of information and monitoring systems for economic and social factors in desertification and drought-sensitive areas; preventing and controlling land degradation through conservation, afforestation and reforestation measures; developing comprehensive development projects aimed at poverty alleviation in desertification sensitive areas; establishing integrated research projects to combat desertification and integrating them with national development plans and national environmental plans; establishing drought prevention and drought self-help systems in drought-prone areas; encouraging public participation and environmental education with an eye to desertification control. In Africa, strategies include changes in land policies and farming practices, reducing agriculture-related desertification, and promoting more scientific ecological restoration practices through education. In view of the continuous degradation of ecosystem and serious desertification of land, the related action plan of desertification control and ecological restoration in Australia focuses on the aspects of introduction of development concept, formulation of laws and regulations, planning and implementation of technology. Also, this paper reviewed the research and practice of desertification control and ecological restoration in China from the following three aspects: theoretical system, prevention mechanism and practice research. It also summarized technical measures of desertification control and ecological restoration system, including natural vegetation restoration technology and artificial vegetation restoration technology. Among them, the natural vegetation restoration technology mainly refers to the fence sealing technology, which is an important method for vegetation restoration and protection of natural vegetation in dry and semi-dry areas. In other words, in the areas where the original vegetation is damaged or where the vegetation can grow, the enclosure fence is used to close the desertification grassland and human activities such as prohibiting mowing and grazing, so as to gradually restore the natural vegetation and improve the productivity of the grassland. The artificial vegetation restoration technology includes the technology of flying planting afforestation, the technology of native vegetation construction, the technology of compound vegetation planting, the technology of soil improvement, the technology of sand barrier construction and so on. Artificial vegetation restoration refers to the transformation of the degraded environment, the establishment of vegetation reconstruction models of different types of degraded land, and the construction of a harmonious landscape between artificial and natural. It has been nearly a century since the research on land desertification control, and ecological restoration was carried out at home and abroad. But in general, there are many kinds of desertification control modes and methods, and there is no unified standard. However, most of the existing researches on desertification control are limited to small scale and specific plots and fail to be applied comprehensively in large scale desertification areas. The research on desertification control in large scale areas and the exploration of a desertification control model that can be implemented and widely used are the difficulties of current desertification research and the key direction of future research. Prevention and control of desertification and its future will pay more attention to the assessment of the global and regional desertification situation in research, monitoring and control mode, and the desertification of land transformation combined with the recovery of land productivity, forms a complete management system. The practice of biodiversity protection and low carbon emissions should give attention to two or more things multi-objective complex development for the protection of resources, in order to realize the unity of the ecological, economic and social benefits.

Abstract:The energy crisis and global climate change in the 20th century caused the academic community to re-examine the relationship between architecture and the natural environment. The climate response of regional traditional architectures makes them became focus in architecture research again. The traditional dwellings in Hehuang area, named Zhuangkuo in this paper, are selected as the research objects. The climate data in this area is quantitatively analyzed through comparing the analysis tools and boundary conditions. It disassembles the ecological strategies from the climate and architectural factors, establishes the links between climate characteristics and specific technologies through tabular method, and analyzes its design principle by pattern diagram for exploring the internal dynamic mechanism of the development of traditional buildings. The CSWD (Chinese Standard Weather Data) climate data of Xining, the largest city in Hehuang area, is analyzed as the representative, including hourly data of typical meteorological years such as temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and speed, solar radiation, and rainfall. Using Climate Consultant as a climate analysis tool for research, it provides four thermal comfort models, analyzes the results of 13 passive strategies, and explains the boundary conditions of various strategies. Among them, the ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals comfort model up through 2005, which integrates the changes of outdoor seasons, humidity, user activities, etc., is suitable for the research on traditional dwellings, because of reflecting the complexity and adaptability of human thermal comfort relatively. The Hehuang area belongs to the semi-arid climate of the continental plateau, with an average altitude of 2 500 m. There is no hot summer but it is severey cold in winter. The annual temperature variations are little but the diurnal temperature range is large, especially in winter. Solar radiation is intense and lasts long. There is less precipitation but more evaporation. In addition, dusty wind is a critical factor in this region which is unstable and intense all year round. Through the analysis of psychrometric chart and the effective time of the strategies, it can be seen that the climate in Hehuang area is severe y cold, and thermal comfort could only be achieved in a little time (5.1%). The heating strategies should be considered throughout the year, most of the time needs to rely on active heating (76.5%), and passive solar + direct gain high mass can be used as a supplementary heating strategy (15.9%). Outdoor wind protection (1.4%) should be considered in winter and window shading (2.6%) should be considered in summer.The climate response strategies in this area are mainly cold prevention, heat preservation and wind prevention. It should strengthen the insulation and air tightness to reduce the loss of heat and strive for sunlight to maximize the heating effect of solar radiation. For dealing with severe coldness and windy climate, the traditional Zhuangkuo villages generally adopt a stepped layout with high in the north and low in the south, so as to reduce north wind erosion and increase solar radiation to the south in the layout of settlements. The form of Zhuangkuo is neat and compact with the courtyard of four sides encircling, and the figure coefficient is small. The courtyard is surrounded by tall and thick walls, with no openings except for the gate to reduce heat loss. The building is low in height, reducing unnecessary indoor heating space. The main living space is mostly located in the south direction. The stove is arranged in the center of the building to make full use of the heat. The rooms in north and west are used as the auxiliary space for storage, kitchen, etc. to form a temperature buffer zone. The whole space is organized according to the temperature gradient. In terms of building envelop, the external walls are rammed with raw soil with high thermal resistance and specific heat capacity. They absorb heat in the day and dissipate heat at night, reduce the temperature fluctuation, and effectively deal with the large diurnal temperature range. Solar resources can be fully utilized as a supplement for active heating of Zhuangkuo. The form of courtyard is shallow and open inside. All rooms face the courtyard with wooden walls and large windows. The solar radiation is fully utilized in the relatively stable courtyard environment, making the whole building like a solar heat collector. The eaves corridor around the courtyard can effectively adjust the sunlight, and prevent the discomfort caused by exposure and glare. Based on the quantitative analysis of climate data and the typological study of traditional Zhuangkuo in Hehuang area, it summarizes the ecological strategies of thick wall with thermal insulation and storage, courtyard with solar heat gain inside, eaves corridor adjusting light and heat environment and windproof high courtyard wall. Further research will be focused on the quantitative research to effectiveness of these strategies, and summarize their morphological and spatial scale of environmental performance optimization in the future. It’s expected that it will provide a scientific basis for the modern transformation of ecological strategies of traditional building in Hehuang area.

Abstract:Since the concept of resilience was first introduced into the scientific research field by Canadian biologist Holling C. S. in 1973, it has been widely used in social-ecology, urban economics and other fields, and has become a hot issue in the research of complex system science. For urban complex systems, resilience thinking is not only a new paradigm for modern urban systems to cope with uncertainties and threats, but also an effective way to maintain the normal functioning of urban functions and structures. As a descriptive concept and boundary object, resilience can promote multidisciplinary collaboration, but also has the characteristics of conceptual extensibility and ambiguity, which determines the difficulty in quantifying and practicing research of resilience. However, it is of great significance to analyze the core mechanism of resilience and define the connotation and extension of the resilient city, the same is true to summarizing the resilience assessment strategies for the quantitative research and practice construction of the resilient city. Therefore, in this paper, it focuses on the following three problems: 1) Since the existing definitions of resilience cities are numerous and diverse, where are their main differences and contradictions, and are there any systematic concepts applicable to multidisciplinary and research fields? 2) What is the core connotation and operational mechanism of the theory of resilient cities? 3) It is obvious that the construction strategies, content frameworks and implementation approaches of resilient cities are not uniform and inconsistent. Based on the different development stages and backgrounds, how to build corresponding resilient assessment systems and adaptive strategies to improve the general ability of urban systems to cope with uncertainties and disturbances? From this point, the article begins with a summary of the research origins, cognitive perspectives, and core mechanisms of resilience. It is found that the concept of resilience was first used in engineering and psychology, and then widely used in medicine, ecology, sociology, economics and other fields. The concept of resilience has experienced three cognitive processes: engineering resilience, ecological resilience and social-ecological resilience. The early concept of resilience is more inclined to engineering thinking. It has the characteristics of hypothetical equilibrium paradigm, which rarely exists in reality. It is called engineering resilience and can be measured by the time to return to the original state. Holling has found that there could be more than one steady state in the ecosystem when he studied the changes of animal populations. The ability of the system to adjust to change is called ecological resilience and can be measured by the amount of interference, and the system can be absorbed before it turns to another state. When resilience thinking is used to study complex systems and the interactions between them, it is called social-ecological resilience or evolutional resilience. It focuses on the maintenance of system structure and function, and is often measured by the ability of system self-organizing learning and the ability to absorb interference and recombination before it changes. Adaptive cycle and Panarchy theory are the core mechanisms of resilience. According to this, the dynamic operation process of social ecosystem can be divided into four stages: development, preservation, release, and recombination. However, the dynamic change of the system is not limited to the four stages, any two-stage conversion can be performed on multiple scales in special cases. Panarchy is a multiple cross-scale, nested adaptive loops, which can be used to describe unpredictable changes in systems and hierarchical connections across scales. Secondly, the article explains the connotation and extension of the theory of resilience city, and sorts out its definition from various angles. It’s found that the contradiction of the definition of resilient city mainly focuses on different six aspects: different definition of city, the divergence of equilibrium notions, the positive or not of resilience concept, various pathways to urban resilience, diversified understanding of adaptability, and the time scale. Combining the above contradictions, urban resilience refers to the ability of an urban system and all its constituent socio-ecological and socio-technical networks across temporal and spatial scales to maintain or rapidly return to desired functions in the face of a disturbance, to adapt to change, and to quickly transform systems that limit current or future adaptive capacity. Then, the article briefly analyzes the relationship between resilience, adaptability and sustainability. Adaptability can be understood as the ability of people or group to manage resilience. This kind of management ability determines whether the system can successfully transit to an ideal state or avoid transit to an unexpected state. From the perspective of resilience, the urban sustainable development is not to maintain the system in a stable state by reducing dynamic changes or optimizing performance, but to objectively recognize the threat of unknown changes to urban development, while emphasizing the integrity of the urban system and the normal operation of urban functions. Urban resilience can be classified into two types according to different research objects: urban specified resilience and urban general resilience. On this basis, it summarizes the evaluation system and promotion strategy of the resilient citie. Finally, it recognizes that the resilience is indeed an effective paradigm for complex urban problems, however, it is still necessary to improve the classification research and the standard system adapted to local conditions.

Abstract:It is well known that Su Shi named himself Dongpo after he was demoted to Huangzhou, as Bai Juyi had ever planted flowers on Dongpo of Zhongzhou(now Zhong County of Chongqing). Zhongzhou Dongpo has been a very famous and attractive landscape garden for scholars in the past dynasties. However, there still exist many misunderstandings about it, which include time, location and properties. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the historical facts and further explore the causes of those misunderstandings, which will be beneficial to the research on Bai Juyi as well as the relationship between scholars and the development of public gardens since the Mid-Tang Dynasty. Planting Flowers on Dongpo written by Bai Juyi is the most detailed first-hand data. According to what is described in it, Dongpo was a natural and “wild” landscape garden which followed the trend of the slopes. In recent years, through a rigorous textual research, Mr. Zhu Jincheng believed that the time when Bai Juyi planted flowers on Dongpo was not A.D. 819(the fourteen years of Yuanhe, the reign title of Emperor Li Chun) proposed by Wang Liming, a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty, but instead, it was the spring of A.D. 820 (the fifteen years of Yuanhe), which was the second year after Bai Juyi assumed office. When the flowers bloomed in late spring, Bai Juyi had to leave Zhongzhou for Changan. But there is still some doubt about the location of Dongpo. Since the Song Dynasty, according to the mainstream view, Dongpo is a garden in prefectural residence. This statement may originate from Fang Yu Sheng Lan, a geographical book written by Zhu Mu and Zhu Zhu in the Song Dynasty. However, this opinion is not impeccable, but instead, there are obvious uncertain points. According to the record in Zhongzhou Fu Gu Ji, a famous essay written by Huang Tingjian, many Bai Juyi relics in Zhongzhou in the Song Dynasty were rebuilt by Wang Bizhi, prefecture chief at that time. There is a possibility that the Dongpo Pavilion in the prefectural residence was built in this period as a landmark of Dongpo. Nevertheless, Bai Juyi had no description of Dongpo Pavilion at all. Through time deduction combined with a comprehensive analysis of literature including poems and local chronicles, it can be concluded that Zhongzhou Dongpo should be located in the eastern slope of the city instead of the prefectural residence. Then, does it matter where Dongpo is? Why was it built in public areas rather than in the prefectural residence? Bai Juyi’s political identity as a prefecture chief can not be neglected. In the Mid-Tang Dynasty, due to the implementation of the two-tax law, people could move freely from one place to another. The increase of households had become the guarantee for the smooth collection of local taxes, and consequently, the landscape in public areas had become an important means for local officials to show their political clarity and attract migrants. At the same time, as a Confucian teacher, Bai Juyi also placed hope on educating and changing customs by means of the landscape construction of the barren mountain city. Therefore, Dongpo was by no means a garden in prefectural residence, but instead, it served as a public garden developed by Bai Juyi on the sloping fields in the east of Zhongzhou, which was aimed at governance and indoctrination. It can be seen that the public garden in the Song Dynasty was developed on this basis. After desolation, re-builders in the Song Dynasty built Dongpo Pavilion in the prefectural residence because they misunderstood Bai Juyi’s poems or just took convenience into consideration. In consequence, positional deviation took place. During the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, spirits related to public gardens went backwards, but another cognition was enhanced that garden was the place for prefectural officials to keep their own moral uplift regardless of the thoughts of others. On the other hand, literary creations about Dongpo have been widely spread; Dongpo with literary significance have been taken seriously by scholars and thus become a literary quotation. Therefore, it can be moved to other places at people’s own will. In this way, the meaning of Dongpo has gradually replaced the scenery itself, which has now taken on a new life.

Abstract:As the main way of expressing “poetic meanings” and artistic conception in the Chinese gardens, couplets and plaques have a prominent role in connecting culture and landscape, which are the direct expressions of humanistic art. Since Song Dynasty, Hangzhou West Lake has been highly respected by the royal and literati, who have written poems and inscriptions. Under the background of Hangzhou West Lake becoming the world cultural landscape, couplets and plaques have shown the unity of culture and landscape, and the typical feature “miniature” of the Tang and Song Dynasty. This paper firstly sorted out the number and spatial distribution of the surviving ancient couplets in the West Lake. There were currently more than 3,000 couplets around the West Lake, and more than 1,500 plaques involving more than 2,000 ancient and modern authors, including 48 ancient couplets. Its spatial distribution in the West Lake was relatively dispersed, partly concentrated in the northeast of the West Lake, and there were 5 places outside the designated scope of the West Lake Cultural Landscape Heritage. There were two main reasons for the analysis of couplets and plaques in West Lake. First, after the middle Tang Dynasty, couplets and plaques began to have a profound meaning. The culture of Song Dynasty inherited Tang, and the characteristics of "miniature" became the basic spatial principle of classical gardens. Couplets and plaques were affected and valued, and it has gradually became one of the expressions of scholar’s outlooks on the universe, life and values. Then, affected by the landscape paintings of Southern Song Dynasty, the form of couplets and plaques had developed rapidly. It din not only fully creat the elegant atmosphere in the garden, but also reflected the gardener’s concept of gardening. It was a direct expression of the humanities and arts in the garden landscape. The landscape paintings of Southern Song Dynasty deepened the poetic meanings of couplets and plaques, and influenced their writing form and meaning. The creation of West Lake couplets and plaques were constantly influenced by landscape poetry and landscape paintings of the literati painters in Mid-Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty. There are mainly three aspects of the pursuit of the realm of “miniature” : First, “reading the whole partly” emphasized breaking through the limitation of the limited space and reaching a wide mood; Next, “understanding the realms subtly” pointed out the needs to enrich the design elements in the garden to achieve a subtle degree; Then, “expressing the inner feelings freely” synthesized the meanings of the former and highlighted the spirit of couplets and plaques with the help of highly literary poems. “Reading the whole partly” meant revealing the pattern of the West Lake through couplets and plaques and linking them with nature and universe. As a form independent of literary creation, couplets and plaques could supplement the shortcomings of scenes and pictures, linking the human mind and the aesthetics of the garden to the universe philosophy. Such as the Plaque “All the scenery in West Lake” “Wo Xin Xiang Yin Pavilion” “A spoonful of the world”. “Understanding the realms subtly” emphasized that with the help of couplets and plaques, the integration of garden culture was becoming increasingly perfect. The chanting objects involved various elements in the garden. The two aspects of "tea appreciation" and "horticulture" were the most prominent. Such as“Without stones, there is no beautiful gardens, either elegant rooms”. “Expressing the inner feelings freely” referred to the “artistry” of couplets and plaques in the garden design elements. Based on literary poetry, couplets and plaques could integrate people’s spiritual sustenance, garden aesthetics and universe philosophy in just two simple sentences. Such as“Not a fish but know how it feels”. Couplets and plaques could break the limitation of the garden on the real space by inspiring the psychological activities of the aesthetics, thereby introducing the garden aesthetics into a far-reaching and broader realm.