Abstract:This paper is a record of forum between Sir Peter Hall, the Britain famous planning expert and Chinese youth planners. It is mainly about the origins, countermeasures and effect of planning system reform in Britain, and deeply illustrates the essence and logic of Britain planning system evolution. It also discusses the comparison of Chinese and British system and development stage, and explores the direction of future Chinese planning system reform. It provides cherished materials for understanding the process of British planning system and enlightenment for designing the new national land planning.

Abstract:Facing the prominent contradiction of unbalanced development between urban and rural areas, the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly puts forward the strategy of rural revitalization, pointing out the direction for future rural planning and development. Although there are many concerns about the practice of rural planning at present, the research in the field of rural planning in China started relatively late, and the exploration of the theory of rural planning is less. Lack of proper guidance of rural planning concept is one of the important reasons that rural planning practice fails to play the role of revitalizing the countryside. Rural planning has become an expansion tool for market capital to penetrate into the countryside unilaterally. In this paper, the core boundary theory has been applied to the exploration of the concept of rural planning. The theory explains how the urban core and marginal areas achieve the integration of regional space through the flow of factors and the adjustment of space in the unequal development relationship. At the same time, based on the core boundary theory, the urban spatial model(the egg space model) is proposed to strengthen the core and open boundary of the rural core boundary concept, and it also puts forward the optimization strategy for the outskirts of the countryside so that the village can be adapted to the development of the times on the basis of retaining the characteristics. In terms of macroscale urban-rural relations, the optimization of rural core boundary relations is to retain the core differences of rural areas and coordinate the economic relations, cultural influences, ecological structure and interaction between urban and rural areas. In the meso scale villages and surrounding environment, the optimization of the rural core boundary relationship is to preserve the core spatial characteristics of the village, and strengthen the social connection and the traffic connection with surrounding urban space. On the micro-scale perspective of villagers' identity, the optimization of the rural core boundary relationship is to retain the traditional identity of villagers, guide the diversification of villagers' identity, and enrich villagers' life skills. Being different from the theory of urban core boundary, the discussion at the rural level emphasizes how to distinguish the core and boundary elements in the planning process, rather than emphasizing how to promote the flow of elements and space transformation between them. At present, Oucuo village, a traditional fishing village, is facing the industrial problems of occupational groups and traditional fisheries. At the same time, the anglers in Oucuo village lost their self-identity. Then the cultural context of the fishing village was broken, the regional function was degraded, and the settlement form was alienated. Its characteristics gradually disappeared, and gradually it was surrounded by cities. This study takes the example of Oucuo village in Xiamen, with the guidance of the rural core boundary concept, and puts forward strategies based on analyzing the problems highlighted in the three aspects of operation mode, cultural identity and settlement pattern. In terms of industry, through the preservation of the characteristic production mode, the introduction of cultural entrepreneurship industry and the improvement of industrial chain, the fishing village economy would be combined with the modern urban industry, which would make Oucuo village be the main carrier of urban industrial diffusion. In terms of culture, anglers' identity can be improved by preserving traditional lifestyle and culture, expanding cultural activities and promoting cultural education. At the spatial level, taking the habitat of white dolphins and amphioxus, the fishery landscape and the traditional village texture as the core, the recovery and healthy development of the fishing village mentality can be realized through the integration of farmland, the restoration of water texture, the current situation of Darning, and the transformation of ecological park. Through the investigation of Oucuo fishing village, this study combines theory with practical cases, which will help improve the theory of rural planning, guide the practice of rural planning, and provide references for the revitalization of similar villages.

Abstract:Over the past two decades, the government has always kept an absolute leadership in the game during the most urban renewal processes in China. With the multiple identities as city manager, stakeholder and arbitrator, the government manages the spatial resources of the city by exercising executive power and strengthens the intervention in spatial production. In the renewal of old city, the government attaches importance to the development value of the old city, and hopes to build it as a new space for urban development, while the capital pays attention to its economic value. Since the demands of the both sides, to a certain extent, correspond to each other in terms of spatial production, plenty of demolition and reconstruction for urban renewal begin to appear. However, Shapowei is not the case. Its renewal process for more than ten years also indicates the changes in the society and policy environment during the development process of different cities. This article would take Shapowei Community as entry point to analyze and compare the process of urban planning and regeneration. The Shapowei area has undergone the renewal plans several times from the beginning of 2003. 1) The first version of renewal plan was in 2003. It centered on the economic development led by the government. While the demolition and reconstruction of all buildings would maximize the land value and economic returns, the plan wasn’t implemented for it would destroy the historical texture of the city and result in the huge compensation for demolition. 2) The second version of renewal plan was in 2011. Promoted by developers, this plan aimed at promoting the development of community business. The advantages of this plan was that it put forward the protection for urban fabric and historic character. The proposed model of industry replacement promoted the commercial development of tourism in the Shapowei community and it directly promoted the gentrification development of the community. Without the participation of the government, however, the infrastructure, environment and material space weren’t improved. 3) The third version of renewal plan was in 2015. It was characterized by the government-led renovation of material space. While the starting point of the plan was to improve the community environment, it met with opposition from local residents and Xiamen citizens becasuse Shapowei was unilaterally positioned as a tourist and leisure area. 4) The fourth version of renewal plan was in 2016. This plan took the relationship between “people” and “community” as a starting point. Through establishing a “Jointly-created Workshop”, it built a platform for discussion consisting of the grass-roots government, the community residents, all the interest groups, the fishermen, the public media, the community organizations and etc. All of them could work together to make decisions on the renewal plan and development direction of the community. The core missions of the workshop included the following four aspects: firstly, to create a consensus on community development and promote the public participation; secondly, to solve the problem of Fishing Ban, understand how fishermen participate in the future development of the community and set up a plan for the return of fishing boats; thirdly, to make a plan aiming at cultivating community culture and increase the space for community cultural activities; fourthly, to make up a community action plan and guarantee the steadfast implementation of the renewal plan. The “Jointly-created Workshop” organized a number of conferences for soliciting public opinions whose attendees included all the interest groups. Various social groups including fishermen, local residents, experts and scholars, enthusiasts and the representatives of merchants all expressed their opinions and demands at the meetings. After mixing and grouping, they conducted the in-depth communications and discussions about the common problems raised at the conferences, found the bottleneck problems of the community development and developed the renewal strategies. As a core area of the old city, there have been complicated and diverse social relationships and interest demands, driven by the economic development, in the interior of Shapowei. Therefore, the decline of material space is not the most important bottleneck for the development of Shapowei. It is also far from enough to only rely on the renewal model of spatial transformation or industrial upgrading. It is also necessary to rethink the relationships between “People-Space-Structure” based on the fishery transformation. The adoption of participatory planning not only serves for the purpose of mobilizing the residents to renovate the community environment, but also achieving the reconstruction of social relationships. Through the integrated and effective public participation, the renewal plan continuously makes communication opportunities for the public. They can collide with each other over the ideas, then unite their thoughts and finally reach a consensus. Giving full play to the role of people, it is the most effective way to promote the renovation and development of the old community like Shapowei.

Abstract:Planning is a government act. The main function of the planning work is to develop and implement the government's public policy. Urban and rural planning is the discipline of land and space resource allocation. It specifically faces urban construction management behavior, especially the construction of human settlements in the city. A close examination reveals that many public policies have triggered spatial changes in urban and rural areas. Most of these policies may not fall within the scope of urban and rural planning. It also does not directly transform the space on a large scale. But these public policies limit or extend human behavior. This will take the space demand and shape the urban and rural form. In the end, it caused a great change in the urban and rural spatial form. The end link of most public policies is the restriction or incentive for human behavior. Human behavior is limited by space and also shapes space. Everyone’s behavioral activities take place in space, and everyone is the microscopic force that shapes the space. Human individuals have different spatial needs. The sum of individual differential spatial needs constitutes the collective will of human social space needs. The essence of urban and rural planning is the collective will of this space demand. It is a collective choice after weighing the borderless factors of society, culture, economy and environment. It is also an integral part of public policy. However, since urban and rural space is directly related to individual feelings, and because the boundaries between urban and rural planning are not clear, the mechanism of action is unclear, the effect is not direct, and the responsibility is difficult to identify, urban and rural planning plays an active role in urban construction management and human settlements construction. On the other hand, it bears more questions and criticisms from the public and academic circles, and even bears some untrue responsibilities. Urban and rural planning is advancing in the midst of alternating and mixed approvals and criticisms, and is integrated into the national land planning system in the new era. In order to gain a clearer understanding of spatial planning and its policies, we can learn from western urban development and planning theories to re-cognize and distinguish the connotations and differences of academics, jurisprudence and mechanism in the field of planning. And it explores the path to improve the performance of space planning policy implementation. These paths generally include four aspects: 1) Promoting empirical judgment and turn to scenario calculus. That is, to fully understand the development law and policy mechanism of the city, and to rationally construct and evolve algorithms. The "algorithm" is used to reveal the logical relationship closely related to the measurement planning policy, behavioral activities, and space environment. The artificial intelligence method is used to carry out scenario calculation and result prediction, and to deduct better policy arrangements and policy translation. 2) Identifying the implementation of the transmission mechanism. Panning policy is not a linear process of proposing vision, strategy formulation, implementation management, and goal realization. Policy transmission will experience tortuosity, deflection and error correction in the real world. Identifying the transmission mechanism is an important way to balance rationality and irrationality and promote the rationalization of planning. Its purpose is to identify and overcome the "negative effect" of policy. 3) Defining the areas of trial and error and perfecting the error correction mechanism. Spatial planning is difficult to achieve "concentrated rationality." There is a need to provide a game platform for “distributed rationality” and “distributed irrationality”. The premise is to reasonably determine the areas where trial and error can be made. It should apply “concentrated rationality” to many areas that cannot be tried and tested, and clarify “negative list” and “responsibility list”, allowing local space planning and design to explore and compare multiple possibilities to find a better way of working. To build an error correction mechanism, it is necessary to distinguish the three principles of “rigid rules”, “resilient rules” and “elastic rules” to ensure a long-term policy mechanism. 4) Promoting the accumulation of knowledge throughout the planning policy. The boundaries of disciplines should be broken and open source draws on subject knowledge such as psychology and behavioral economics. Gradually, it analyzes the law of spatial development and extends the theory. In terms of application practice, it is necessary to mine and enrich the policy toolbox at the spatial level within the boundaries, consider the development of “artificial intelligence + X”, and promote “artificial intelligence + urban and rural planning”. The most important thing is to grasp the policy mechanism.

Abstract:The theory of Human Settlement of Prof. Liangyong Wu, which proposed to emphasis integrated and comprehensive research among various discipline, has established a theoretical framework for Chinese spatial planning system. It is suggested by recent “Some Opinions on Establishment and Monitoring its Delivery of Territorial Spatial Planning System” that it is necessary to coordinate scientifically the layout of ecological, agricultural and urban functional space, to define protection of ecological environment potential areas, permanent basic cultivated lands and boundary of urbandevelopment areas in line with assessment of natural resources capacity and territorial availability of development in an order approach. This forms the basic supporting function of assessments of natural resources capacity and availability of development in the process of territorial spatial planning process, which is required to have strategic, scientific, coordinative and authoritative roles. The objectives of which are to improve and deliver strategy and mechanism of Main Functional Zone Planning, to establish spatial planning system, and to set up a sound mechanism of uses control and management. In other words, Main Functional Zone Planning is action as a leading role, while assessment of natural environment capacity and availability of development being an important fundamental work. This paper intends to explore two contents as follows: Firstly, how to deliver the leading role of Main Functional Zone Planning in the territorial spatial planning system? As mentioned earlier, the objectives of territorial spatial planning are to improve and deliver the strategy and mechanism of Main Functional Zone Planning. However, different types of Main Functional Zone Plan should offer various approach to production of territorial spatial planning. For example, the differences among four types of optimizing development zone, key development zone, restricted development zone and prohibited development zones may have different planning making concepts and leading functions. Territorial spatial planning within the optimizing development zones should be in line with spatial resources limitation; that of key development zones should emphases on both spatial and natural resources capacity; while territorial spatial planning in the restricted development zones may have to prioritize protection of environmental natural resources, and finally planning of the prohibited development zones should strictly control ecological environmental protection. It is obviously that the contradictions between “uniqueness of space” and “diversity of management” among urban land uses in different Main Functional Zones; it then illustrates the significance of assessment of availability of development territorial space according to the leading role of Main Functional Zone Planning. Qingdao has not prepared its own main functional zone plan, but in line with National Main Functional Zone Planning, Qingdao has followed the function defined by Shandong Provencal Main Functional Zone Plan. Secondly, what are the outcomes of assessment of availability of Qingdao territorial spatial development in real practices? The assessment of availability of Qingdao territorial spatial development includes assessments of importance of ecological protection, agricultural production and urban development. The assessments objectively and truly identify the regional resources and environment endowment conditions of Qingdao in line with natural resources capacities. Leading by Main Functional Zone Plan, it is able to provide guidance to the assessment of urban, ecological and agricultural importance, e.g., importance of ecological environment protection based on prioritizing on ecological resources, availability of agriculture production based on both space and resources, and availability of urban development based on spatial resources. It is able to explore the problems and potential risks of territorial spatial development and uses, to identify space of ecosystem service significance and sensitiveness. Basic supports to planning objectives depending upon varies capacity assessments are then available and sounded. It is able to define maximum capacities of ecological, agricultural and urban space that offers fundamental data and information for covering rate of forest, quantity of wood land, permanent basic cultivated land and development intensity. This work may help Qingdao to maximize its comprehensive benefits under the control and limitation of natural resources within its territory, to provide scientific basis for relevant index decomposition of territorial spatial planning, and finally to support the production of Qingdao Territorial Spatial Plan. It is the arguments of the authors that assessment of capacity for territorial spatial planning covers multiple disciplines of human settlement; it is an integrate systematical approach. It is also a process to exploration and practices of whole area and all-element territorial spatial systematic control. Assessment of territorial spatial development provides important bases not only for related controls of main function zones, but also for protected layout of optimizing territorial spatial development. It is expected and argued by the authors that leading by the strategy of various Main Functional Zone Planning, the assessment of territorial spatial development will benefit in providing technical supports to the production of territorial spatial plan, and in delivery of ecological civilization.

Abstract:In the context of new-type urbanization, Chinese urban-rural economic foundation and social conditions have been going through radical changes. There are many hollow villages that are with the risk of extinction in rural areas and the rural decline truly needs serious attention and study in the country. To scientifi cally predict and judge the development trends and possible directions for different types of villages, apart from doing researches on their current situations, there is also a need for intensive research on their longitudinal evolution. Besides, the rise and application of interdisciplinary research and the new-type quantitative analysis method have offered new ideas for the rural study in China. Based on the comprehensive theoretical research and practice summary, three types of driving factors that have been affecting the evolution of rural spatial structure are extracted fi rst, namely, the geographical environment, the social economy and the policy factor. To specify, the geographical environment mainly refers to the explicit factors at the rural material level, both natural factors and artifi cial built environmental factors included. The social economy, on the other hand, refers to the intrinsic factors at the rural immaterial level. And the policy factor refers to the external mandatory intervention on the overall development of the village at the government level, which appears the latest but with the greatest impact among the three types of driving factors. In reality, there are many subsets for these three types of driving factors. In order to analyze these driving factors more concretely while ensuring the comprehensiveness of the research, and in consideration of the overall characteristics of villages in southern Jiangsu Province at the same time, eight of them are selected in this paper, namely, topography and the traffi c and road in the fi rst category, industrial transformation, family composition, construction technology, and production and life style in the second category, and land policy and social organization structure in the third category. Then specific case villages in southern Jiangsu Province are chosen. Because of the late implementation of standardized management in rural areas and the lack of early data in the country, this paper selects the time period from 2005 to 2015 as the research scope, aiming to explore the evolution of rural spatial structure in southern Jiangsu Province. Besides, due to the limited space, and the characteristics of the geographical environment, the social economy and the policy system in southern Jiangsu Province, three typical rural space types, namely,the suburban development type, the plain water network type and the mountain resource type, are chosen as the research objects in this study. Correspondingly, three representative villages are selected as cases, namely, Yahe Village, Nanbei Village and Dajian Village. By taking these three villages as examples, the eight selected driving factors are then decomposed and reconstructed with the combination of different analysis methods. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis method is used to analyze the correlation between the pairwise weights of eight driving factors, and IBM SPSS software is then used for comprehensive analysis. On the basis of this, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is finally adopted to evaluate and analyze the weight values of the eight driving factors, and the fluctuation curves of eight driving factors’ influences on three case villages’ spatial structure evolution are then obtained and comprehensively evaluated. In the meanwhile, on the basis of their Google historical image maps at three time points in 2005, 2010 and 2015, three main spatial structure elements of the case villages- buildings, rivers and roads, are extracted respectively, which can roughly show their respective spatial structure evolution trajectories. At last, with the combination of the quantitative analysis of eight driving factors’ influences on the case villages’ spatial evolution and their respective historical evolution maps at the three time points, this paper can reasonably analyze their current development status, existing problems, development potential, as well as the policy suggestions on their future development. The overall characteristics are as follows: As a rural type that is within the range of effective radiation of the city, the quantitative analysis of the suburban development type village’s spatial structure evolution shows that its evolution overall presents a growth mode, which has a greater potential for further development and deserves more policy supports. Also, among the eight driving factors, the land policy, the traffic and road, and the industrial transformation have relatively greater influences on the evolution of its spatial structure. The plain water network type village does not have the innate location or resource advantages as the other two types, and most of them are natural villages that are retained for historical reasons. The quantitative analysis of this type of village shows that if there is no positive policy guidance, its future development might not be optimistic, and it might even disappear someday. The mountain resource-based village is supported by its characteristic industry, and the quantitative analysis of its spatial structure evolution proves that it has certain development advantages. Its evolution trend generally presents a stable development mode, and its own industrial type and the topography have greater influences on its evolution, which means they can be given appropriate policy supports in the future.

Abstract:The rural revitalization strategy, which was announced during the 19th CPC National Congress, tasked scholars in urban and rural studies to increase their focus on the development of rural regions. This paper identifies gaps in existing research on China’s rural planning in three areas, namely the relevant legislation, governance mechanisms, and technological means. It argues from three aspects. First, planning field failed to clarify how different levels of legislation impact development in rural areas, resulting in a lack of clarity concerning the legal foundations of rural planning. Based on different ideas, scholars have adopted two approaches to the position of rural planning. One approach follows the path of entrusted agency relationships, which starts by describing the social and historical causes of rural social autonomy and the rule of law. This approach gives full respect to the autonomy of village-level self-governance organizations with villagers’ interests in mind, emphasizing the sense of service and responsibility to villagers, and reconstructs planning power in rural areas through two-way interactions so that it can become an important mechanism of rural community governance. The other approach follows the logic of the urban-rural planning system by treating rural planning as a technical and governing tool adopted by local governments that allows them to consider the overall considerations of jurisdictions. And this approach aims to improve planning methods, and to look deeper into village-township system planning and village master planning. Second, planning field fails to highlight the self-governing characteristics of rural communities. Consequently, conf licts and contradictions between local autonomy and administrative interventions are neglected. As a result, rural planning from the perspective of urban-rural planning serves as an “assistant” to basic-level governments in promoting rural construction, often led by the requirements of external agents, and it usually overlooks the spatial, social, and cultural needs of the villagers. Practitioners simply extend the spatial construction methods adopted in urban areas to rural planning. Furthermore, and due to a lack of familiarity with rural issues, planning fails to take the following into full consideration: the rural social order, spatial relationships in the neighborhood, and rural socio-economic development paths. This produces various contradictions in the implementation process. Relevant research studies, however, tend to remain confined to a discussion of rural planning systems, formulation methods and planning modes, and often neglect the fundamental problems related to rural practices, such as the unique political context of rural life, the incompatibility between urban planning methods and rural areas, and the short-term and long-term visions of different stakeholders in rural areas. This neglect may lead to difficulties in implementing most rural planning projects. Third, current rural planning generally adopts the urban planning methods of investigation, study design and formulation; however, it disregards the attributes specific to rural planning, especially where the two factors mentioned above are concerned. With the professional knowledge and the technical means at their disposal, planners should have been able to grasp local realities and folk characteristics and generate rural plans that meet local needs; however, the current situation is very different. Current rural planning methods make it difficult to avoid the mispositioning of thinking modes, concept guidance, and value judgments, which generally results in impoverished local intellectual energies. Planners are not ready to communicate effectively with the villagers; the proposed plans are either not recognized and understood by the villagers, are not intended to be discussed by the villagers at all, or, are just for the praise of experts and local government officials. If the goal of rural revitalization is really established through the implementation of rural planning, then the theoretical method of modern urban planning based on the western cultural system should be creatively redirected and the method should be tailored to eastern systems. This paper identifies that coherent and reasonable rural planning methodologies can only be developed through a joint consideration of the legislation, governance mechanisms and planning technologies. Therefore, the following issues are needed to be answered by scholars: Should rural planning be completely dependent on the self-development vision of rural self-government communities? How can the coordination and interaction mechanisms between rural self-government and urban governance be effectively translated to rural planning and urban planning? What is the significance of rural revitalization for cities and villages? How are they achieved? How are they discussed, planned, and formed in order to be realized in shared programs of action through urban planning and rural planning? This type of approach can accommodate the current condition of urban-rural relations in China and lay a foundation for rural development through the integration of planning research and practice.

Abstract:Based on specific environment conditions, including geographical, climate and historical aspects, the traditional villages in southern Hebei province has formed their own main street space interface features. However, in new or rebuilding designs, almost all street space features have disappeared, because of no deep research results. At present, the researches on street space of traditional villages in China focus on spatial form recognition, the space redesign, and the protection of their features. While the methods mostly focus on description and interpretation. With the introduction of space syntax, the quantitative study on villages’ street morphology has gradually been emerging. However, it is not proper to provide the specific mathematical indicators for their interface morphology on villages’ renewal. In America and Europe, there are many research results on street interface morphology. And the methods mainly involves five directions: index system, mathematical model, space syntax, fractal theory and 3S technology. In geography, the mountain area of southern Hebei province, is located in the boundary zone between mountain and plain. The terrain descends from east to west. The land-forms mainly include mountains, hills and basins between them. The traditional villages mainly distribute in west of Handan City, including Shexian, Wuan, Cixian and Fengfeng. Totally 31 villages have been selected in the national traditional village list. In landform and topography aspects, there are many similarities and differences, and all of them have formed the regional characteristics of the street-lane interface. Because development speed of them is relatively slow, the Ming and Qing Dynasties’ features of dwellings and streets has obviously been kept. Based on the relation between main street and mountain contours, streets should be divide into three types: parallel, vertical and oblique to the contour line. The nine traditional villages has been chosen as samples. Based on research results on urban street interface, system modes of index and fractal theory, this paper constructs a quantitative analysis framework for street interface morphology. The framework includes sample data collection, the parameters’ selection and calculation method etc.

Abstract:With the development of ICT (information and communications technology) and IoT (Internet of Things) technology and the promotion of data publicity, the breakthrough and application of data acquisition, processing and visualization technology, the world has entered the era of big data. Landscape Architecture, as an applied discipline, is becoming more and more important to quantitatively measure the function and use of green space. Big data makes up for the shortage of traditional data, and provides a scientifi c and effective research basis for green space planning and design. Therefore, the application of big data in green space planning and design has been paid more attention to, and has launched exploration and practice. Based on the clue of the development of multi-scale application of big data in green space planning and design, this paper summarized the sources and application of big data in green space planning and design, the research route of big data, the multi-scale application of big data in green space planning and design, the limitations and improvement measures of big data, and the application trend of big data in green space planning and design. According to the time characteristics of data generation, this paper divided data into realtime collected activity data and post-uploaded activity information data. The former can also be divided into spatial location data and behavior trajectory data. The data characteristics and application modes were analyzed in this paper. Traditional research methods of landscape architecture are mostly based on sampling data, which is totally different from the research route and process of big data. The research of big data adopts as many data as possible. Its research process can be divided into four steps: determine big data type, data acquisition and integration to form data resources, data mining and analysis, data result analysis. Under the background of smart cities construction, massive, high-precision and effective human activity data can be used to analyze and solve the problems in green space planning and design at different scales, and can be used to construct the research mechanism of multiscale urban green space planning and design. According to the scale differences and application characteristics of big data applications, this paper divided them into three levels: macro scale, meso scale and micro scale. On the macro scale, big data can be used to study the feature of green space usage on urban scale, the factors affecting the use of green space, and the site selection of green space; on the meso scale, big data can be used to guide the planning and design of landscape architecture, such as greenway planning and scenic spot planning; on the micro scale, big data can be used to analyze people’s behavior in green space, and guide the design and transformation of green space. Although big data has the characteristics of high accuracy, wide coverage and fast updating compared with traditional data, it still has limitations in the accuracy of data attributes, the accuracy of data points location and the comprehensiveness of data information. In the future, it can be improved and optimized through data processing, application of multi-source data and supplement of traditional research methods. In addition, the paper analyzed the development of the application of big data in the field of green space planning and design, and found that it has gone through three stages: phenomenal description, planning guidance and causation analysis. With the maturity of big data mining and processing technology, the improvement of data accuracy, and the breakdown of barriers to large data acquisition. Based on data, the construction of green space planning decision-making model is an important direction for future development. And the core issue is to simulate the logical relationship between urban population, land use, construction, transportation, industry and urban green space. The model can evaluate various possible spatial policies in the future planning and development of urban green space through scenario analysis, and provide scientific decision-making suggestions for the construction and timing of urban green space system. In a word, the application of big data in green space planning and design still has a lot of potential. Planning designers and researchers should strengthen the researches on the mining and application of big data according to the characteristics and needs of the times, so as to make it more effective in influencing urban green space planning and construction decisions.

Abstract:In recent years, the theory of flow space, which measures the relationship between cities, has become an important supplement to the traditional urban system theory based on hierarchical scale standards. In the period when the flow data is relatively difficult to obtain, constructing a relatively scientific gravity model (model form, coefficient) is the key factor to rationally describe and plan the urban linkage system. Among the various types of actual flow data, the daily migration status between cities is one of the most important data resources. This data resource can help us understand the characteristics of urban network connections and put forward some thoughts on the construction of gravity model. This paper first uses the simple program written by Python to climb the daily population flow data of China’s prefecture-level units from Tencent’s location big data, and builds the urban OD network of 338 prefecture-level units. With the help of Ucinet, a tool for complex network analysis, the daily communication network of cities and towns is hierarchically analyzed at three levels: point (cities), line(flows) and surface(groups). The results show that there are great differences in the characteristics of network connections according to the level of regional development. The degree of network connectivity in coastal developed areas are relatively high, while the development level of central cities like Chengdu and Chongqing in the southwestern region are generally higher than that in general cities. The lower degree of networking in the northwestern region has made some large and medium-sized cities have strong control over the rest of the cities. The population flow data was transformed from the urban level to the provincial level. Using the Concor algorithm, it was found that the group formed by the urban network has a close relationship with the urban location, but the location restrictions on the southern cities are weaker than those in the northern cities. In general, the network connection characteristics show that the urban network connection in China is the result of the comprehensive effects of regional differences, distance attenuation and grade differences. Secondly, using the existing data, the economic factors, population size factors and distance factors in the classical gravity model are divided into regions, grades and distances. The results show that the influence of local economic development level on population mobility is U-shaped, and the urban economic growth in developed and underdeveloped regions will lead to a larger population flow; the attenuation factor in Central China is the weakest, and the possible explanation is that located in the national railway hub. The higher the city level, the stronger the influence of economy, population and distance, indicating the polarization effect of big cities. The closer the flow distance is to the urban traffic flow, the greater the hindrance of the distance. At a flow distance of more than 1 000 km, the obstruction effect of the distance is not obvious. It shows that the attenuation of the distance may only be effective in a limited space-time distance, because people are doing daily activities. Long-distance town connections may be specialized in business activities, which are less affected by time and space. The conclusions of this paper indicate that for urban space, it is necessary to pay attention to its heterogeneity characteristics at different scales and different levels and different regions. Considering the influence degree of different factors, there will be great differences. In the planning practice, it is necessary to pay attention to the construction of the theoretical model and the actual data, or use the actual data to modify the theory to obtain relatively scientific and reasonable conclusions.

Abstract:In the era of popularization and rapid development of Internet, e-commerce, which breaks through time and space restrictions, has deeply entered people’s daily life with its features of high efficiency and convenience, and the widespread phenomenon of people shopping online without leaving their homes is one of the strong evidences. E-shopping has changed people’s living habits and consumption patterns. With the continuous improvement in residents’ living efficiency and living quality, the logistics terminal express industry develops rapidly under the promotion of logistics economy. The hot issues about “the last kilometer of express delivery” and its location layout have been discussed by more and more scholars all over the world. Previous researches on these topics are mainly focusing on the layout and development of logistics and warehousing, express delivery modes, characteristics of self-pick-up points and optimization of the construction of the last mile logistics networks. Studies of Cainiao stations are mainly about the development and optimization of its network, its significance to logistics geography and its relationship with social phenomena. In a word, there is a lack of systematic research on Cainiao stations in one case city, especially on the relationship between Cainiao stations and urban development. In this paper, based on the POI data of Cainiao stations in Dongguan, the economic and social information such as managing types and service subjects of Cainiao stations were explored. The spatial distribution patterns were also revealed with ArcGIS tools. Besides, SPSS was used to establish a regression model to analyze the relationship among Cainiao stations, urban development planning, residents and enterprises. A basic formula for predicting the population based on the number of Cainiao stations was primarily built. Conclusions are as follows. Firstly, results demonstrate that 97% of Cainiao stations in Dongguan rely on a store, with the Meiyijia convenience store as the main partner, and there is a mutually beneficial relationship between managing objects and the stations. Cainiao stations mostly provide service for multiple subjects at the same time, in which community and enterprise account for the largest proportion. Eighty percent sites are within 70 m from their subjects based on the principle of proximity. Secondly, it indicates that the overall distribution of Cainiao stations in Dongguan is relatively random, and the cluster area is not obvious. It presents a multi-core pattern of northwest to southeast trend, consistent with the shape of the city. The core areas are Dongcheng street and Nancheng street, and the small-scale concentration is formed by town districts. Each center is far apart. The hot spot area of Cainiao stations shows the vertical extension to the north with Humen Town and Chang’an Town as the starting points, and the cold spot area is extended like Chinese character “八” with Zhongtang Town and Shipai Town as the starting points. The hot and cold areas are generally umbrella-shaped. Thirdly, there are more Cainiao stations which providing logistics service in the key area of urban development planning. Through its number, the leading and dominant area of the city in the future can be inferred indirectly. In addition, on the one hand, Cainiao stations are more densely distributed in areas with a large number of permanent residents where the living needs are diverse, and the online shopping capacity is relatively high; on the other hand, industrial and commercial enterprises are the main actors of regional economy, and all kinds of buildings are the space where many middle-aged and young commuters work in. Owing to the above reasons, the number of enterprises can reflect not only the economic prosperity but also the number of young people, the largest online shopping group in the region. According to our study, the number of Cainiao stations is positively proportional to the number of permanent residents and commercial enterprises. Not only can the changes of the number of Cainiao stations point to the distribution and the growth trend of population, but Cainiao stations can also be a sensitive probe to detect the social and economic development, the prospect of cities and the vitality of regions. By analyzing the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of Cainiao stations, this paper aims to provide guidance and reference for the rational planning and layout of urban service facilities and make contributions to the study of the prediction on urban development and socioeconomic phenomena. Further work could focus on different cities to examine and enhance the formula with other influencing factors considered in and predict urban development referring to Cainiao stations and night-time light data simultaneously.

Abstract:This study aimed to understand the indoor environment quality and residential comfort of elderly residents in existing residential district in Beijing. A continuous investigation was carried out in a community built in the early 1990s in Qinghe. Five elderly households participated in the investigation. The study lasted from March 2018 to July 2018, covering heating season, summer and transition season. During the whole investigation period, the air temperature and relative humidity in the main rooms (bedrooms and living rooms) of each family were measured and recorded continuously. Investigators visited the households once a month. During the monthly visit, the elderly respondents were asked to finish questionnaires, at the same time, the global temperature and air velocity were measured near them. The questionnaires include instantaneous evaluation on thermal sensation and thermal comfort as well as short-term (within a month) satisfaction evaluation on living environment in their homes. In addition, the indoor acoustical environment, luminous environment and air quality of each household were also measured during the monthly visit. In heating season, despite of the cold climate outside, indoor temperature of each room was above 20℃ in general. The indoor temperature in spring fl uctuated with the outdoor temperature, and the temperature difference among the households was relatively large. In summer, the indoor temperature was mainly in the range of 25~30℃. During the whole investigation period, the relative humidity of households on the ground fl oor was significantly higher than the households on the floor above (P<0.05). In this study, the correlation between indoor and outdoor climate was observed. The hourly moisture content of indoor and outdoor air showed obvious linear relationship (R2=0.830 8). In heating season, due to the central heating, the daily average indoor temperature was not greatly affected by the outdoor temperature conditions, and was within the range of 21~23℃ on the whole. In spring and summer, people were more inclined to open the window, this led to a closer connection between indoor and outdoor climate, a signifi cant increase of daily average indoor temperature as the growth of outdoor temperature was observed. The indoor air state points were dawn in the psychrometric chart compared with the ASHRAE-55 recommended comfort zone. In the heating season, the majority of data points were located in the comfort zone due to the fulltime central heating system. However, a great number of points fell out of the comfort zone in spring and summer, for the buildings were in nature ventilation mode most of the time. PMV was calculated according to Fanger’s PMV-model. Paired-samples T test was conducted between PMV and TSV of the elderly respondents in heating season, spring and summer. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between PMV and TSV in heating season and spring. PMV was generally below zero in these two seasons, while TSV were higher than neutral in heating season and close to neutral in spring. Although the objective measurement results of indoor air temperature and relative humidity showed that majority of air state points were located outside the ASHRAE comfort zone, the actual evaluation on thermal comfort and thermal acceptability of the respondents were rather tolerant. When TSV was -1 and +1, most of the respondents still felt comfortable, and comfortable votes even occurred when TSV was +3. As for thermal acceptability, during the four-month investigation, only 4% of the samples considered the thermal environment a little unacceptable, the rest were all acceptable, among which 31% were completely acceptable and 65% were just acceptable. Current national standards stipulate the outdoor and indoor noise level of residential buildings. The outdoor noise level measured outside the window hole of master bedrooms was under the upper limit, while the indoor noise level of some rooms exceeded the limit. Only a part of rooms on the floor above met the illuminance standard of natural lighting. There were differences in level of PM2.5 and CO2 concentrations among different households, which were mainly caused by living habits (smoking, window opening).In terms of residential satisfaction evaluation, the households’ satisfaction with the effect of natural ventilation was generally high. The satisfaction with natural lighting of residents on the ground floor was low. Great difference of satisfaction in acoustical environment was found among different monthly visits, the main noise source leading to discontent was outdoor construction..

Abstract:Problems from the social, traffic safety and environmental pollution caused by the rapid urbanization have greatly restricted children’s activities in outdoor spaces in most of cities. It is an important part of child-friendly urban planning to create the attractive public outdoor playground and protect children’s right to play freely. This paper firstly carried out relevant theoretical research on children’s outdoor playground, and interpreted the definition and type of children’s outdoor playgrounds, and reviewed the development and research of children’s playgrounds in Germany. Then, taking Germany as an example, based on the detailed explanation and promotion policy on children’s play rights, the design and management of outdoor playgrounds in Germany were analyzed. The planning process of playgrounds includes: 1) setting the general planning objectives and spatial planning quality objectives; 2) analyzing and assessing the site; 3) child participation; 4) developing a playground plan design goals and specific measures. Furthermore, planning and design standards of playgrounds in Germany were reviewed. Since 1971, the first edition of “Residential Area Playgrounds-Outdoor Game Zones and Equipment- Design Principles” has been revised in multiple editions. In September 2012, the latest standard of DIN-18304 was released as “Playgrounds and open spaces—requirements for planning, construction and operation”. Plan, safety and maintenance requirements are more rigorous than previous versions. Until now, Germany has successively released DIN 18040-3 (2014-12), which covers the planning requirements for barrier-free traffic and outdoor facilities in public transportation and open spaces, as well as DIN 33942 (2016-04) which is standard for accessible playground equipment. These standards form an important design basis for the construction and maintenance of facilities in the playgrounds. Subsequently, the eight criteria for creative playground are outlined as the design principles for children’s outdoor playgrounds in Germany as follows: 1) child participation; 2) nature environment as a model; 3) a rest area; 4) space for children’s idea; 5) imaginative diversity; 6) meeting points; 7) the feeling of nature; 8) enriching the status quo. The four main design features of the outdoor public playgrounds were concluded as following. Firstly, playgrounds resembles the natural environment. In Germany, children are seen as part of nature that promoting their creativity and imagination. In the context of the urbanization, on the one hand, the natural environments must be protected to provide children with natural open spaces. On the other hand, it is important to plan and design the attractive and multi-generational playgrounds to make up for the lack of children’s space. The combination of nature and playground has become the consensus of German environmental design. Based on the principle of being close to nature, in planning, playgrounds are usually integrated with parks and green spaces in urban or community; in the design of venues, attention is paid to natural elements. Secondly, the game equipment is dominated by dynamic and autonomous movements. Many children complain that there are no challenges even for new and modern equipments in artdoor public playgrounds. Children want to challenge, stick to themselves and experience the natural environment. They like mounds, sand and water, and hide and seek. The survey from the playgrounds in Germany showed that the core of design is based on preference for children’s activities. Moreover, it helps to promote children’s active sports, fun and challenges. Thirdly, Children participate in design of playgrounds. The participation of children is protected and supervised by law, and children have the right to participate in decisions that affect them. As an expert, children can bring their expertise into playground planning. Children can express their thoughts and aspirations during the planning seminar or construction. We can create safe, stimulating, changeable and attractive places that meet the needs of children by ensuring the full participation of children. Fourthly, Barrier-free playground. Playground for all means that the rides and venues are designed to be barrier-free so that all children can use the playground regardless of physical and mental condition, The concept of barrier-free games attempts to make children with disabilities feel that they are actively involved in the activity Finally, the service and management of outdoor public playgrounds are summarized. Citizens can find any playgrounds by network channels, such as official network and the professional playground portal. The maintenance and management of outdoor playgrounds were led by the government and assisted by the public. Germany has ensured the basic rights and interests of children to play by planning of children’s outdoor public playgrounds with an adventure, game and natural space. Drawing on the experience from the planning, design and management of outdoor children’s playgrounds in German cities, it is of great practical significance to promote the construction of children’s outdoor public playgrounds, and to realize the child-friendly cities and communities in China. Keywords:

Abstract:Education informatization, which began in the early 1990s, refers to the comprehensive application of big data, cloud computing, block chain, artificial intelligence, speech recognition, neuroscience and other modern information technologies in the field of education to promote education reform and the process of development. Since the beginning of the new century, with the country's emphasis on education informatization, relevant policy formulation has emerged. Information technology has developed rapidly, which has had a tremendous impact on the teaching modes and architectural design of primary and secondary schools. The supply mold of traditional education, the school system, the form of teaching space can no longer meet the needs of the information society. The teaching mode and architecture design of primary and secondary schools have been greatly affected by the rapid development of information technology; also, the teaching space of primary and secondary schools is facing change and development. In this paper, in response to the above developments and the problems existing at the current stage, the policies of education informatization in China and abroad are reorganized, summarizes the basic concepts of education informatization, demonstrates to the driving mechanism of education informatization for the upgrade of teaching modes in primary and secondary schools, and then puts forward the new demands of teaching space design in primary and secondary schools under the new teaching mode. Based on status survey and case analysis, this paper aims to propose the design strategies of teaching space in primary and secondary schools so as to build an informatizationed primary and secondary school. The teaching space design of primary and secondary schools will provide theoretical guidance and practical reference for further design. Firstly, it puts forwards the driving mechanism of education informatization for the upgrade of teaching modes in primary and secondary schools. The technological revolution with information technology has led to big changes in industrial structure. The use of multiple teaching media, the implantation of integrated information technology and the optimization of physical environment have all led to the changes of the fundamental way of knowledge production, knowledge acquisition and knowledge dissemination in primary and secondary schools. Teaching goals, teachers’ roles, learning methods have gradually changed in the upgraded teaching mode, students and teachers have an interactive relationship with information technology. Secondly, it should meet the new demands of teaching space design in primary and secondary schools under the new teaching mode. Teaching space finally needs new demands with the upgrade of the teaching mode, and the scope of the teaching space is not limited to the teaching area composed by individual classrooms. The design of teaching space will no longer be a simple architectural design problem, but a multi-disciplinary problem which integrates information technology, education, architecture and so on. The construction of teaching space in primary and secondary schools under the innovative teaching mode should be able to meet the various functional activities such as teaching, independent learning, group discussion, and performance, which include formal learning and informal learning. The boundaries between these venues are separated by flexible furniture and foldable partitions. The design of teaching space will be more flexible and the interactive control of the environment will make the teaching space more suitable for the physical environment. Furthermore, it proposes the design strategies of teaching space in primary and secondary schools under the new mode. 1) Intelligence integration of teaching space makes closed teaching space turned into flexible extension. With the advent of the 5G era, the construction of the wireless campus enables students to have easy access to the network anytime and anywhere in primary and secondary schools. There are digital terminal devices for students to use in any type of teaching space. Therefore, the design of teaching space in primary and secondary schools should be able to meet the needs of flexible use of students and teachers, the traditional closed teaching space turned into flexible extension. 2) Mixed age teaching space makes the coexistence of same grade and different grade mode come into reality. Education will be carried out on the digital platform. Students can use information technology to dig out all the high-quality resources of the whole society to build an open teaching space pattern in primary and secondary schools. Teaching will not be restricted by factors such as place, curriculum, age, etc. Therefore, there will not only be traditional teaching groups of the same grade in the teaching space, but also the coexistence of teaching groups in the same grade and different grade will become the organizational structure of the teaching space system in the future. 3) Humanization of teaching space with interactive design to create a friendly learning environment. Education informatization provides a basic guarantee for the physical environment comfort in primary and secondary schools. The intelligent design of interactive devices in the space design enables the space itself to have adjustable functions. The stable network that can be transmitted quickly ensures primary and secondary schools' environment. Real-time monitoring of the soft environment can form a mutual feedback mechanism between teaching and environment.

Abstract:The landscape art takes on powerful religious overtones and utilitarian in its origin and is gradually refi ned into cultural pursuit refl ecting various ideas and aesthetic patterns in the following endless historical process. Landscape design, with vivid landscape images and environmental quality, is mainly explored out by inherent culture of the site and the design itself. From the perspective of historical theory, this paper expounds the evolution of cultural value of Chinese and Western landscape art: the medium of hunting witchcraft, the interpretation of life cycle, the metaphor of dialogue between man and god, the expression of Mathematical Form, and the pursuit of “Heaven and Man”. In this paper, the underlying cultural connotation beneath the landscape form is discussed from the perspective of history with the aim to explore and examine the ways of influence of cultural elements on the development of landscape design, so as to provide thinking and references for the construction of cultural characteristics in contemporary landscape design. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the landscape design was officially established as a systematic discipline in western countries. And as a mature and key research field, it could collaborate with the architectural design and urban planning to commit to modern city construction. More attention has been increasingly paid to the landscape design in China. The men of literature and writing created a quiet and peaceful place in Chinese traditional garden away from the noisy and prosperous city and the open modern garden, which displays the secular life, have a great potential in creating happy life, which makes the people in China increasingly aware of the unique value of the landscape. However, the landscape design in our country started late and is still in exploring and learning period while the western countries has developed mature ecological and art quality. And the landscape design works therefore often focus on the surface imitation of the form itself, ignoring the exploration of the cultural features. The results are the resemblance of landscape creation and the loss of city’s characters. Landscape design is not limited to the external aesthetic statement or to please someone. Observers can get the emotional connection or resonance mentally from the profound cultural meaning embodied in the landscape form, which makes the landscape quality more transcendental. This double spatial performance of the aesthetic and meaning in the landscape design does not only contribute to the inspiration of the form creation, but also establishes a extensive cultural context and imagination for the people in the surface and more intuitive spatial environment. Therefore, the interest of the aesthetic consciousness can be mobilized due to their greater psychological activities. As Koner said, as the logical evolution of time, materials, space, structure, light and color,contemporarily the landscape design shows the dynamic changes of the nature and society. It also provides the clues to understanding the social condition and establishing cultural support for the people. Consequently, in some gardens, the spatial group and relation, the setting of jungle or a vacant lot, the pattern of tiles in the plaza and the geometric forms of the hedges and even the theme of totem pole and public art are all significant, which will generate the strong sense of field and particular cultural atmosphere with the fields and activities. Regardless of the selection of the spatial vocabulary, the additional bearing of symbols or the exact expression mechanism of the meaning, this environmental semantic factors in the landscape design need to achieve the psychological connection of the aesthetic experience between the landscape meaning and people to the maximum extent, depending on the code selection, encoding and decoding process of the landscape elements. The culture of landscape design is significantly crucial to touching the deep cultural context contained through the form presentation, which originates from the human nature and truly have a dialogue with human heart to generate the resonance. The culture of landscape design is interpreted based on this main line to reveal the important role of culture in landscape design, followed by the analysis of multi-dimensional cultural levels embodied in the development history of landscape design. Firstly, it introduces the concept of landscape, landscape design and culture. The landscape design is then elaborated, which is an important social practice in the human development history, to establish the media of mutual communication between people and culture, reflect the nature of human work, demonstrate the cultural innovation and heritage in the history revolution time-dimensionally and integrate the experience into itself spatial—dimensionally, expressing the emotion and underlying structural logic in a unique form. The next part is to further explore out the nature of landscape design culture—a symbiotic media, which emphasizes cultural meaning, its expression and implication performance. The aim is to establish an implicit structure under various forms of representation to further open the semantic platform for the mutual dialogue between the landscape design and culture.