Abstract:The development of big data, artificial intelligence, mobile network, cloud computing and other new technologies is triggering a new round of technological revolution in the world. The development of intelligent technology has not only become the innovative driving force of national economic and social development, but also has a profound impact on the operation and development of cities. In this context, smart cities are developing in all areas of the city at a faster rate than we thought. For example, smart transportation, smart energy, smart communication, smart governance, smart medical and so on involve almost all aspects of urban operation. The application of these intelligent technologies has had a great impact on urban life. So, what impact will it have on the future urban spatial pattern, what opportunities and challenges will it bring to urban design, or, on the other hand, what we can do in the fi eld of urban design by using intelligent technology, which is worthy of our further consideration. Because the concept of smart city has various statements in various contexts, there is no precise definition. This paper analyzes the frontier research in the fi eld of smart city broadly across the world, and combs the relevant definitions of smart city in the existing research literature, in which the six dimensions proposed by Rudolf Giffinger who is the professor of Technical University of Viennaare widely recognized by the academic community, namely: smart economy, smart governance, smart environment, smart people, smart mobility, smart living. These six dimensions also lay the basic framework for smart cities. Through extensive interdisciplinary literature review, this paper expounds the relevant components of smart city technology and its research progress. Generally speaking, there are many researches on all aspects of the components of smart citie, but relatively scattered and regardless of size. It is mainly based on the overall concept, system framework and technical means, and there is little discussion on the relationship between smart city technology and urban space form. This paper then points out the current research tendency of smart sustainable city from a large number of literature, and illustrates it with four cases of smart city new projects. On this basis, this paper reveals the influence and potential opportunities of smart city technology on all aspects of the city, and puts forward the new topics and research directions that will be faced by urban design in the context of utilization of intelligent technology in the future.

Abstract:With the fast development of information and communication techniques, the availability of new urban data and new analytical tools triggers the generation of a new science of cities, i.e., data-intensive analysis and computational approaches of cities to pursue deeply quantitative understandings. Urban design as an effort focusing on the making of lively urban places is gradually transforming toward a more human-scale and quality-control direction, which requires in-depth understandings on spatial features of the city and corresponded socioeconomic performance. In this context, urban design that was mainly based on designer’s experiences and intuition is facing new potentials generated from the new urban science. This paper, as a reflection of this trend, discusses new analytical tools such as machine learning, virtual reality, computer visualization, morphological analyses, and multi-sourced urban data such as street view images, points of interest, location-based service, based on the urban design transformation requirements. Specifically, the new analytical tools provide not only in-depth understandings on urban morphology but also algorithms and computational tools adaptive to complex built environment. The multi-sourced urban data provides not only fine-scale and quantitative data recording features of urban spaces but also human perception and behavior related to the spatial features. For instance, newly-proposed urban morphological tools like UNA and Form Syntax, are able to achieve a co-present of various kinds of urban morphological elements and their related performance. Newly-developed machine learning algorithms like SegNet and the availability of large amount of street view images make the measuring of streetscape features possible. In general, the integration of new urban data and new analytical tools leads to improvements on three directions that were hard to achieve: 1) fine-scale spatial data but also covering large areas at the same time, 2) quantitative description of urban morphological features, 3) socio-economic performance affected by built environment. These improvements were hard to achieve via classical methods decade ago, which might help promote the further construction of urban design through the development of exclusive technical basement. It then explores the new possibility of urban design and introduces the related typical tools and representative cases from the following three directions. Firstly, there are some design assistant tools, e.g., Urbane and Vitalvizor, utilizing fine-scale open data and computer visualization techniques to achieve a direct and clear 3D illustration between spatial features and corresponded socio-economic performance. These real time and active analyses could assist urban design processes from site analysis, idea generation, proposal evaluation, etc. Secondly the combination of multi-sourced urban big data and computation algorithms in machine learning would assist urban designers and planners to measure the immeasurable in the past that includes many intangible issues like spatial quality and vitality. Improvements in this direction would assist smart and efficient design policy on the key points. By this way,small design improvements would lead to large outputs on public benefits. Improvements in this direction might help promote better quality and vitality making in design practices. Moreover, the utilization of new techniques like VR and wearable devices, and detailed urban data would assist the achievement of perceptual-based design evaluations. This kind of human-scale approach would be easier to achieve more accurate analyses, compared with intuitive feelings. In short, the emerging new techniques and new data in the context of new urban science is bringing new possibilities to seek in-depth understandings on urban design and regeneration for better place-making and smart decision making. Many urban design processes that were traditionally inspired by intuition can now be supported by a scientifically grounded analysis, combining creativity and rationality into one framework. Although these presented studies and cases are still exploratory, they move a step forward and supplement classical urban design theories with quantitative measurements. These studies also help to achieve an efficient large-scale analysis but also keep fine-scale spatial resolution. It is a response to the increasing interest in introducing new quantitative thinking into urban design. It indicates a transformation towards the paradigm shift of urban analytics-linking science, engineering, design and information technology. Endeavors in this direction would better connect design practices and researches, as a way to advance further development of research by design.

Abstract:In recent years, with the rapid development of urban high-rise and high-density buildings in China, urban ventilation, heat island effect, air pollution and thermal comfort at pedestrian level is becoming an important topic in the study of high-density and high-rise urban design. Since the environmental assessment in the design stage can have a direct and significant impact on the final quality of the city, it is particularly important to rethink the relationship between architectural form and urban micro climate, especially the internal logic between urbanmorphology and natural ventilation, and to explore the design method driven by wind environment optimization in the early design stage. Therefore, with the continuous development of environmental performance simulation and experimental tools, the past “trial-and-error” passive design method is gradually replaced by logical generation design, and the role of early conceptual design decision-making for urban wind environment impact is becoming increasingly prominent. However, at present, a large number of performance simulation tools are subject to the tradeoff between simulation accuracy and time consumption, which makes it difficult to bring timely feedback in the early stage of design. In fact, the iterative generation method based on digital simulation tools only chooses the best among the limited random solutions, not from the environmental performance to the inverse solution of the scheme form. This “post-evaluation” paradigm cannot really satisfy the architect’s comprehensive requirements for the environmental performance design. Firstly, this paper introduces the experimental platform using physical wind tunnel as simulation tool, including data acquisition and performance visualization design method exploration. It has the advantages of easy operation, controllable cost, and stable flow field and so on, guided by the initial shape generation design of the scheme. Its perception and real-time acquisition of environmental data make the wind environment simulation change from the postdesign verification to the front-end design exploration.After that, this study summarizes several commonly appliedurban morphologydesign strategies for wind environment performance optimization of high-rise buildings in high-density cities, including rotation, twisting, concaveconvex, hollowing, lifting-up, and develops a set of dynamic model devices for high-rise buildingsfor physical wind tunnel test. In the experiment of urban morphology generation in physical wind tunnel, firstly, the method of optimizing the layout of ventilated buildings is adopted, and then the angle between building orientation and wind direction is determined by wind tunnel experiment under the condition that the building layout is initially determined by sunshine. Finally, the specific form is determined to achieve the optimal control of the overall wind environment of the block. The dynamic model controls the parameters of different servosdirectly by the program, and uses the servos and gears to drive each building model to move. It constantly changes the orientation and shape of the building, including the size of the hollow facade, the external shape of distortion or indentation, and the height of the overhead. The dynamic model has the possibility of generating a large number of different morphology data instantaneously, which meets the needs of machine learning for massive sample data, and opens up the relationship between building geometry generation and urban wind environment data.On this basis, an optimization algorithm of building geometry genera?摩敯獮椠条湮? design based on neural network algorithm is proposed in this paper. The generation system based on neural network includes four parts: morphology optimization strategy, mechanical dynamic system, simulation evaluation system and intelligent prediction system. The parameter logic can be described as the data circulation process of “geometric parameter group - mechanical parameter group - environmental parameter group”. In this study, the twisting form in high-rise buildings are selected for wind tunnel experiments under different plane and elevation strategies, and the mechanical parameters of each morphology scheme and the corresponding environmental data obtained from experiments are taken as sample data to construct a neural network regression model to predict the optimal morphology of twisted buildings under the control of various wind environment independently. Thus, this paper presents a design-oriented, performance-based, high-rise building group morphology generation, prediction and optimization design method based on natural wind environment in high-density urban districts. The application of physical wind tunnel is trying to solving the problems of complex operation and feedback timeconsumption of using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software. The introduction of dynamic model makes it possible to obtain a large number of entity building models in a short time. The combination of neural network algorithm maximizes the application of wind tunnel test data to realize the direct conversion of design-oriented from environmental performance to architectural geometry. It has found that, in the early stage of urban design, the optimal control of urban form according to the wind environment can be realized, which may avoid the economic and resource losses caused by the repeating modified design based on the local wind environment criteria and pedestrians’ requirement in the later adjustment stage of design, which overturns the “post-evaluation” mode of environmental performance of contemporary architectural

Abstract:With the development of information and communication technologies, especially mobile communications and mobile Internet, portable mobile devices have generated a variety of mobile positioning big data. The mobile positioning big data includes mobile phone signaling data, mobile Internet LBS data and other similar data, which is a kind of trajectory data indicating the spatial and temporal characteristics of individual activities. From the temporal and spatial characteristics of the trajectory points based on the mobile positioning big data, the feature points such as residence, work, and recreation of individual activities can be identified, so that the spatial distribution characteristics of these above activities can be calculated. In addition, the flow direction and the flow volume characteristics between the functions of residence, work, recreation can be obtained, which can present the spatial distribution of urban functions and the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban functional links that cannot be reflected by traditional data. This is the application basis of mobile positioning big data in planning and design of built environment. Mobile positioning big data can also be used for regional urban agglomeration and urban system analysis. For example, flow of people between cities can be measured using mobile positioning big data. In this application scenario, mobile positioning big data is equivalent to passenger data of full-transportation mode between cities which can support regional planning. Therefore, there are two application approaches for mobile positioning big data to support built environment planning and design, density-based and link-based approaches. The linkbased application is to focus on the link between specific activities such as “residence”, “work” and “recreation” of the same user. The link-based approaches can support regional urban association, jobs-housing spatial relationship, urban public center system, urban facilities service level, etc. The density-based approach is to focus on the density spatial distribution characteristics of specific functions such as residence, work and recreation. Since mobile positioning big data has relatively high resolution spatial positioning accuracy, the density of urban functions such as residence, employment, and recreation is no longer restricted by spatial statistical units, and can be applied to different scale in planning and design. The density-based approach can support the research direction of urban population and street vitality analysis. Applications of mobile positioning big data in planning and design should pay attention to the application method. Resident activity characteristics measured by mobile positioning big data is only a speculation, so the characteristics of data must be fully understood, these characteristics include the positioning principle, the time continuity of positioning, the spatial resolution of positioning. The data product provider’s calculation rules and algorithms from raw data to data products must be transparent and must be clearly communicated to the application.For the designers, it is necessary to understand the data characteristics and data processing rules clearly, and avoid the “black box” type of data application. When determining the data application scenario, the time continuity and spatial resolution of the data must be considered. The mobile positioning big data with good time continuity is more suitable for the link-based application, and the mobile positioning big data with high spatial precision is more suitable for the density-based application in fine spatial scale. As far as the current various kinds of data, there is no such mobile positioning big data that can meet both two requirements of spatial high resolution and better time continuity. The mobile positioning big data application in supporting planning and design must be combined with traditional data to improve the reliability of data analysis. The traditional census data has an irreplaceable advantage, and the sample survey data that follows strict rules is also a good data source. Existing technologies are not yet able to directly support planning predictions using mobile positioning big data. Mobile positioning big data support planning predictions requires a period of data accumulation and requires better technical support.

Abstract:MMany researches have been done on the design of urban settlements under the target of stormwater management. However, the quantitative relationship between the morphological characteristics of green space and the runoff control objectives is still not discussed in depth. Firstly, it classifies the green space morphological characteristics and runoff water system characteristics in settlements. Then it employs Uwater Drainage software to simulate the rainfall runoff status of the site based on the design of a residential area in Chongqing. It illustrates the influence of residential building layout and green space morphology on rainfall runoff, and explores the composite structure of residential green space system integrating rainwater management functions. It is conducive to the transformation from the traditional residential planning method to the multi-parameter design method, and achieves the goal of improving the comprehensive benefi ts of the residential green space system. Through simulation experiments, it can be seen that in the form of green space in residential areas, other morphological indicators are kept unchanged, and the larger the green space is, the higher the storage rate of rainwater is, and the stronger the regulation of rainwater runoff is. The morphological characteristicsof green space have different effecton runoff control. According to amount change of rainfall runoff, the influence of morphological characteristics on runoff control is judged. From being strong to weak, green land scale > green space uniformity > green space dispersion > green space shapes index. Complex morphological indices have less effect on rainfall runoff at residential scales. About the residential building layout mode, different settlement patterns are the same for the control of the runoff in the two scenarios of general rainfall and heavy rain. From being strong to weak, the original site > low-level scatter > high-level scatter >group type>multi-level determinant>high-rise peripheral settlement shapes index. Site development will lead to a certain advance in the arrival time of the runoff peak. It can be seen from the simulation results that the peak arrival time of the same settlement mode is closer in the normal rainfall and heavy rain scenarios.The peak arrival time of different runoff patterns is different, from being early to late, the elevation periphery = elevation scatter = group = multi-level determinant

Abstract:Green infrastructure (GI) is the material and spatial carrier of ecosystem services. The ecological service function of GI is based on the ecosystem service function. Being different from traditional protection strategy, GI is a method that integrates a series of concepts such as environmental protection, urban and rural development, infrastructure planning and smart growth into ecological protection, meeting all kinds of interests as well. The GI land-use spatial pattern reflects a certain degree of construction characteristics on the premise of ecological protection, concerning both protection and utilization. Furthermore, suburban GI land-use system includes not only the vast area within the urban development boundary and the surrounding ecological green space, green wedge and important ecological corridor outside the urban centralized construction area, but also relatively scattered construction plate, village space, infrastructure land and so on. The GI land in urban fringe area constitutes the background part of the urban periphery space, providing important ecological services and supports for the city, showing a highly integrated edge effect of human activities and natural processes, and profoundly affecting or restricting the development boundary, spatial pattern and environmental quality of urban-rural area. From the perspective of human needs, the GI land-use system plays an important role in both ecological services and recreational supports. Ecological service function, as the basic value of GI land, is the endogenous motive force for the healthy development of recreation system. The implantation of recreation function reflects the value-added benefits of GI land. Isolating or opposing these two functions will lead to over exploitation or mechanical passive protection. On contrary, organic integration will help the development of ecological and spatial resources utilization with the premise of protection, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of urban and rural environment. Under the guidance of this systematic thinking, highlighting the ecological service function of GI in urban planning and construction and reflecting the value-added benefits of recreational function are of great research value and practical guiding significance. Based on the concept of implementing actively for the protection and utilization of GI, integrating the natural, social and economic processes carried by land-use and spatial layout,realizing the symbiosis and co-prosperity of environmental protection and urban construction, integrating the economic links of urban land-use with ecological protection and construction, shaping the social and cultural links with regional environmental characteristics, is conducive to improving the comprehensive benefits of urban and rural eco-economic-social links. By methods of literature research and case analysis, this paper elaborates on the concept and technical methods of GI land-use planning, which integrates ecological services and entertainment functions: 1) Target positioning, integrating resources protection, ecological services, recreation and leisure and other composite objectives; 2) Present situation analyzing, identify the protection elements and spatial pattern of GI; 3) Function setting, implant functions which adopt to natural factors to maintain natural system's ecological process; 4) Land-use organizing, improve the four ecological functions of support, supply, regulation and culture while promoting the development of recreation industry. Faced with the contradiction between the protection and utilization of GI land in suburbs, the fundamental objective of land-use system planning is to realize the protection and utilization of natural resources in suburbs, and to integrate the four ecological service and recreational functions of GI land: 1) The ecological support function is based on the protection of resources and space, identifying the overlapping areas and relatively independent areas of the two major functional areas of ecological support and recreational services, dividing the ecological support protection areas and recreational areas, protecting the ecological support protection areas in the form of large patches and corridors, and arranging the recreational sightseeing zones around them; 2) On the premise of guaranteeing production function, ecological supply function catalyzes green industry in nonconstruction areas, builds agriculture-nature park relying on forest and fruit and special planting areas, and forms a landscape pattern of agriculture and forestry suitable for agriculture and tourism; 3) The key function of ecological regulation is to maintain the green corridor-patch space system, in addition, to form a river-pond-lake flowing water system in the hilly area, and to introduce moderate recreational activities relying on core ecological resources; 4) The function of cultural service should be combined with the distribution of cultural relics and landscape resources. Landuse planning should make full use of the original towns and villages, construct the theme park around the city, service and infrastructure space system, and improve the environmental quality as well as economic and social benefits of GI land. Integrating the four basic benefits of ecological services and the value-added benefits of recreational functions of GI land is one of the important methods to organize suburban GI land-use system. It is also an important way to promote the benign interaction between natural processes and human activities, maximize the efficiency of protection and utilization of natural resources, and ultimately realize the sustainable and healthy development of urban-rural area.

Abstract:Walking is a natural right of human beings, and street is the material carrier of walking activity. Therefore, pedestrians are respected as subjects on walkable streets. What are the morphological characteristics of the street space in line with people's behavioral and psychological needs? What is a pedestrian-friendly street space? Based on these problems, this paper sorts out the relevant research literature on being pedestrian-friendly. And then, this paper generalizes the definition of being pedestrian-friendly, and summarizes the research content related to being pedestrian-friendly from the macro, medium and micro levels. In terms of the research on the micro-form of street space, the traditional research methods of morphologicalqualitative or simply qualitative by quantitative have relatively weak guiding force for morphology design. Therefore, some scholars have pointed out a new method for the study of street spatial morphology by combining the traditional morphological-qualitative research method with quantitative analysis, which are the morphological-quantitative-qualitative threedefi nite structure analysis technology combining morphological analysis, data measurement and property evaluation. In the three-defi nite structure analysis, the morphology, the quantity and the qualitative work at the same time. Morphological, illustrates the spatial form of the street structurally with field survey results and map data, and observes the street behavior to grasp the spatial characteristics of different walking activities; Quantitative, extracts the sample data through the measurement of morphological key data and realizes the morphological data after the structuring from multiple aspects, and then the morphological structure data were evaluated. Qualitative, concatenates and generalizes the results of street spatial form in shape and quantity of the morphological analysis and the quantitative analysis, and expounds and speculates on the relationship among the morphology, the quantity and the quality. In order to analyze the morphology, the quantity and the qualitative at the same time, this paper sorted out and summarized the spatial scale data matching with various human perception and behavior (known as behavioral psychology-morphology data) based on the works of Gehl J and HALL E T. And afterwards, so as to carry out the research on the spatial morphology of pedestrian-friendly streets, this paper adopted the three-definite structure analysis techniques to combine the behavioral psychology-morphology data and the spatial characteristics of walking behavior and activity. On the basis of the results of the pre-survey, fi ve streets in Milan were selected as the case studies in this paper in view of the three aspects of walking-oriented, diversity and convenient fi eld survey, and all of which have different people and car traffi c relationship and nature of walking-fi rst. Starting from the psychological needs of human behavior, this paper adopts the three-defi nite structure analysis technology of morphological analysis-data measured-propertiesevaluation to carry out formal investigation, in-depth analysis and discussion on the spatial morphological characteristics of streets. Firstly, it observed the behavior of pedestrians and extracted morphological data from the form of the structural street plan and the space of the ground floor. Then the spatial form of the street, the structural scale of the street form, the spatial characteristics of the walking behavior and the behavioral psychological distance are relatedly analyzed. Thus, the same and the different spatial morphological features of the five streets are discussed, and the mechanism of morphological design is summarized. Finally, based on the street space in visual plane, the correlation of spatial morphology, spatial scale and spatial characteristics of the five streets is compared and discussed. Through the discussion the morphological-quantitative-qualitative correlation design model of the pedestrianfriendly street space morphology is summarized from the four aspects-the walking space, the staying space, the street interface and the space organization, in order to serve as a reference for the research of the street microscopic space morphology design. Pedestrians focus on the rich street environment they experience from one space to another, and their experience of the environment comes from the body's various senses, which is manifested in various walking activities. Through the research of this paper, it is emphasized that the most important thing in the spatial morphology design of pedestrian-friendly streets is to understand and pay attention to the human body and its behavior psychology, so as to design the corresponding spatial morphology of streets.

Abstract:In traditional street research, the information transmission between users and streets is often neglected, and the readable perception of street interactions by behavioral psychology is used to derive the medium of street readability. In this study, four types of streets in the east and west of the ancient city of Luoyang, one of the important scenic spots in the old city of Luoyang, were selected. Based on the non-verbal symbol system, a street readability evaluation system based on subjective evaluation of users’ psychology and objective evaluation of cognitive maps was constructed. Through field research, the user’s spatial perception of street readability is obtained, and the influencing factors of different types of street readability are evaluated. The paper utilizes literature review combined with interview questionnaires to obtain reliable subjective perception factors and subjective factors that describe the user’s perception of street readability, and ensures that these factors provide a more comprehensive overview of the user’s more stable perception of street production and the existence of street readability. By using questionnaires, observation records, interviews and literature review, this paper selects objective elements for street readability, mainly based on the user’s non-verbal symbol system, and combines certain literature to obtain street-readable objective. The evaluation elements, with the help of Mr. Sun Shijin’s classification of non-verbal symbol systems in “social psychology”, uses non-verbal symbol systems combined with street environment features to classify street-ready optimistic evaluation elements. The subjective and objective methods are combined to construct the evaluation system of street readability research. On the one hand, the subjective cognition of humans is used to measure the readability of the street, and on the other hand, the perceptual substances of different streets are obtained through the cognitive map method. Environmental characteristics summarize the material and environmental characteristics of the street. The study uses a two-way evaluation to find out the relationship between the two to make recommendations for a readable street space design. The survey object selects the east-western area of the old city, which is one of the important commercial districts of Luoyang City. It is also the most attractive scenic spot in the old city of Luoyang. The streets are rich in forms; the walking frequency is high and the attractions are dense; pedestrians are rich, including local residents, local tourists, and foreign tourists. Using the different ages, experience, and occupational differences of the respondents, the survey results are more extensive and popular. During the investigation, the pedestrians in the old districts of Luoyang, Dongyang and Nanyang were used as the evaluation subjects, including tourists and local residents (including business households). Forty-eight ofthem were interviewed and 52 local residents were interviewed for semi-structured interviews. For the study of the middle street in the old city of Luoyang, it is found that for commercial streets, the visual symbol factor and the eye contact factor are positively correlated with the readability of the street; for the life-type street, the spatial and temporal organizational factors are closely related to the street readability. Cross Street has the highest readability, and color symbols and spatial atmosphere are the main influencing factors. Corresponding improvement measures are proposed for the current situation in the four streets of the old city. First of all, local symbols are integrated into the street, such as the continuation of the culture, and palace lanterns may improve the color recognition of the street. Local features can be added to the space atmosphere, such as cultural theaters, figure statues, etc. Secondly, the bottom layer can be added to the building facade. Provocative and courtyard space may increase users’ gaze lingering. Thirdly, leisure space can be added to the open space, such as increasing the seat. Fourthly, in the aspect of the sound atmosphere, more attention should be paid to the utilization of music to improve the street’s user experience. The research shows that the visual symbol factor has the most direct influence on the readability of the street. On the subjective perception level, it mainly affects the user’s comfort, richness and interaction. The eye contact factor plays an important role in the readability of the street. The role of eye contact system mainly affects the user’s sense of richness and comfort at the subjective perception level; the space-time organization factor is the basic guarantee of street readability; the auxiliary language factor has a certain degree of auxiliary influence on street readability, mainly affecting the pleasure of the street. The material space elements in the non-verbal symbol system affect the subjective perception of the user in terms of morphological perception. They are also important carriers for street readability, which can enhance the attraction of the street, and try to introduce the “non-verbal symbol system”. In the study of the street, the paper uses the characteristics of the non-verbal symbol system to extract the material elements in the street as objective evaluation elements, and combines with the subjective perception of street users and comprehensive and in-depth discussion of the influence of non-verbal symbol elements on the street readability of the street. It may provide reference measures and suggestions for the renovation and protection of traditional urban commercial districts for the future street renewal design.

Abstract:The green, environmental protection and low-carbon of recreation traffic are crucial to establishing the high-quality recreation environment. According to the open management methods, excessive private cars swarm into the city parks and the traffic problems occur frequently. Many city parks have promulgated some policies in recent years, such as vehicles ban and traffic limit to control the development of recreation motor vehicle traffic and lead the change to non-motor vehicle traffic. Firstly, based on the literature reading and the field investigation, the paper analyzes the connotation and traffic characteristics of motor vehicle traffic zeroing. It is concluded that the zero traffic of motor vehicles is not zero for motorized traffic, but its priority in the recreational transport system is greatly weakened, the groups between users of different modes of transportation tend to be equal. The relationship between traffic use demand and traffic space supply is not equivalent. From the perspective of dynamic transportation system, based on a variety of non-motorized traffic, the traffic demand structure supplemented by motorized traffic is contradictory to the space supply dominated by the driveway. From the point of view of the static traffic system, the sharp decline in the demand for parking associated with the gradual reduction of motorized traffic will be significantly different from the matching scale of the original park parking facilities. For the import and export transportation system, the reduction of some motorized traffic entry and exit demand brought about by the trend of motorized traffic will be somewhat misplaced with the service function of the original entrance and exit system and other conclusions. Secondly, based on the reality of the continuous decreasing of motorized traffic, this paper reveals the traffic characteristics of urban parks under the trend of zeroing motorized traffic, proposes the adjustment strategy of urban park traffic space with zeroing of motorized traffic, advocates the return of the people-oriented transportation system planning concept, and guides the entire park's recreational traffic to develop comprehensively and rationally to meet people's recreational needs and create a high-quality leisure environment. It should enhance the status of non-motorized transportation in the park, weaken the dominant position of mobile transportation in the park, emphasize the overall balance within the park, improve the service efficiency of the static transportation system, improve the layout of the entrance and exit functions, and provide realistic conditions for realizing the micro-balance of the overall transportation system, soas to guide the long-term development of green recreation. Combined with the traffic characteristics and leisure needs of the park, the moderate introduction of leisure traffic functions such as jogging tracks, walking walkways and bicycle lanes is conducive to strengthening the leisure characteristics of urban parks while making full use of road resources. Finally, the spatial adjustment of motorized traffic is demonstrated by the example of Xi 'an Qujiang Pool Park, where the frequency and efficiency of motorized traffic are greatly reduced. 1)Through the recognition of the current situation of Qujiang Park traffic space, this paper analyzes the dilemma of re-organizing its traffic space under the background of zero traffic: The supply and demand status of the original dynamic transportation system was broken, and each traffic path directly faced the dilemma of imbalance of road rights; The structure of the park's traffic demand changes, affecting the role of the throat in the entrance and exit of Qujiangchi Ruins Park. Parking configuration with misplaced supply and demand directly leads to inefficient parking service in the park. 2)From the multi-optimization of dynamic transportation system and the improvement of supporting transportation system, the adjustment of traffic space organization under the background of zeroing of motorized traffic. It should fully tap the potential functions of vacant roads, combine the types of residents' activities, and plan the slow runways and bicycle lanes that conform to the slow life of the city; It should fully understand the traffic demand in the region, and focus on the various traffic flow paths to achieve the micro-balance of the transportation system in key functional areas. Based on the characteristics of Baidu thermal map index in the park, based on crowd activities and jogging habits, it should improve the cross-section design of traffic conflict points; Considering the traffic congestion and hedging needs of the peak festival people during the peak period, it should plan and integrate the distribution function of the square to systematically comb the entrance and exit system. It should optimize the rational allocation of static traffic facilities in the park by combining centralized parking at the entrance and exit with a certain capacity parking setting in the main functional area. Considering Qujiang Park as an important place for emergency rescue of urban civil air defense and disaster prevention, it is proposed that the traffic support function of the park should be equipped with a three-level emergency evacuation access system and emergency rescue facilities corresponding to important traffic node configurations.

Abstract:The aesthetics of literati gardens is an important issue in the study of classical gardens. Under the influence of traditional Chinese culture, we praise the beauty of literati gardens and imitate the shape of classical gardens for landscape design, but seldom study the aesthetic nature of gardens. Gestalt psychology holds that people tend to organize pieces of empirical material into meaningful whole in a certain form, that is to say, perception has a gestalt tendency. For example, when we see a semicircle, we can use our imagination to fi ll in the missing parts and “see” a complete circle. Chinese classical literati gardens are famous for their implicit beauty. Many sceneries are not entirely present in front of the audience, but half hidden. However, the scenery people feel is still complete. This aesthetic process is very similar to the gestalt trend, so with the help of Gestalt Psychological Principle, we can fi nd the aesthetic law of literati gardens. Taking the Master of Nets Garden as an example, this paper analyzes the theme of gardens, gardening techniques, and the art of naming the landscape from the viewpoints of Gestalt Psychological Holism and Homogeneity. The establishment and disappearance of the theme of the garden indicates the change of aesthetic psychophysical fi eld. For literati gardens, the name of the garden represents the theme of the garden, and the scenery in the garden is the refl ection of the theme. The Master of Nets Garden was named by song Zongyuan. At that time, there was a large area of water in the garden, thus setting the theme of “To live in seclusion like a fi sherman”. QU Yuancun uses the original name. Although he has made some renovations to the buildings and plants in the garden, he has not changed the overall layout. They live in a similar era background, social stability and harmony. LI Hongyi not only reduced the water surface, built more tall buildings, but also changed the name of the garden. During this period, social unrest and lack of aesthetic interest of the owners led to the gradual disappearance of “To live in seclusion like a fi sherman”. The principle of perceptual organization is applied in the gardening techniques. The gardening process of literati gardens is like painting. For example, the decorative open work windows in the Peony Study looks like a landscape painting. This design uses the group principle of perception, blurs the dividing line between interior space and garden space, and connects interior and outdoor space into a whole. Creating space by overlapping is a unique technique of Chinese landscape painting. By building curved roads, running water and bridges, overlappingspaces in gardens can be created. For example, curved bridges stationary on the water surface can enrich the water landscape and provide a variety of viewing points. Bending streams disappear behind stones, giving people an endless feeling. The square doorway in front of the corridor is like a picture frame. Winding path leads to a secluded quiet place. From the perspective of Gestalt Psychology, overlapping designs make people confuse graphics and backgrounds, and create rich illusions and prolong tour time. The art of naming the landscape give rise to the homotype of “mind” and “object”, thus creating a rich landscape image and promoting the gestalt of aesthetic experience. Ancient scholars often thought about life when they appreciated gardens. They not only see the beauty of the scenery, but also feel artistic conception. For example, the meaning of the name of Netmaster Garden is very far-reaching. It not only summarizes the scenery in the garden, but also reflects the literati’s reflection on the social status quo. Watching the moon in the pavilion can not only see the moon, but also associate the scene of family reunion. With the changes of the times, the layout of classical literati gardens has changed repeatedly, and the theme of “live in seclusion” has gradually disappeared. However, its critical, innovative literati interest and love for the beauty of nature are still the inspiration source for contemporary landscape architecture. It is believed that Gestalt Psychology is helpful to analyze the artistic conception of literati gardens. However, it unilaterally emphasizes the role of intuition, ignores the influence of personal experience and social environment, and there are great deficiencies in the analysis of aesthetic perception differences between individuals and groups, which needs to be supplemented by the study of history, culture and social psychology.

Abstract:Combination of Chinese and Western styles arises a typical Guangdong temple landscape of Lingnan features, such as Guangxiao Temple, Nanhua Temple, Guoen Temple and Yuanshan Temple. They are built based on the urban-landscape structure of temple gardens. A study on the national classical temple gardens was carried out very early in China, but until now is still quite lacking of South China’s Buddhist temple and Taoist temple. To solve this dilemma, the paper reviewes the bypast research progress and representative results, and realizes that we are lagging in research breadth and depth. The most initial and basic research achievements about Guangdong Temple Landscape in the past was Mo Bozhi’s paper named “Lingnan Courtyard”, which analyzed the characteristics of the building of Yunquan Fairy Pavilion, Luofeng Temple and Chunyang Waterstone Court in the point of architectural space angle. Briefly speaking, Guangdong has long-sun, near-sea, wide-hills, frequent typhoons and thunderstorms natural environment. Luofu Mountain, Jingfu Mountain and Qingyuan Mountain are three of the seventy-two Taoist cave heaven and earth in China, which means Guangdong is a geomantic land to build and expand temple gardens. Guangdong temple landscape has a long history, which can be proved from the fact that Master Damo of India came to Guangzhou and built some temple gardens among the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, Qujiang in Shaoguan became the national academic and cultural center of Buddhism after Master Huineng founded Zen Dunhuang religion. Buddhism culture and local Baiyue culture were deeply integrated, and Lingnan Buddhism flourished. Following the Ming Dynasty, the custom of rebuilding houses into Buddhist temples and Buddhist temples into Taoist concepts sprang up in Guangdong. Therefore, the coexistence of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in the temples is quite common. In addition, the idea of gardening is further inclusive and open, which makes the style of temple gardens more and more similar to that of private gardens. By the Qing Dynasty, the number of temples was about five times more than that of the Ming Dynasty. With the expansion of living space, the old temples also increased their green space, thus enriching the landscape of gardens. The new temples further expanded their scale and form, and adopted more corridorstyle space layout, which had the characteristics of Southern classical gardens. The paper teases the reason and basic process of Guangdong’s religion and its temple landscape types through literature review and field research. There are two factors influencing the distribution of Guangdong temple landscape. One is a willing to settle in the more economically developed areas while the other is the missionary trajectory of religious important persons. The following conclusions can be drawn. The Guangdong temple landscape can be divided into four types: the central regions whose temples are on a large scale, the northern regions whose temples are in medium scale and attention to site selection, the eastern regions whose temple’s decoration is gorgeous and diverse, and the western regions whose temples arein small scale and simple structure. The paper makes a thorough analysis of temple gardens in Guangdong by analyzing the spatial distribution, landscape mode, plants and artistic conception, and finally finds out the particularity rules of these temple landscape. Firstly, the landscape space is tortuous and mysterious, in addition, the “multi-courtyard and multi-corridor” in the monastery has a clear spatial sequence, but it is changeable and has a sense of rhythm, which is quite different from the view of the northern monastery. The concept of garden space in Guangdong monasteries obviously inherits Laozi’s thought of “whether there is a cause or not”. The courtyards gradually expand or converge one after another, and finally reach a climax. Although the courtyards are separated continuously, the courtyard scenery borrows from one another, and exchanges information, which is the flow of “Qi” emphasized by Taoism. Secondly, the temple architecture is extremely rich in Lingnan style. The temple gardens in Guangdong tend to be elegant, tranquil and distant, while local building materials are mostly used to form a decorative style characteristic of Sino-Western combination. Thirdly, the arrangement of flowers and trees is rich and natural. In Guangdong, besides pines and cypresses, there are more divergent frangipane, mangoes, autumn maple and so on, which are influenced by the landscape environment of pursuing “natural nature” in the spirit of Southern metaphysics. Plant selections is not as artificial and symmetrical as in the north, instead, preserving the authenticity and nature of tree species. Fourthly, the landscape has an elegant and popular appreciation. The temple gardening is small and refined, combined with the enjoyment of life, and pursues the common appreciation of elegance and vulgarity. The water in the pond is mostly on the shore of the barge pond, with natural winding coastline and small and deep water surface. Finally, the Guangdong temples are good at expressing the image of landscape humanities with poems and lyrics.

Abstract:The study of traditional settlement and vernacular architecture in China began in the 1930s, most of which focused on traditional villages in the pre-industrial society and with the purpose of collecting primary data. This is because China’s long history that created a wealth of material culture making this part of the research work carried out earlier but far from complete. However, there are still some problems in current studies, such as focusing only on “style” or being trapped in grand narration only by typology. In contrast, in the context of the study of vernacular architecture in the western society, they explored a possible translation path from form to meaning through an “ordinary, everyday built environments” and “landscaping” approach, by borrowing the methods and theories of sociology, anthropology and cultural geography. In China, a few architectural scholars have started the study of vernacular architecture in the method of sociology. Among them, Huang Huaqing, in his doctoral thesis of Tsinghua University, namely “Spatial and Social Transformation of the Contemporary Factory-houses in the Tea Village of Tongmu, Mount Wuyi” focused on the mechanism between the rural space and social changes of contemporary tea villages in China, which fi rstly established the epistemological and methodological framework by proposing the approach of “spathnography”. “Spathnography” as the basis of epistemology and methodology, explores an approach bridging materiality with perception, elites with masses, history with present. “Spathnography”, as the name implies, combines the architectural spatial survey and the sociological ethnography research method. By drawing on the reading and understanding methods of the ordinary landscape context, researchers are suggested to start with the single household, record the inhabitants’ life scenes by observing subtle everyday life, and perceive the interactive relationship between materiality and perception. Through the observation of landscapes and the help of architectural perspective and detailed analysis, “spathnography” presents the architecture, behavior, belief and their self identity by deep anchor method. It exists in the researcher’s reading and translation of the material culture, which must be unbiased on the one hand, and based on careful observation on the other hand. Through referring to the theory and methodology of “spathnography”, this paper selected a Mongolian pastoral settlement in the western desert region of Inner Mongolia as the carrier. In most people’s eyes, the desert environment is regarded as the forbidden land of barren life, which is not suitable for human’s survival. But the Badain Jaran Desert’s special topography provides an unexpected living space for human beings. The Badain Jaran Gacha, a wellpreserved Mongolian settlement, with one Tibetan-Buddhist temple as its religious center, locates in the southern region in the desert. Herdsmen who are used to nomads have been lived here for generations and earn a life by the lakes. The lakes (more than 140 lakes) are believed to provide the life sustenance in the desert supporting camels, goats and horses that are herded by the original nomads that travel through the desert. To some extent, its isolation allowed it to survive untouched and safe from the globalization. The residential form is dominated by adobe houses built around the 1980s. On this basis, some dwellers expanded the new brick houses, while others still retained the original yurts, reed houses, round earth houses and other early settlement forms. In terms of landscape, a lake, a sand mountain and a dwelling constitute an ecosphere. It is argued that Badain Jaran Gacha is a powerful sample to study the nomadic characteristic, which truly reflects the sustainable survival concept of human and nature. After three indepth field works from 2015 to 2017, the supporter of the approach is the investigations of 21 vivid samples of pastoral households in Badain Jaran Gacha(100% coverage rate of resident herdsmen in Badain Jaran Gacha, and more than 50% coverage rate of resident herdsmen in Badain Jaran Desert) and detailed “mapping” of 5 typical houses, which including scattered type, semi-open type, three-way enclosure type and individual unit type. As one of the last settled settlements in Alxa league and even Inner Mongolia, there are traces of nomadic life in Badain Jaran Gacha. At the level of residence form, some herdsmen still have the structure similar to yurts, which reflects the characteristics of bottom-up spontaneous construction. In other word, the local nomads developed their building language through learning and experimentation. They borrowed the adobe construction technology brought by Han Chinese immigrants (mostly immigrants from Minqin County, Gansu Province), instead of the Han’s defense-style houses. The local form of residence evolved from mobile yurt and yurt-like building to courtyard. Meanwhile, with the elevation of furniture and the change of residence height, the daily life height of Mongols is also elevated from the original close to the ground to the height of modern life.

Abstract:Earth construction is not only an important part of traditional Chinese architecture, but also widely distributed around the world in various forms. In the context of the global energy crisis, the ecological performance of biomass building materials has attracted worldwide attention, and was studied in depth. Although the study of earth construction in China started early, however, compared with the developed countries, it has a certain gap in the research achievements and experiences. This paper conducts a systematically comparative analysis on the development of domestic and foreign earth construction from three aspects: research institution, education model and standard. It points out the current situation and weaknesses of its own development in all aspects of China, and summarizes the experiences of foreign advanced research results. Taking university education as a theoretical support, standard as a practice field, research institutions as an integrated unit of theory and practice, three aspects can form a complete chain of production, learning and research. It can provide references for the further development of Chinese earth buildings. Raw earth building is not only in our country, but also in the global scope, which has a long history and wide distribution. Moreover, the performance of raw earth materials contains tremendous ecological value and potential. After the developed countries in Europe and the United States realized this point, they took the lead in carrying out the basic research and technological experiments in this field, and obtained more systematic research results in different directions. Not only that, many countries have incorporated the design, construction, acceptance and other processes of native buildings into the scope of national management, but also formulated relevant norms and standards for native buildings. At the same time, they also use internet technology to create a number of sites for native buildings, and provide more channels for the dissemination of native buildings. Our country has abundant research resources of raw earth architecture. Many universities and organizations are doing relevant research and promotion. In practical projects, enterprises are gradually exploring the application of raw earth materials in modern architectural design. However, due to the limitations of national consciousness, policy orientation and construction procedures, there is a lack of overall cooperation among universities, institutions and enterprises, a large number of research results can not be directly converted into social benefits for production, resulting in the lack of domestic research problem orientation and the formation of a perfect theoretical system. Therefore, in some aspects, there has been a lack of relevant research abroad. Through the analysis and comparison of domestic and foreign research institutions, educational models and normative standards, this paper summarizes the achievements and experiences of foreign countries and the shortcomings of our country. It aims to further enhance the relevant fields of our country by drawing lessons from the mature research system and operation mechanism of foreign countries. In this paper, the domestic and foreign systematic research of native architecture is taken as the object of study, and the standard represents production, education promotion model represents learning, and research institute represents research. The development status and interrelationship of domestic and foreign countries are elaborated respectively. Summarized in the current domestic context, the core connotation of production, learning and research is to promote schools, enterprises and scientific research institutions to make full use of different educational environments and resources, to give them full play to their respective advantages; to education as a foothold, to integrate classroom education and actual production organically, so that students can feel the close connection between professional knowledge and work skills; and finally to benefit as a result. A strong guarantee for further cooperation, such a three-in-one recycling mechanism can effectively solve the problem of disconnection between school education and market demand. Architecture, as a subject with strong practicality, can only be tested by practice. It should transform the theoretical results into reality, enhancing the practicality of theoretical knowledge, so that it can truly serve the society. Increasing environmental benefits and economic value are the primary goals of architecture in the process of practice. Architecture, as an art form of integration of construction technology and social humanities should not only be for professionals, but also for the public. In order to meet the needs of society, architects have been working hard to fulfill the social dream of housing for the residents and coordinating win-win cooperation in the industry. Satisfaction of the whole society is the fundamental criterion for evaluating the development of the construction industry. Therefore, it is expected that more academic research institutions will emerge in China to integrate the indigenous buildings into a production, teaching and research system, so as to solve the fundamental domestic problems in this regard.

Abstract:Traditional settlement patterns and architectural characteristics are dynamic adaptive results produced by specific geographical environments, folk culture and behavioral needs. With its unique cultural characteristics, morphological mechanism, construction technology and green building experience, the Miao settlements and village buildings, have become an important part of Chinese traditional settlements and architecture. The Miao people is mainly based on farming, and the village settlements are mostly located on the hillsides to remain smooth land for farming. The Miao people take the family as the core, advocating the multi-family settlements, and have the Lusheng Festival, the Bullfi ghting Festival and other collective activities, so they are united and cohesive. The Miao people are mostly small families, and the family members generally do not exceed three generations, so their houses are usually small. The Miao people respect nature and worship the trees, and the local forest resources are well protected and ecological recycled. Thus, in the process of continuous social and historical development, the Miao people gradually formed a unique folk cultural connotation and its clustered life form. The Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture in southeastern Guizhou Province belongs to the subtropical monsoon humid climate with heavy rainfall, high humidity and cloudy fog. The paper takes the Miao village of Basha in southeastern Guizhou Province as an example, analyses its geographical adaptability characteristics from two aspects of Basha settlement and village architecture, explores the settlement pattern and construction mode adopted in the specifi c regional climate environment and local cultural background, and explores the scientifi c mechanism and ecological value it contains. In terms of the settlement pattern: 1) the cluster pattern that complies with the mountain. The Basha settlement is built along the topography of the mountain, forming a cluster-like pattern. The villages are dependent on the terraces, and the humanities and nature blend, refl ecting the traditional overall view of “Harmony of the Heaven and Man”. 2) The open and flexible boundaries field. The boundary of settlement is a natural barrier formed by special topography, and the natural transition between the village and the natural mountain forest forms a fl exible boundary feature that blends with nature. 3) The multi-directional arrangement to back against the mountains and along the slopes. The villages build against the mountains and the orientation is not fixed, so as to obtain a more comprehensive view and enhance defensiveness. The combination of houses and mountains is organically patched, which avoids the occlusion of light and ventilation between houses, and also enriches the sense of space and layering of the villages. 4) The centripetal structure of large dispersion and small concentration. The fi ve natural Miao villages unfolded along the mountain are surrounding the cultural center of the Basha settlement – Lusheng Ping, and its interior space is densely. The overall centripetal structure maintains a stable social and family order.In terms of village architecture: 1) the functional space adapted to the local lifestyle. In the residential mode of the Basha Miao Village, the upper layer is food storage room, the middle layer is the bedroom and the fire pit, and the bottom is the kitchen and livestock sty. The residential building is mainly composed of the Suspended Building and Platform Residence. The Suspended Building has an overhead layer, a living floor and a loft floor from bottom to top, and the Platform Residence is a two-story living layer plus a loft floor. 2) The building structure adapted to the geographical and climatic environment. The residences in Basha are adapted to the hillside topography in the form of suspending feet, and the overhead layer is also conducive to ventilation and moisture-proof. At the same time, they are adapted to the local rainy and humid climate. The residential buildings mostly adopt the Xieshan roof, and the attic under the roof serves as an inter-layer space to isolate the heat transferring of roof and promote ventilation to meet the requirements of the attic storage and effectively improve the indoor environment. 3) The architectural style adapted to the local craftsmanship. The Basha Miao Village are locally sourced, but the deforestation is moderate. By using Bucket-through Timber Frame and Mortise-Tenon Connection, the buildings are full of the unique local culture and artistic beauty. The construction of the mountain space based on mountainous situations and the treatment methods of ventilation and moisture-proof adapted to the local conditions in the Basha Miao Village are very unique. The Basha Miao Village reflect the overall view of the integration of humanity and nature, and the coordination of architecture and environment. This paper summarizes the research on the geographical adaptability and green building experience contained in the Basha Miao Village in the hope of inspiring the inheritance, protection and development of traditional settlements and the modern architecture construction based on the view of “Integration of Culture and Green”.