| 摘要: |
| 传统民居营造技艺是无数匠人在
实践中积累的经验与智慧，由于缺乏系统
的认识，导致传统技艺逐步失传。运用建
筑构造理论与图解演绎法，从人居环境、
工匠文化视角剖析豫北传统石砌民居营造
技术与艺术。南太行山独特的自然与人文
地理背景孕育了豫北石砌民居营造技艺，
其环境营造技术结合生计模式、堪舆思想
和乡土习俗，打造“人与神”“人与人”
和睦相处的人居环境，并诠释儒道山水、
避害吉祥与和谐共生的艺术境界；石材加
工、墙体、屋顶及门窗的营造技术核心在
于对太行山天然石材的因材施用，以“大
材大用、小材小用、弯材弯用、经济实
用”为原则，并遵循石材“抗压强、抗弯
弱、耐候性强”特性及均匀分解荷载、弯
矩剪力最小等力学基本规律，形成了丰富
多样且地域特征鲜明的石作技艺。 |
| 关键词: 豫北传统石砌民居 环境营造 营造技术 匠造艺术 技艺特征 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240407001 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家社会科学基金项目（21BGL258） |
|
| Research on traditional stone masonry residence building techniques in Northern HenanProvince |
|
MAO Yalong,ZHANG Zihao,YAN Zhong
|
| Abstract: |
| Traditional residential construction techniques are the experience and wisdom accumulated by
countless craftsmen in practice, and the lack of systematic understanding has led to the gradual loss of
traditional techniques. Utilizing the theory of building construction and the method of illustrative
deduction, it analyzes the technology and art of building traditional stone masonry dwellings in northern
Henan Province from the perspectives of the human environment and the culture of craftsmen.Compared
with typical stone masonry residential buildings in other regions, its construction techniques are
characterized by “stone craftsmanship” that conforms to the natural environment of the Taihang
Mountains, “similarity” under the dissemination of strong culture, “simplified and practical” that suits
the farming culture, and “calm and introverted” that is constrained by the rites and laws of the Central
Plains. The stone masonry residential environment in northern Henan emphasizes the creation of an ideal
spiritual residence where man and man, man and God live in harmony, and is an interpretation of the art
of Confucianism, Taoism, Shan Shui, avoiding harm and good luck, and harmony and coexistence. Stone
processing and the creation of foundations, walls, roofs, door and window decorations are the core
elements of the stone masonry residential construction techniques in northern Henan. The stone
specifications for residential houses are strict, and the stone is categorized through the fine processing of
determining the barren material, hitting the barren, and hitting the road, laying the foundation for the
creation of residential houses. Wall construction to the premise of stone material application, the masonry
process follows the the technical points including flat, stable, full, wrong, according to the difference in
physical properties of stone to form a square stone wall, rough stone wall and slate wall three types of
wall construction technology. The fa?ade of the stone wall building is characterized by natural simplicity,
richness of scale, concavity and convexity, as well as the art of interlacing light and shadow. Roofs can be
categorized into hoard roofs and sloped roofs according to the different beam practices. The beam
structure is simple and material-saving, and the core of the construction technology is based on the
science of mechanics that minimizes bending moments and shear forces, and uniformly breaks down the
loads to ensure that the houses last for a long time. Hoard roof roofing is mostly made of green ash
backing and fine coke residue flattened as the surface layer, and the sloping roof roofing is mainly in the
form of three kinds of roofs: yangtile roofing, flat slate roofing, and scaled slate roofing, and the
combination of waterproofing structure and art form is its technical characteristic. Through the practice
of staggered overlap and local adjustment, the roof presents a natural rhythm of repeated arrangement
and random combination of fragments, as well as the self-similar fractal beauty of nested layers. Door
and window creation technology is characterized by the universal application of arched doors and
windows, giving full play to the characteristics of high compressive strength and low bending strength of
stone, and converting vertical pressure into lateral thrust. And the use of auspicious objects, religious
decorations and lintel stone plaques over the doors and windows of the components of the artistic process
to send good feelings, after the stone smear, wood paint and other processing techniques, so that the
building in the natural simplicity added a few points of subtle beauty.Through in-depth exploration of the
traditional stone masonry residential construction techniques in the northern Yu region, not only can itprovide references for the protection and renewal of traditional villages, but also can learn the wisdom and artistic cultivation of ancient craftsmen. It is
conducive to the sustainable development of traditional villages and the inheritance of high-quality traditional culture. |
| Key words: traditional stone masonry dwellings in northern Henan environment creation construction technology art of craftsmanship technical
characteristics |
