| 摘要: |
| 土地制度作为塑造城乡关系的核心
制度安排，其演进方向的明确对于实现城乡
空间协同与要素优化配置具有现实意义。尤
其在城乡二元结构背景下，土地制度不仅涉
及资源配置问题，更通过产权安排、利益分
配和发展权益保障等维度，深刻影响着社会
公平正义、经济可持续发展与政治稳定。现
有研究虽然对土地制度进行了长时段、纵贯
性的研究，但缺乏对城乡二元结构背景下土
地制度与土地权利结构性矛盾的系统性分
析。本文通过系统梳理中国土地制度的演进
历程，归纳出土地制度演进的三重内在逻
辑：产权结构的权能拓展、政府与市场的放
管协同、以及效率与公平的制度权衡。研究
进一步解构城乡关系的非对称性特征，剖析
城乡土地权利的制度性障碍，并基于生存权
与发展权的双重维度，讨论土地制度与基本
权利体系的互动机制。相关内容旨在为现代
社会的城市规划与土地管理提供理论依据与
实践参考。 |
| 关键词: 土地制度演进 城乡二元结构 生
存权 发展权 城乡关系 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250226004 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目: |
|
| China’s land system under urban-rural dual structure: Evolution, rationales, and prospects |
|
CHU Liang,YUAN Hao,XIA Xin,SHEN Guoqiang
|
| Abstract: |
| The urban-rural dual structure, marked by significant disparities in economic, social, and
political aspects, has long been a fundamental issue in China. These disparities create deep asymmetries
in resource allocation, access to social welfare, and development opportunities. This divide leads to
unequal access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure, widening the gap in living standards and
economic development. The urban-rural divide presents a critical challenge for national governance,
and overcoming its contradictions is a central task in China’s development agenda. Achieving fair
resource allocation and equal opportunities is urgent, as these factors directly impact national stability
and social cohesion. The land system is one of the key institutional mechanisms for addressing this
issue. As an important component of the national governance system, the arrangement of property
rights, the distribution of benefits, and the protection of development opportunities play a crucial role in
resource allocation, social equity, and economic sustainability, profoundly influencing urban-rural
relations. Over the years, related research has conducted long-term, longitudinal historical analyses of
the evolution of China's land system. However, it often focuses on the distribution of land ownership
and the process of market-oriented reforms, with less emphasis on analyzing the structural
contradictions of the land system and land rights within the context of the urban-rural dual structure.
This paper seeks to fill that gap by providing a systematic review of the evolution of China’s land
system, highlighting its internal logic and the various ways it has adapted over time to address the
shifting needs of society. The evolution of the land system can be divided into four stages: the New
Democratic Revolution period(1921-1949), characterized by breaking the feudal land ownership
system; the Socialist Revolution and Construction period(1949-1978), marked by land collectivization
and industrial accumulation; the Reform and Opening-up period(1978-2012), which was characterized
by market-oriented transformation and the solidification of the urban-rural dual structure; and the New
Era of Urban-Rural Integration Development period(2012-present), which is defined by property rights
reform and the flow of production factors. One of characteristics of the evolution of the land system is
the expansion of rights and powers. Through political, economic, and legal empowerment, the land
system gradually subdivides and allocates land rights. In addition to land ownership, new rights such as
land contract rights and management rights have emerged, which enhance the property rights associated
with land. Another feature is the coordination between regulation and market mechanisms. From
administrative control to market-based allocation, an innovative “administrative regulation as the body,
market mechanisms as the tool” hybrid governance model has been developed. With political consent,
various social classes have become involved挠敩獮猠?慡湮摤?敭湡橮潡祧?杭牥敮慴琬攠牥?摰敡癮敤汩潮灧洠敳湯瑣?牡楬朠桡瑵獴??呯桭楹猠?睮楤氊汩?湣潲瑥?潳湩汮祧?桴敨汥瀠?灰牥潮浮潥瑳敳?畯牦戠慬湡?牤甠牲慩汧?楴湳琬攠杷牨慩瑣楨漠湨?扳甠瑢?慴汴獥潲?摲牥楡癬敩?瑥桤攠?牡敲慭汥楲穳愙琠楲潩湧?潴晳?獡潮捤椠慩汮?敥煲略楳瑴祳??呁栠楴獨?獲瑤甊摣票?慲楡浣獴?瑲潩?灴物潣瘠楯摦攠?瑨桥攠潬牡敮瑤椠捳慹汳?晥潭甠湥摶慯瑬極潴湩獯?愠湩摳?灴牨慥挠瑢楡捬慡汮?牥攠晢敥牴敷湥捥敮猠?晦潦物?浩潥摮散特渠?畮牤戠慦湡?灲汮慥湳湳椮渠杔?慥渠摬?汮慤渊摳?浳慴湥慭朠敨浡敳渠瑥???祶?慤搠摦牲敯獭猠楡渠杳?瑭桰敬?挠漜湤瑩牳慴摲楩换瑵楴潩湯獮?楯湦?瑭桡整?汲慩湡摬”猠祲獥瑬敡浴?慯湮摳?楩浰瀠牴潯瘠業湵杬?瑩栭敬?灶牥潬琬攠捭瑵楬潴湩?潵普?汴慩湯摮?牬椊杰桲瑯獰???桹椠湲慩?捨慴湳?慰捲桯楴敥癣整?浯潮爠敡?扤愠汥慣湯据敯摭?慣渠摩?整煥畲楥瑳慴戠汤敩?牴敲獩潢畵牴捩敯?搮椠獈瑡牮楤扬畩瑮楧漠湴??瀠牲潥浬潡瑴楩湯杮?瑨桩数?桢慥牴海潥湥楮漠略獦?摩散癩敥汮潣灹洠敡湮瑤?潦晡?畲牮扥慳湳?物畳爠慣汲?牣敩污慬琮椠潏湮猠?he one hand, respecting private property rights solves
resource allocation issues and enhances efficiency; on the other hand, public power guarantees public
interests, addressing fairness concerns. However, despite some transformation in the land system,
significant asymmetry in urban-rural relations still persists, manifesting in the imbalance of resourceflow and misalignment of value distribution. At a deeper level, institutional barriers to land rights exist, and under the urban-rural dual structure, the urban-rural
relationship remains unequal. The division of ownership, usage rights, and income rights, along with the lack of protection for these rights, has constrained rural
economic development, preventing farmers from fully realizing their economic potential. The asymmetry of land rights between urban and rural areas is a core
issue that must be addressed in future land system reforms. To promote urban-rural integration and social equity, land system reforms should focus on the dual
dimensions of survival rights and development rights. Survival rights refer to the rights that ensure farmers’ basic living needs are met and they can enjoy essential
living security. Development rights refer to the right of farmers to use land for production and development, ensuring they can equally participate in economic
activities. Land system reforms should not only guarantee farmers’ basic living needs but also provide them with more development opportunities, ensuring that
farmers can participate equally in the urban-rural integration pro |
| Key words: land system urban-rural dualism the right to subsistence the right to development urban-rural relations |
