| 摘要: |
| 囿于我国气候及地形地貌因素，对水资
源进行时空调配及管理是农业生产发展的必要
条件，由此发展出以灌溉和调蓄为主的水利工
程，形成了以人工控制流量和水位的水文流域
单元——灌区。经过数千年的发展，灌区已成为
我国以农业为基础的国土空间开发基本模式。
首先简述我国灌区的形成及发展、确定陂塘灌
区、堰坝灌区和泉（井）灌区这3 种基本类型、
分布和特征，在此基础上分析其对风景审美及
风景营建的影响。然后以北京三山五园为例，剖
析其农业生产、聚落布局、园林营建皆与水利系
统密切相关，是具有陂塘灌区和泉（井）灌区特
征的国土空间开发的案例。最后，横向对比英
国与伊斯兰造园体系，论述不同地区迥异的地
理和水文条件塑造了以农业为主导的国土空间
开发方式，并进一步影响了传统的风景营建。文
章为理解我国传统的风景营建方式提供了新视
角，有助于其进一步的保护与发展。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 国土景观 灌区 风景营建 三山五园 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230303 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目（52078041） |
|
| Landscape of the Irrigation Districts: Traditional Landscape Camping in the Perspective of Territorial Spatial Development |
|
GUO Wei,SUN Jinlu,JI Wei,HOU Xiaolei
|
| Abstract: |
| Due to the climatic and topographical factors in China, spatial and temporal allocation
and management of water resources were necessary for the development of agricultural production
in ancient agricultural societies, which led to the development of irrigation and storage based
water conservancy projects and the formation of irrigation districts, hydrological basin units
with artificial control of flow and water level. After thousands of years of development, irrigation
districts have become the basic mode of spatial development of the vast national territory based on
agriculture in China. This paper first briefly discusses the formation and development of irrigation
districts in China, identifies the three basic types of irrigation districts: Pei Tang Irrigation District,
Weir Irrigation District and Spring (Well) Irrigation District, and the distribution and respective
characteristics of these three types of irrigation districts, and on this basis analyzes their influence
on landscape aesthetics and landscape construction. Pei Tang Irrigation District has developed lake
landscape patterns correspondingly, such as Liangzhu Pei Tang System, Yuhang South Lake and
Hangzhou West Lake, which were built in different historical periods in the west plain of Hangzhou.
Weir and dam irrigation areas correspond to the water mouth landscape pattern, and weir and dam
irrigation areas may have greatly contributed to the development of traditional kanji, transforming
the geographical space chosen for instinctive survival into a human living environment with clear
cultural meaning and operation pattern, such as the Tongjiyan irrigation area in Zhejiang; spring
(well) irrigation areas correspond to the pond and pond landscape pattern. In North China, there is
a huge area with deep limestone strata, which has developed karst springs with wide distribution,
high concentration, large storage capacity and strong regulation function, such as Jinshui Irrigation
District with a long history of development; then, taking Beijing’s Three Mountains and Five
Gardens as a typical case, it analyzes that its agricultural production, settlement layout and garden
construction are all closely related to the water conservancy system, and it is a national landscape
with a water system construction as a vein and mixed characteristics of Pei Tang Irrigation District
and Spring (well) Irrigation District. It is a comprehensive case of national spatial development with
mixed characteristics of water system construction, and shares the common construction principle
with irrigation district: under the premise of satisfying production irrigation demand and water
resources storage, a series of elements such as gardening, religious rituals, poems and songs, and
flag camps are integrated around water system construction, which can be regarded as the epitome
of traditional national spatial development based on hydrology closely integrated with daily life.
Finally, from Tong’s viewpoint, agriculture led by cultivation has been the economic foundation of
our traditional society for thousands of years, and the phrase “the fields and gardens are called the
same, and they belong to the same greenery” indicates the same origin of the fields and gardens, and
the agricultural production mainly in the irrigation area and the traditional landscape construction
have the same formal origin. Therefore, the long history of irrigation agriculture in China has
largely shaped the national space, formed the unique landscape aesthetics, influenced the traditional
habitat pattern, and contributed to the formation of a specific landscape creation style. The article also draws a horizontal comparison between the English and Islamic gardening systems, and discusses that the very different geographical and hydrological
conditions in different regions have shaped the different agriculture-oriented ways of developing the national space in each region, and further influenced
the corresponding traditional landscape construction in each region. The article provides a new perspective for understanding the traditional landscape
architecture in China and contributes to its further preservation and development. |
| Key words: Landscape Architecture National Landscape Irrigation District Landscape Camping Three Hills and Five Gardens |
