| 摘要: |
| 文溪在广州城的起源和发育阶段，
具有供水、排水、防洪、防御和交通的多重功
能，是广州城的立城之源。广州城常受季节
性洪涝灾害的威胁，隋唐采用以“蓄”为主的
排水策略，宋代则改为以“导”为主，在解决
水患的同时，营造了良好的人居环境。明代
广州城市扩张，致使水患加剧。为应对灾害，
地方官民迫使文溪改道，由此出现了水体萎
缩、积水成患等水环境效应。水系的改变带
动了城市人居环境的变迁，广州的发展呈现
出—?—城市街道“内聚外扩”，功能分区“内
缩西迁”，景观体系“内消北移”的结构性重
组，土地利用性质也随之发生改变。文溪改
道虽然在短时间内抑制了城市洪灾的发生，
但未能彻底解决水患，绵延清代数百年仍未
解决，广州城也因此失去了水城的人居景观
特色。结合GIS分析，研究表明，重视城市水
循环系统、厘清水的脉络再对水系进行改造是非常重要的，以期为当代城市防洪和人居环境建设提供经验。 |
| 关键词: 人居环境 明代广州 文溪改道 城市防洪 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20210614 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:亚热带建筑科学国家重点实验室课题（2017KB06）;
广州大典博士论文资助项目（2019GZB04） |
|
| Influence of Wenxi Diversion in Ming Dynasty on the Urban Human Settlement inGuangzhou |
|
XING Qiyan,LU Chunfeng,WANG Xinyu
|
| Abstract: |
| During the establishment and development of the ancient city of Guangzhou, a large
amount of water was needed to meet the requirement for water supply. The Wenxi River, which
flows from the Baiyun Mountain in the north of the city, became the source of all the water
supplies in Guangzhou, constantly providing water for other water systems in the city. During
the subsequent development of the city, Wenxi also played its role in providing drinking water
resources in the city and draining the city's sewage during the flood season when there was
a large amount of rain to prevent the city from being flooded. The wide water system outside
the city served to prevent invasion by foreign enemies. The water network throughout the
city provided convenient water transportation, which was especially important in ancient
times when boats were the primary means of transportation. Guangzhou, with its subtropical
monsoon climate, was often threatened by seasonal floods during its long development. To
solve this problem, during the Sui and Tang dynasties, it was adopted to collect rainwater into
a series of cisterns, so that it would slowly seep down. From the Tang dynasty, lakes were dug
to collect rainwater used as farming water during the dry season. Then, in the Song Dynasty,
the strategy shifted from rainwater collection to a combination of collecting and directing
rainwater to drain outward. This approach not only solved the flooding problem but also
created a beautiful environment for the city of Guangzhou, which was known as a water city.
Finally, by the time of the Ming Dynasty, the city of Guangzhou continued to expand, which
aggravated the problem of flooding and caused severe flood disasters. In the rainy season,
pedestrians were in siltation, and flooding also brought many diseases and mosquitoes. It
was not until the Republic of China period when the cisterns were rebuilt in the city that the
flooding was alleviated. The disappearance of Wenxi also led to changes in the urban living
environment of Guangzhou at the same time, and the characteristics of the water city no longer
existed. At this time, the internal functional areas within the city were also reorganized. The
city streets expanded to the outside of the city on the one hand and clustered to the inside on
the other. The functional areas of the city also kept moving towards commercially developed
places. The landscape features within the city were disappearing and began to seek sites in
the outskirts. The disappearance of the water system also led to the disappearance of theinner-city landscape. For example, before the Ming Dynasty, Wenxi surrounded Fanshan. The gas condensed into the fog in the middle of the
mountain, forming a cloudy landscape, which was one of the most beautiful landscapes in Guangzhou city and attracted poets to write poetry.
And with the disappearance of Wenxi, this landscape also disappeared. The city gradually ceased to be the primary destination for tourists to
visit, and the landscape continued to shift to the suburbs. So by the Qing Dynasty, Fanshan, as one of the most famous attractions in Guangzhou
city, had disappeared. The characteristics of the water city in Guangzhou gradually disappeared as well, mainly in the southern bank of the Pearl
River and the Xiguan area on the outskirts of the city. The silting up of the city's water system resulted in the loss of dock functions, further
curtailing commercial development. At this time, new water systems had to be developed outside the city for the development of commercial
areas.To develop commerce, the Ming Dynasty government developed the Daguan River as a new commercial dock area in the Xiguan area
west of the city. Thus the commercial area began to move outside the city. The outward shift of the commercial center was followed by the
outward shift of the residential area. The functional areas within the city began to be reorganized, and the functional areas outside the city were
gradually enriched, breaking through the limitations of the city walls and developing in the suburbs, laying the foundation for the commercial
development of Xiguan in the Qing Dynasty. Today, we used GIS analysis technology to evolve the water system of Guangzhou city. We found
that the water circulation system of Wenxi was very reasonable and conformed to the topography of the city. The forced change of its flow route
in the Ming Dynasty instead led to the loss of water sources in the city, disrupting the flow path of the water system and further harming the
living environment of Guangzhou city. We should learn from this urban water system transformation and not make similar mistakes again in the
construction of future urban water systems. |
| Key words: Human Settlement Environment Ming Dynasty in Guangzhou Wenxi Diverted City Flood Control |
