| 摘要: |
| 黄帝陵是中华文明的精神标识，研
究黄帝陵的空间格局和平面规画对于揭示
其文化根源和空间秩序至关重要。梳理黄帝
陵的营建历程，分析建成环境要素与自然山
水要素的空间关系，实证表明黄帝陵的空间
格局符合汉代形法的“九州之势”，且九宫
格局的尺度和方向均受制于山川的尺度和走
势，揭示了黄帝陵的整体空间格局及其文化
内涵。 |
| 关键词: 黄帝陵 空间格局 形法 九州之
势 规画 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20200616 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目（51978361） |
|
| The Jiuzhou Structure and Spatial Planning of the Huangdi Mausoleum in ShaanxiProvince |
|
WU Tinghai,YE Yale
|
| Abstract: |
| The Huangdi Mausoleum in Shaanxi Province is the spiritual identity of the
Chinese civilization, so it is very important to study the spatial pattern and planning
process so as to reveal its cultural root and spatial order. Existing studies on the Huangdi
Mausoleum focus mainly on themes such as Huangdi culture, Huangdi memorial
and construction history of the mausoleum and temple. In terms of the spatial form,
relevant studies lay particular emphasis on the analysis of the spatial sequence and axis
arrangement of the buildings, lacking a quantitative analysis of the overall space formed
by the natural landscape and the built environment.
As a cultural landscape shaped by both manpower and nature, the Huangdi Mausoleum
is located on a unique natural base, and has been transformed into an integrated environment
consisting of mountain, water, tomb, temple and city, after two thousand years’s construction
and repair which can be traced back to the Hanwu Emperor. Spatially, the built elements and the
natural elements of the Huangdi Mausoleum do not only share a common axis system, but also
conform to the series of distance with 1/4 Hanli (about 105 m) as the common divisor.
As a very important concept of planning and design in ancient China, Xingfa (Principle
of Form) recorded in Hanshu·Yiwenzhi is a kind of methodology related to number. In terms of
Xiangdi (land identification), it is to judge the good or ill luck related to the distribution or layout
of cities by distinguishing the topography and natural resources in the world, in order to identify
the suitable area for human settlement. The key point is to illustrate the the Jiuzhou structure,
namely, to analyze the specific form and momentum of the space in different geographical
scales ranging among world, region, and city, using the pattern of Nine Squares in order to lay
the foundation for site selection and layout of cities or buildings. Jiuzhou (Nine Squares) was
originally a method to observe land and settle people in small ancient settlements by dividing the
habitable land into nine districts, which were extended to the dividing of the world.
According to the theory and practice of Xingfa in the Han Dynasty, it can be inferred that
the spatial correspondence and distance relevancy between the natural and built elements of the
Huangdi Mausoleum result from construction consciously abiding by the planning and design
method in ancient Chinese of illustrating the Jiuzhou Structure to build cities or buildings. It is a
system nested by a small Nine Squares Pattern with half a li (210 m) as the unit and a large Nine
Squares Pattern with one and a half li (630 m) as the unit, which is exactly in line with Zou Yan's
Big Nine Continents Model and the Nine Continents Model for Building the City. The scale and
direction of the Nine Squares Pattern are subject to those of the mountain and river, which may be the reason why the Jiuzhou Structure has been continued and improved by successors. To the world, Huangdi (the Yellow Emperor) is the hero of
the Five Emperors era, unified the tribes of the Yellow River Basin, and belonged to the first contributor of the Chinese civilization. From the point
of view of cultural connotation, the method of building the mausoleum in accordance with the Jiuzhou Structure fits well with the connotation of
Huangdi culture.
The Huangdi Mausoleum is a planning heritage embodying Chinese planning wisdom. It is recommended to follow the Jiuzhou Structure in the
current planning and construction, and scientifically and rationally choose the location, orientation and scale of new structures, so as to continuously
improve the spatial quality of the Huangdi Mausoleum and enhance the holiness of the land. |
| Key words: Huangdi Mausoleum Layout Pattern Xingfa (Principle of Form) the Jiuzhou Structure Guihua(Planning) |
