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| 文化边缘区客家传统村落景观基因特征与传承演变
——以广西地区为例 |
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冀晶娟1, 李军达2, 郭穗仪3, 宋洋4
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1.（通讯作者）：桂林理工大学旅游与风景园林学院，教授，jijingjuan@126.com;2.桂林理工大学旅游与风景园林学院，硕士研究生;3.广东省城乡规划设计研究院科技集团股份有限公司城市发展研究中心，助理规划师;4.广西壮族自治区城乡规划设计院，高级城市规划师
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| 摘要: |
| 相较于粤、赣、闽地区，广西作为
客家迁徙聚居的文化边缘区，其传统村落景
观基因体现了客家人依适八桂地理环境、与
当地族系互动交融方式的独特性。当前学界
针对广西客家传统村落文化景观的研究以典
型区域、个案为主，对于全域情况尚未形成
系统认知。以全区51 个客家传统村落为样
本，采用史料搜集、田野调查、文献分析等
方法，结合形态学、类型学、N 级编码理
论，提出村落景观基因识别技术与流程，构
建广西客家传统村落景观基因图谱，为全面
呈现客家村落整体特征提供支撑；以图谱为
基础，进一步归纳景观基因传承演变之表
征，揭示了基因延续、衍化、突变的影响机
制；针对突变现象与问题，提出文化基因创
新性延续、民居建筑基因现代性更新的传承
路径，以期为广西乃至全国客家传统村落遗
产保护与发展提供参考。 |
| 关键词: 传统村落 景观基因 客家 文化
边缘区 传承演变 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240923003 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:广西哲学社会科学规划项目（23FSH016）；国家自然科学基金项目（52268003）；国家自然科学基金项目（52268009） |
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| Landscape gene characteristics and evolution of hakka traditional villages in culturalmarginal area: Example of Guangxi |
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JI Jingjuan,LI Junda,GUO Suiyi,SONG Yang
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| Abstract: |
| Guangxi, one of the primary migration and settlement areas for the Hakka people, is
situated in the periphery of cultural diffusion, and belongs to a cultural marginal area compared to the
Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian regions. The Hakka traditional villages in Guangxi, influenced by
both Hakka culture and Guangxi indigenous culture, demonstrate a dual characteristic: the
preservation of cultural landscape inherited from their ancestral settlements, and the mutual
integration with local geographical, cultural, and social environments. Existing academic research on
the cultural landscapes of Hakka traditional villages in Guangxi has predominantly focused on typical
regions and individual cases, while a systematic understanding of the entire territory remains
underdeveloped. As fundamental units of cultural landscape “inheritance”, the landscape genes of
Guangxi’s Hakka traditional villages are reflected in the uniqueness of Hakka people’s adaptation to
Guangxi’s geographical environment and their interactive integration with local ethnic groups.
Therefore, the utilization of landscape gene theory is essential to identify and characterize the
landscape genes of Hakka traditional villages and construct a landscape gene map. With this
approach, the wisdom of Guangxi’s Hakka people in the construction of the village cultural landscape
formed through cross-cultural dissemination, as well as the interaction patterns between migrant
groups and local cultural-ecological environments, has been comprehensively revealed. Through this
exploration, preservation pathways can be established to facilitate the protection and development of
Guangxi’s Hakka traditional village heritage. Firstly, 51 Hakka traditional villages across Guangxi
were selected as samples. Through methods including historical materials collection, fieldwork, and
literature analysis, both tangible and intangible elements of cultural landscapes were documented.
Integrating morphology, typology, and N-level coding theory, landscape gene identification and
extraction were conducted using six approaches: element, pattern, structure, text, perception, and
historical information analysis. In the results, the landscape genes of Guangxi’s Hakka traditional
villages are categorized into four primary classifications: village layout, residential building,
environmental landscape, and cultural ethos. Village layout is defined by site location and village
morphology; residential building is demonstrated through architectural form, construction materials,
structural techniques, decorative elements, and defensive mechanisms; environmental landscape is
formed by natural and built environments; while cultural ethos is underpinned by historical continuity,
clan organizations, belief systems, linguistic features, customary practices, dietary traditions, and
spiritual attributes. Ultimately, a landscape gene map was constructed, consisting of 4 primary
attributes, 16 secondary categories, and 31 elemental classifications, which comprehensively presents
the holistic characteristics of Hakka traditional village cultural landscapes in Guangxi.Secondly, based
on the gene map, representative landscape genes were selected for qualitative-quantitative analysis to
summarize the inheritance and evolution characteristics. These were categorized into two dimensions:the continuity of intangible landscape genes and the evolution of tangible landscape genes. Overall, in the long process of village development, Hakka people
have maintained core ancestral cultural elements while being surrounded by Guangxi regional culture, yet simultaneously adapted to environmental and time
changes and absorbed newconcepts through cultural translation, resulting in novel spatial configurations and cultural landscapes. Drawing parallels with
biological Genetic law, the inheritance and evolution mechanisms of Hakka traditional village landscape genes under Guangxi’s unique natural-cultural context
can be summarized as: 1) Gene continuity through cultural consciousness: Driven by a deep attachment to their ancestral homeland, Hakka people demonstrate
a profound identification and inheritance of the traditional culture from the central plains and “core area”. Through cultural consciousness, the replication of
Hakka core cultural elements is systematically facilitated, and the continuity of landscape genes in the “marginal area” is achieved, which underlies the
formation of village cultural landscapes. 2) Gene derivation through regional adaptation: Confronting regional disparities, the Hakka people’s dynamic
adaptation strategies have reconfigured the transcription and translation of core culture through environmental interactions. This cultural metamorphosis
precipitated the derivation of landscape genes, engendering a distinctive cultural phylogeny that has propelled the development of village cultural landscapes. 3)
Gene mutation through social transformation: With societal transformation, the inevitable conflicts between traditional culture and emerging value-lifestyle
syntheses have led to mutations in landscape genes. While this dynamic harbors transformative potential for cultural paradigm innovation, however, the
contradiction between preservation and innovation has also emerged, presenting a pressing issue in the protection and inheritance of village landscape genes
that demands urgent resolution.Finally, addressing challenges including alteration of village landscape, weakened ethnic ties, and property disputes arising from
gene mutation, the protection and inheritance strategies were proposed based on “marginal area” gene inheritance and evolution characteristics, specifying that
cultural genes should be innovatively continued, while residential building genes should be updated to accommodate contemporary functional requirements.
These proposed strategies aim to provide empirical case studies beyond the Guangdong-Jiangxi-Fujian tri-province region for research on the preservation and
revitalization of Hakka culture nationwide, thereby promoting the protection and development of cultural landscape heritage in Hakka traditional villages in
Guangxi and across China. |
| Key words: traditional villages landscape gene Hakka cultural marginal area inheritance and evolvement |
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