| 摘要: |
| 空间资源配置是空间规划（城市规
划）的核心研究问题，遵循效率最大化的基本
逻辑。不过，我国城市规划领域聚焦空间资源
配置的研究并不多见，更是缺乏系统性、基础
性的研究。本文简要归纳了我国土地和规划管
理的制度环境特征，并将空间资源配置流程划
分为土地功能配置、土地产权配置、空间产品
配置三个阶段。第一阶段将自然土地转变为土
地生产要素；第二阶段为土地要素配置产权主
体，进而生产出空间产品；第三阶段则是空间
产品投入使用或生产活动。另外，土地价值在
各阶段具有不同的表现形式，依次表现为“城
市价值”“开发价值”“市场价值”。上述解释
属于理论领域的探索和尝试，可以丰富我们对
这一问题的理解，为不同配置阶段采取差异化
的治理策略提供参考和借鉴。 |
| 关键词: 城市规划 空间规划 空间资源配
置 土地制度 规划管理 土地价值 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250114002 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目（2022YFC3800800）；国家自然科学基金项目（52078352） |
|
| Stages and values of urban spatial resource allocation in China |
|
JIANG Kaikai,ZHANG Shangwu
|
| Abstract: |
| Resource allocation is an economic concept, whose primary goal is to maximize
efficiency. Spatial resource allocation constitutes a core research issue in spatial planning (urban
planning), following a similar logic. The quality of planning schemes and implementation
management should also take the efficiency of spatial resource allocation as the criterion for
evaluation. However, in the field of urban planning in China, there are relatively few studies
focusing on spatial resource allocation, and systematic and fundamental studies in this regard are
even more scarce. To conduct an in-depth analysis of the allocation logic of urban spatial resource
in Chinese cities, this paper briefly reviews its developmental history, summarizes the institutional
characteristics of land and planning management in China, and divides the spatial resource
allocation process into stages. The study argues that the allocation process of urban spatial resource
in China consists of three stages: land use allocation, land property rights allocation, and spatial
product allocation. In the first stage, natural land is endowed with certain functional attributes
through the formulation of urban plans, and then it is transformed into a factor of production
through statutory procedure. In the second stage, the subject of property rights is allocated through
two methods—land transfer in market and land assignment by the government—thereby realizing
the combination of land with other factors to produce spatial products. The third stage is the final
step of putting spatial products into use or production, which includes two approaches: spatial
products are re-input into production as factors of production (such as properties for industrial use,
office use, etc.) and directly put into use as spatial consumer goods (such as residential properties).
By further analyzing the value logic underlying each allocation stage, the study also finds that land
value presents different manifestations in different allocation stages. During land use allocation, it
appears as “urban value”— a value that exists prior to the determination of land use and represents
the value increment the land can bring to the city. In land property rights allocation, it takes the
form of “development value” — an evaluation of land value assessed by market entities based on
the pursuit of maximize benefits (such as self-use industrial or office properties) or maximum
development profits (such as real estate development). In the spatial product allocation stage, it
emerges as “market value” —a value reflected in market transactions and representing a form of
spatial value closest to a perfectly competitive market. In land use allocation, a rational government
should pursue the maximization of the overall urban land value, where the essential value of each
plot lies in its incremental contribution to the city’s total value—rather than land transfer fee. In
land property rights allocation, where market entities aim to maximize development profits and
their evaluation of land value is characterized by typical short-term profit-seeking tendencies,
government intervention with r relevant policies and guidance is required. In spatial product
allocation, transaction decisions are made in a decentralized manner, which is close to a perfectly
competitive market and serves as an important reference for the government to determine urban
value and for market entities to determine development value. The above explanations represent
theoretical exploration and expansion, enriching our understanding of this issue and providing a
reference for adopting differentiated governance strategies at various allocation stages. Finally, it
should be noted that the proposed staging and summarization are not yet perfect, and there may be
certain overlaps between the three stages and the three types of value. It is hoped that this study willstimulate greater academic attention to this easily overlooked fundamental issue and offer further insights for theoretical expansion in China’s spatial planning
and land management. |
| Key words: urban planning spatial planning space resource allocation land management system urban planning management land value |
