| 摘要: |
| 山西地区窑居历史悠久，传统窑
洞遗存丰富。本文以山西省内的传统窑洞
民居作为研究对象，选取了160 个村落，
经过综合考虑，最终将传统窑洞的建筑材
料作为划分标准，分为土窑、石窑、砖窑
三个类型，并运用GIS 做核密度分析，得
到各类型传统窑洞的主要分布区。然后，
从自然环境和人文社会环境两个层面运用
定量与定性分析方法，深入探讨了影响山
西传统窑洞分布与建筑特征的因素，认为
自然环境是主要因素，窑洞的选址及建筑
材料的应用受到地形地貌的影响，山西的
传统窑洞多分布于中低海拔的山地和丘
陵，建筑材料因地制宜；南北不同的气候
条件造就窑洞民居的建筑高矮、墙壁厚薄
以及门窗等的差异。人文社会环境是次要
因素，传统文化中的礼制与风水影响着窑
洞的院落布局，区域经济差异及社会发展
则对窑洞形制的组合、正立面形态和细部
装饰有着一定的影响。在这样的双重作用
下， 山西传统窑洞呈现出明显的地域
差异。 |
| 关键词: 传统窑洞 分布 影响因素 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230712004 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家社会科学基金青年项目（18CZS067）；2023 年山西省艺术科学规划课题（23BA104）；山西省哲学社会科学一般课题（2024YB132） |
|
| Classification and distribution of traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi Province and theirinfluencing factors |
|
TIAN Yi,LI Ruotong
|
| Abstract: |
| The loess landform in Shanxi Province is both extensively spread and strikingly diverse in its
types, firmly positioning the province as one of the pivotal cradles of cave dwellings. Geologically and
geographically, this distinct feature has engendered a long-standing and affluent history of cave-dwelling,
culminating in an ample reserve of well-conserved traditional cave dwellings. This research article zeroes
in on the traditional cave dwellings of Shanxi Province, painstakingly amassing data from 160 villages.
The dataset comprehensively incorporates villages inscribed in the List of Chinese Famous Historical and
Cultural Towns and Villages, as well as those in the List of Chinese Traditional Villages. Significantly, it
also encompasses villages that, notwithstanding the absence of such formal designations, still retain their
invaluable traditional cave-dwelling legacies. Given the vast array of cave-dwelling types in Shanxi, it
was determined that classifying them merely by the front facade morphology would not accurately
elucidate their spatial distribution patterns. Consequently, this study adopted the building materials of
these traditional cave dwellings as the primary classification parameter. This methodological approach
led to the categorization of cave dwellings into three principal types: earth-built cave dwellings, stonebuilt
cave dwellings, and brick-built cave dwellings. Earth-built cave dwellings, specifically, are further
sub-divided into three subtypes: cliff-adhering cave dwellings, ingeniously constructed against natural
cliffs; adobe-walled cave dwellings, erected with adobe bricks; and sunken-yard cave dwellings,
excavated into the ground. Through the application of GIS-based kernel-density analysis, the research
successfully mapped out the primary distribution zones for each type of traditional cave dwelling. Among
these, brick-built cave dwellings are the most abundant in terms of current prevalence. Although earthbuilt
cave dwellings are scattered across the entire province of Shanxi, the passage of time, has led to a
substantial number of collapses and deteriorations. As a result, the number of existing villages where
earthen kilns are the main form of residence is the smallest. Subsequently, the study probed deeper into
the factors influencing the distribution and architectural traits of traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi
from two distinct dimensions: the natural environment and the human-social environment. Employing a
combination of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods, it was concluded that the natural
environment plays a decisive role. The site-selection for cave dwellings and the choice of building
materials are intricately linked to the local terrain and landform. Most traditional cave dwellings in
Shanxi are situated in mid- to -low -altitude mountainous and hilly regions, with each type of cave
dwelling manifesting its own unique distribution pattern. The building materials used in construction are
judiciously selected to suit local conditions. Brick-built cave dwellings are predominantly found in areas
proximate to coal resources and regions with relatively prosperous economic development, while earthbuilt
cave dwellings are ubiquitously distributed across the province. Stone-built cave dwellings, in
contrast, are commonly located in earth- and -stone -mountainous areas and along riverbanks. The
contrasting climatic conditions between the northern and southern parts of Shanxi have also contributed
to marked architectural disparities in cave dwellings. In the southern region, the doors and windows of
cave dwellings are typically narrow and diminutive, and the dwellings themselves are relatively tall, with
a preponderance of two-story structures. Conversely, in the northern region, cave dwellings are generally
low-slung and squat, with thick walls. The doors and windows have a large surface area but a smallopening area, and the integration of the kang (a heated brick bed) and the stove ensures a warm indoor ambiance during the frigid winters. While the natural
environment is the preeminent factor, the human-social environment also plays a significant secondary role in shaping the unique architectural characteristics of
Shanxi’s cave dwellings. The principles of etiquette and geomancy, deeply ingrained in traditional Chinese culture, have left an indelible imprint on the layout
of cave-dwelling courtyards, embodying the traditional concept of hierarchical order. Regional economic disparities and social development levels have further
influenced the combination of cave-dwelling forms, the facade appearance, and the nuances of detailed ornamentation. In the southern region, the layout of
cave dwellings is more variegated, with courtyards often in the form of squares or narrow, and the internal decoration is elaborate and exquisite. In the northern
region, the courtyard types are relatively simplistic, mostly featuring spacious courtyards, and the internal decoration is plain and functional, emphasizing
practicality. In summary, under the combined influence of these two sets of factors, traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi exhibit pronounced regional
divergences, jointly contributing to the formation of a singular and captivating cave-dwelling architectural culture characteristic of this region. |
| Key words: traditional cave dwelling distribution influencing factor |
