| 摘要: |
| 我国正积极推进城市建设适应气候变化行动，《国
家适应气候变化战略2035》中指出，适应气候变化工作
的建设理论研究还相对薄弱。居住区绿地率是城市规划
中的“刚性约束”，用于保障人居环境，直接关系到居民
健康与幸福，影响城市建设的气候变化适应性。据此，现
行居住区绿地率标准对局地微气候效应有何影响？绿地率
数值变化时，局地气候状况如何响应？绿地率相同情况
下，绿化植物类型差异会导致局地气候效应产生何种分
化？针对以上问题，本文研究不同绿地率及绿化植物类型
对居住区微气候效应的作用。研究利用ENVI-met（V5.5
Science）软件，通过实测校验选定参数，构建绿地率0%~
50%梯度变化区间，以及乔木、灌木、草本不同植物类型
组合的方案模型和无绿地对照组，进行气温、相对湿度、
风速等气候因子的时空数值模拟。模拟结果表明，伴随绿
地率增大，居住区环境的降温、增湿效应不断增强，风速
的调节或加强，或减弱。日平均降温0~2.5℃；日平均增
湿0~10%；对风速的影响范围在0.02~0.1m/s 之间。绿地
率从0%到50%逐步增加过程中，气温降幅与降温范围不
断增加，绿地率30%时，降温1.0℃，增湿4%的影响范围
超过50%占比面积。当绿地率已达30%时，优化植物类型
比追求增加绿地率更有效调节微气候，乔木植物类型比灌
木、草本更能优化微气候环境。因此，乔木绿化为主，
30%的绿地率是改善局地微气候的综合较优条件。对居住
区绿地率的研究，可评估现行规范所制定的标准数据对气
候适应性的合理性，使决策指标能够“有据可循”，为管
理决策提供科学依据。 |
| 关键词: 绿地率 绿化植物类型 微气候 ENVI-met 居住区 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20250525005 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金（51978276、41201590） |
|
| The microclimate effects of residential areas based on the changes in green space ratio andplant types |
|
FENG Xianhui,Jing Meixi
|
| Abstract: |
| China is vigorously advancing urban construction oriented toward climate
change adaptation. As highlighted in the National Strategy on Climate Change
Adaptation 2035, theoretical research on climate-resilient urban development remains
relatively underdeveloped. The green space ratio of residential areas, a statutory
indicator in urban and rural planning, functions as a “rigid constraint” in urban
planning. It not only safeguards the living environment and directly affects residents’
health and well-being but also bears on the climate change adaptability of urban
construction. This ratio has clearly defined numerical benchmarks and calculation
protocols: under China’s national, industrial, and provincial/municipal standards, the
national standard stipulates that the green space ratio for residential areas should fall
within 20% to 35%. Residential green spaces play a pivotal role in improving urban
microclimates. Exploring the local climatic effects under specific green space ratio
values thus aligns with the country's fundamental theoretical needs for advancing
climate change adaptation in construction. Despite being a rigidly regulated indicator
with widespread practical application, the green space ratio in residential areas lacks
in-depth theoretical research concerning its correlation with local climates. This gives
rise to pressing research questions: How do current residential green space ratio
standards impact local microclimatic effects? How does the local climate respond to
variations in the green space ratio? Under the same green space ratio, how do
differences in plant types lead to divergences in local climatic effects? To address
these questions, this study investigates the impacts of varying green space ratios and
plant types on residential microclimates. The research constructs a closed residential
area model as the sample, with its planning and design parameters derived from the
《Technical Regulations for Urban and Rural Planning of Guangzhou》 (2019 Edition),
including data on land area, building height, building density, and floor area ratio for
the ideal model. In the simulation experiments, the green space ratio is set to range
from 10% to 50% at 5% intervals, resulting in 9 distinct ratios. Combined with three
plant types—trees, bush, and grass—a total of 27 scheme models are designed,
alongside a control group with no green spaces. The ENVI-met (V5.5 Science)
software is employed, with parameter settings verified through field measurements
and selected as "Full Forcing + Localized Value. " To obtain localized plant
parameters, Ficus microcarpa, Carmona microphylla, and Axonopus compressus are
chosen as samples. The LAI-2200C plant canopy analyzer is used to measure LAI
data, and average LAD values are further calculated. Under these parameter settings,
temporal and spatial numerical simulations of climatic factors (temperature, relative
humidity, and wind speed) are conducted for all 28 model groups. The simulationresults reveal the following (1) Regarding mean values and regulatory effects under varying green space ratios: As the green space ratio increases from 0% to
50%, the daily average temperature (Ta') decreases gradually—from 32.78°C to 31.35°C for trees, 32.78°C to 31.88°C for bushes, and 32.78°C to 32.02°C for
grasses. In terms of daily average temperature regulation, the temperature drop is most significant when the ratio rises from 0% to 20%, moderate from 20% to
35%, and smallest from 35% to 50%. Correspondingly, the daily average relative humidity (RH') increases gradually—from 69.31% to 75.77% for trees,
69.31% to 73.40% for bushes, and 69.31% to 73.42% for grasses. The humidity increase follows a similar pattern: most pronounced from 0% to 20%, moderate
from 20% to 35%, and smallest from 35% to 50%. In the simulation, the mean wind speed in the non-green space scenario is 0.85 m/s, and it decreases slightly
as the green space ratio increases from 0% to 50%. (2) Concerning diurnal variation trends: Regardless of the green space ratio, the hourly cooling and
moisture-retention effects of trees are significantly stronger than those of bushes and grasses. Under green space ratios of 30% and 50%, all plant types exhibit
notable wind speed regulation effects. (3) Regarding spatial effects under varying green space ratios: As the green space ratio increases from 10% to 50%, both
the magnitude and range of temperature reduction and humidity increase expand continuously. At a 30% green space ratio, trees achieve a 1.0°C cooling effect
and 4% humidification effect, covering 52.6% of the area—far exceeding bushes (10.5%) and grasses (5.3%), and even outperforming bushes and grasses at a
50% green space ratio.The main conclusions are First, as the green space ratio increases from 0% to 50%, the cooling and humidification effects in residential
environments are continuously enhanced, while the wind speed regulation effect alternates between strengthening and weakening. The daily average cooling
effect ranges from 0 to 2.5°C, the daily average humidification effect from 0% to 10%, and the wind speed impact from 0.02 to 0.1 m/s. With an increasing
green space ratio, the cooling and humidification trends of different plant types become progressively more distinct. Second, as the green space ratio rises from
10% to 50%, the temperature drop and cooling range expand continuously. A 30% green space ratio—where the 1.0°C cooling effect and 4% humidification
effect cover over 50% of the area—emerges as a relatively effective benchmark for improving the microclimate. Third, once the green space ratio reaches 30%,
optimizing plant types yields more effective microclimate regulation than increasing the ratio itself. Increasing the proportion of trees—especially selecting
broad-leaved species with large canopies—is conducive to optimizing the microclimate in residential areas. |
| Key words: green space ratio plant types microclimate ENVI-met residential spaces |
