| 摘要: |
| 梁思成、张锐于1930 年编制的《天
津特别市物质建设方案》是近代中国一部完
全由国人自主完成的、系统性的现代城市规
划。文章从城市发展背景和空间形态两个方
面，论述了规划所处的复杂历史环境；通过
对方案史料的梳理和与同时期其他大城市城
市规划的比较，全面分析了规划的主要内容
和规划思想。研究表明这场城市规划探索已
经具备了比较完整的规划体系，代表性地反
映了国人对现代城市规划的理解，起到了现
代城市规划思想启蒙的作用，展现了现代城
市规划中国化的发展脉络；同时该规划不仅
仅是技术层面的城市规划，还触及到了社会
变革和城市经营的内容，具有十分先进的意
义，对当下中国城市规划的发展也有很大
启发。 |
| 关键词: 《天津特别市物质建设方案》 城市
规划历史 梁思成 张锐 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20231114001 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:天津市哲学社会科学规划项目（TJSR20-008） |
|
| The autonomy and systematic exploration of the Material Construction Project for TianjinSpecial Municipality City in 1930 : Research based on historical environment, planningcontent and planning ideas |
|
ZHANG Xiuqing,YANG Hongjie
|
| Abstract: |
| The Material Construction Project for Tianjin Special Municipality City compiled by Liang
Sicheng and Zhang Rui in 1930 was a systematic modern urban planning completely completed by
the Chinese people in modern China. The article discusses the complex historical environment of the
planning from the two aspects of urban development background and spatial form. By sorting out the
historical data of the plan and comparing with the urban planning of other big cities in the same
period, the main contents and ideas of the project are comprehensively analyzed. At that time, in
addition to the common problems faced by Chinese cities such as internal and external troubles and
the turmoil of the current situation, there were also unique problems experienced by Tianjin in the
preparation of urban planning, which were mainly reflected in the fact that the planning faced the
dilemma of uncertain administrative system and the coexistence of cities and counties, the complex
status quo of urban built-up areas and the inconsistency of powers. At the time of the preparation of
the plan, there were three major space types in Tianjin: firstly, the city area developed from the
traditional “Tianjin Acropolis” planning was the spatial form of “Square city, cross street. ”; secondly,
the “Hebei New District” area built by Yuan Shikai during the New Deal period was an urban area
where Chinese people imitate the concession model for construction ; the third was the concession
area of each country, with a total area of about 1 557 hectares, which was in a “collage” state
according to different countries. The three major areas were not the same in terms of urban spatial
form, social and cultural ecology, municipal construction foundation, and urban management. With
the introduction of modern urban planning from the West to China, major cities in China had carried
out various planning attempts, showing diversified results. Among the many urban planning practices
at that time, the most influential one should be the Capital Plan of Nanjing. The Material
Construction Project for Tianjin Special Municipality City was illustrated, including 25 chapters and
22 drawings. The content was mainly divided into three parts: material construction foundation, urban
functional composition planning and urban financial planning. The structure of each planning content
of the plan was basically the same. Firstly, it introduced the universal urban planning rules and
contents, and then it introduced the planning principles and implementation experience of European
and American urban planning. Therefore, the planning results could be used as the guidance for most
cities to carry out urban planning. The next plan was to plan for the urban situation of Tianjin, put
forward specific measures, and clarify the reasons. From the vertical dimension of the planning
system, the whole plan was very close to the later urban master plan in the compilation style, and had
the content of some urban regulatory detailed planning and planning implementation guarantee, andhad a relatively complete planning system. From the horizontal dimension of the planning and operation system of the combination of editing and management,
the scheme not only had the technical content of planning, but also the content of urban management and management. From the perspective of the time
dimension of the dynamic cycle of planning and implementation, the plan had carried out some phased construction arrangements. From the quantitative
dimension of the index system, there were many references to the Capital Plan in terms of universal planning indicators, but perhaps it was the reason for the
rushed preparation time. Unlike the Capital Plan, the program had less or even no analysis of the status quo of most of the planning content, so there was a lack
of index guidance on the specific planning content for Tianjin. In terms of planning thought, the plan mainly embodied the thought of social reform, the thought
of urban operation and management, the thought of certain social equity, the thought of regional planning, the thought of overall planning and stage
construction, and the thought of hexagon planning theory. Therefore, the plan was not only a technical level of urban planning, but also touched the content of
social change and urban development planning. This was very advanced in the context and trend of modern urban planning introducing China’s more emphasis
on planning techniques. The significance of the current development of China’s urban planning also has great inspiration. The research shows that this urban
planning exploration, as the first planning in China to coordinate the traditional Chinese urban form, the concession urban form and the bottom-up selfdeveloped
urban form in a planning, had a leading position in the history of modern Chinese urban planning. It reflected the Chinese people’s understanding of
modern urban planning, played a role in the enlightenment of modern urban planning ideas, showed the development context of modern urban planning in
China, and marked the qualitative change of the degree of specialization of Tianjin urban planning. |
| Key words: Material Construction Project for Tianjin Special Municipality City urban planning history Liang Sicheng Zhang Ru |
