| 摘要: |
| 基督教建筑在明清时期输入中国，
给传统城市业已形成的建构景观系统造成不
小的扰动和挑战。本文从广州建构景观系统
视角出发，以第二次鸦片战争为界划分两个
时期，将基督教建筑置于城市景观结构的景
观极域、主要轴线、特殊景观节点和天际线
四个维度中，分析其参与情况与景观地位。
研究发现，基督教建筑第一个时期未能进入
广州的景观结构之中，但在第二个时期开始
参与城市景观结构的构建，并在天际线中产
生重要影响，景观地位获得层级上的跃升。
研究以期有助于在广州城市景观风貌保护实
践中更贴切地把握基督教建筑和中国传统建
筑类型在群体组合中的景观秩序，提出更符
合历史环境原真性的城市设计与遗产保护
方案。 |
| 关键词: 基督教建筑 建构景观 景观系
统 景观地位 广州 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20231109001 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2022YFC3800600）；国家社会科学基金重大项目（23&ZD256） |
|
| Research on the landscape position of Christian architecture and evolution in modernGuangzhou |
|
LIU Weibin,LI Yuntao,CHEN Yiyong
|
| Abstract: |
| The introduction of Christian architecture to China occurred during the Ming and Qing
Dynasties, with its widespread dissemination in China after the Second Opium War. In Guangzhou,
one of the treaty ports, the scope of Christian missionary work expanded significantly, leading to the
establishment of churches, missionary hospitals, and missionary schools, among other Christian
architectural structures. During the Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou’s urban layout had reached a mature
stage through continuous improvement over various dynasties. As an external landscape element, the
recent introduction of Christian architecture into Guangzhou posed considerable disturbances and
challenges to the traditional urban landscape system that had already formed. Guangzhou served as a
pivotal location for the modern entry of Christianity into China. Within the urban landscape
framework and order, how did Christian architecture attain its landscape position compared to existing
landscape elements in Guangzhou? And how did it evolve against the backdrop of significant shifts in
modern political situations and urban development patterns? The contemplation of these two
questions constitutes the origin of this study.In existing research on landscape elements, scholars have
predominantly elaborated on approaches to grasp landscape elements from different perspectives such
as urban imagery, urban space, and architectural classification. However, studies on Christian
architecture in Guangzhou have mainly focused on spatial distribution, architectural forms, history,
and culture, lacking analysis from the perspective of the components and overall order of China’s
traditional urban landscape system regarding the role, status, and evolution of Christian architecture
within Guangzhou’s urban landscape system. Such analysis is crucial for understanding the
characteristics embodied by China’s traditional cities and Christian architecture in terms of their role,
status, and evolution within Guangzhou’s urban landscape system. Therefore, this paper adopts the
perspective of Guangzhou’s constructed landscape system and uses the development of Christianity
in Guangzhou as the basis for temporal division, with the earliest introduction of Christianity to
Guangzhou in the 12th year of Emperor Jiaqing’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1807) serving as the
starting point for research. After the Second Opium War in 1860, Christianity gained widespread
dissemination in Guangzhou, leading to the establishment of churches, hospitals, schools, and other
Christian architectural structures. In 1938, Guangzhou fell under Japanese occupation during the Sino-
Japanese War, causing religious activities to cease, marking the endpoint of this research. This paper
divides the research into two periods based on the Second Opium War, with the old city and new city
within the city walls of the Qing Dynasty’s Guangzhou Prefecture, as well as the four gateway
districts outside the city walls-West Gate, East Gate, South Gate, and the area north of the North Gateserving
as the research spaces. Taking Christian architecture as the research object, this study first
compiles and locates the spatial distribution of dominant landscape elements in the two historical
periods from historical materials such as gazetteers, conducting a preliminary analysis of the types
and spatial distribution of Christian architecture. Secondly, using literature from local gazetteers and
urban maps as the basis for statistics and analysis, this paper places Christian architecture within fourdimensions of the urban landscape structure: landscape domains, main axes, special landscape nodes, and skylines. It analyzes Christian architecture’s
participation and visual perception in the urban landscape system compared to other landscape elements across these four dimensions, assessing its spatial
combinations in different dimensions and specific spatial scenarios, and analyzing its spatial relationships with traditional Chinese architectural types to make
accurate and detailed judgments. The study found that in the first period, Christian architecture held a relatively low status in Guangzhou’s urban landscape,
often excluded outside the city walls and failing to integrate into Guangzhou’s landscape structure. However, in the second period, as Guangzhou’s landscape
system changed, Christian architecture gradually entered and began participating in the construction of the urban landscape structure. For instance, Hui’ai
Church, Guangxiao Church, and the Sacred Heart Cathedral became crucial components of landscape axes and had a significant impact on the skyline,
elevating their landscape position, albeit still lower than that of high-level government offices and commemorative buildings. At this time, despite the
emergence of numerous Christian buildings, they did not fundamentally alter the dominant status of Guangzhou’s traditional landscape elements. The increased
Christian architecture during this period not only served as carriers of Western culture but also added new landscape elements to the urban streetscape,
integrating with Chinese culture to form an architectural style that blends East and West. In the protection efforts of Guangzhou’s built heritage and
environmental practices, it is crucial to focus not only on the towering and uniquely shaped features of Christian architecture but also to deeply understand the
design intentions behind the status, role, and spatial combinations of these buildings relative to other traditional Chinese architectural types within landscape
domains, main axes, skylines from key vantage points, and landscape nodes. The goal of protection efforts is not only to achieve the preservation of original
materials and forms but also to pursue a realm of “original intention presentation”, which entails restoring the historical appearance and design intent of the
buildings to the greatest extent possible during preservation. Therefore, this study aims to assist in more accurately grasping the landscape order of Christian
architecture and traditional Chinese architectural types in group combinations during the preservation practices of Guangzhou’s urban landscape character,
proposing urban design and heritage protection schemes that better align with the authenticity of the historical environment. |
| Key words: Christian architecture constructed landscape landscape system landscape position Guangzhou |
