| 摘要: |
| 明中都作为中途罢建的都城，其设计方
案经过变更，当前公认的最初设计方案与“周围
四十五里”的记载不相符合。基于校核的遗址数
据，发现都城城门在东西和南北方向上都存在
对称特征，多个城门到中心点的距离几乎相等，
与中心点连线之间的夹角接近60°；皇城的规模
与南京皇城相当，宫城呈现环中布局特征，与元
大都大内、明北京宫城非常相似。在此基础上，
本文基于中国古代都邑规画理论复原了明中都
的规划过程，以及理想布局方案、最初的设计方
案、更改的设计方案等3个阶段的设计方案，进
而揭示了隋大兴、元大都、明中都三座新建都城
布局特征的相似性。 |
| 关键词: 都城 明中都 布局特征 规划复原 规画理论 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240502 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:中国博士后科学基金资助项目（2024M752369）；国
家社科基金重大项目（23&ZD256）；国家资助博士
后研究人员计划（GZC20241193） |
|
| Research on planning restoration of Ming Zhongdu |
|
YE Yale
|
| Abstract: |
| Ming Zhongdu was the last capital city newly-built on the bare land in ancient China, and
conveyed the outstanding wisdom in site selection and design of the capital city in the Ming Dynasty.
As a masterpiece and an example in the history of Chinese urban planning, Ming Zhongdu had an
important influence on the subsequent reconstruction of Nanjing and Beijing.
Regarding the design and construction of Ming Zhongdu, the academic community have
reached consensus in two aspects. Firstly, Ming Zhongdu was an abandoned capital city that was
never completed. The construction of Ming Zhongdu was launched in the second year of Hongwu
(1369), and teminated in the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), when the main palaces, government
buildings, roads as well as the city walls were nearly completed. Secondly, the design of Ming
Zhongdu was changed. According to the documentary records, the capital wall in the original design
was 45 li in circumference, while that in the built city was more than 50 li.
Wang Jianying believed that the city outline in the original design was square, and the east
and west walls were symmetrical along the axis of the palace, with the west, south and north walls
at the same location with those in the city site, and the east wall to the west of that in the city site.
This conclusion is gennerally followed by current studies. However, when calculating the geometry
precisely, the author find something wrong. If the capital walls in the original design is at the same
position as Wang Jianying believed, the shape of the capital city is not square but rectangular, and the
length in the east-west direction is 208 m longer than the width in the north-south direction, which is
a large deviation in reference to the measurement level at that time. In addition, the perimeter of the
city wall is 43 li and 215 paces, which is not in line with the record of 45 li in the literature.
the author use geographic information technology to accurately locate the city relics recorded in
Wang Jianying's investigation report, and draw a planar restoration map of Ming Zhongdu based on
recent archaeological discoveries, current satellite images and the adjusted satellite films shot in the
1970s. The map shows that the line through Changqiu Gate and Changchun gate and the line through
Zishun Gate, Bell Tower and Drum Tower are roughly symmetrical along the east-west line through
Dushan Gate. If Wang Jianying’s idea is followed to assume that the south and north walls in the
original design are symmetrical along the east-west line through Dushan Gate, the initially designed
south wall is 327 paces to that of the built city, and the circumference is about 45 li and 252 paces
which is close to the record 45 li in the literature. In addition, the angles among the lines connecting
the center and four gates are all close to 60°, and the distances between the center and five gates are
almost equal.
The circumference of the imperial city is close to 4 880 paces, comparable to that of the
imperial city of Nanjing built in the sixth year of Hongwu. The layout of the palace city takes
Qianqing Gate as the center, which is almost equidistant (1 li) from the northwest corner tower,
northeast corner tower, Xihua Gate, Wu Gate, Donghua Gate and the city center. This feature is very
similar to the palace cities of Yuan Dadu and Ming Beijing.
At the scale of the landscape environment, the axis of the imperial city is directly orientated
towards a depression of the Xiang Sheng Mountain in the south, and passes through the Wansui
Mount in the north. The line connecting the capital center and the top of the Shengjia Mount is
exactly perpendicular to the central axis.The center of the palace city is at the intersection of the
central axis and the line connecting the Rijin Mount and the Fenghuangzui Mount.
On this basis, the planning process and design scheme of Ming Zhongdu are restored based onthe ancient Chinese urban planning theory. It is concluded that the planning of Ming Zhongdu adopted the technical method of positioning by mountain and
river, and that there were three design phases of the ideal layout, the original design, and the revised design.
As capitals of unified states newly-built on the bare land, Ming Zhongdu, Sui Daxing and Yuan Dadu share similar layouts. Firstly, several city gates
were laid out in a ring around a center. Secondly, central axes of the cities were closely linked to the landscape environment. Thirdly, the capitals were
initially laid out in a culturally embedded manner and then adapted according to the topography. |
| Key words: the capital city ming zhongdu layout characteristic planning restoration the guihua theory |
