| 摘要: |
| 消防安全是安全工作的重要组成部分，
也是城乡高质量发展的重要前提。山地历史镇
村因其复杂的地形环境、不便的对外交通、滞后
的经济发展，相较平原地区，面临着更大的火灾
风险。研究聚焦山地历史镇村消防面临的难点
与现有研究的不足，引入规划适应性理论，按照
“从动—适动—能动”的适应性思维，提出了构
建精准的防火分区体系、配置多层级立体的消防
设施系统、构建平灾结合的消防通道网络、采
取灵活的建筑耐火措施等的消防规划路径与方
法。其中，在防火分区方面，形成“全面开展火灾
风险评估—精准划分防火分区—有效设置隔离
空间”的规划技术方法；在消防设施方面，利用山地地势高差、水源充足等特点，构建多层级、立体化的消防设施系统；在消防通道方面，设立基
本消防通道—可转换消防通道—可拓展消防通道的三级通道系统；在建筑防火方面，提出构建建
筑防火综合评价体系、加强传统建筑内部的电气线路规范化等举措。基于上述方法，以重庆中山
古镇为案例，开展了具体的火灾后消防规划实证，可以为山地历史镇村的消防安全保护工作提供
重要的经验借鉴。 |
| 关键词: 山地历史镇村 消防规划 适应性 技术方法 中山古镇 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240422 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:重庆市技术预见与制度创新项目（CSTB2024TFIIOIX0057） |
|
| Study on adaptive strategies of mountainous historical towns and villages’ fire-fightingplanning: Taking Zhongshan Ancient Town in Chongqing as an example |
|
GU Yuan,QIAN Zihua,XIE Zhen
|
| Abstract: |
| China attaches g reat i mportance to fi re safety, a nd has put forward t he requirements of
improving the level of modern fire management and stabilizing urban and rural fire safety. Compared
with the “low-lying land” in fire safety work, historical towns and villages in mountainous areas
should actively respond to eliminate fire safety hazards and improve fire governance. Firstly, most
historical towns and villages in mountainous areas are relatively far apart, and it is not convenient
to reach an urban fire station. Secondly, as the spatial form of towns and villages represents a
combination of the group type, one-line type and walled fortress type, and there are many hidden
dangers in the towns and villages, such as unreasonable fire compartment and insufficient service
of fire facility. Thirdly, the streets and alleys in towns and villages can not meet the standard
requirements of the current firepath because of the patterns broken lines and curves. And fourthly,
traditional buildings are mostly made of timber, the roofs are connected and the eaves are
overlapping, and building interval is generally not up to standard. Therefore, they are at greater fire
risk than those in plain areas. At the same time, there are widespread problems such as unclear fire
protection needs, contradictions between fire protection measures and protection of historical towns
and villages, and spatial mismatch between fire protection configuration and spatial characteristics
of historical towns and villages. At present, a series of regulations and documents have been
formed focusing on fire planning, design, management and other aspects, while there are relatively
few studies on historical towns and villages in mountainous areas, and the planning methods and
measures should be running ongoing researches targeted on effectivity.
Based on the theory of “adaptability”, the fire planning was taken as the “organic subject”, and
landscape natural environment and historical and cultural heritage as the “objective environment”.
Combined with the spatial characteristics and fire control needs of historical towns and villages
in mountainous areas, the core content of fire planning was refined into four parts including fire
compartment, fireproofing facility layout, firepath construction, and building fire prevention. Then
an effective planning method was tried to put forward covering the four parts of fire planning from
the system viewpoint of passivity, initiative and cooperativity.
Specifically, a planning method of “overall assessment of fire risk-accurate zoning of fire
compartment-effective setting of isolation space” was proposed in the field of fire compartment
system. During the actual operation, a systemic fire compartment of “block-building” was formed,
an assessment of fire risk in building level with spatial analysis model of GIS was carried out, andstreets, natural water bodies, and fire-resistant buildings were taken use of fire isolation. A layout scheme of multi-level, three-dimensional fire facility was
proposed in the field of fire protection facility system conforming to the vertical space of “water-street-building-mountain” in mountain areas. The spatial
mechanism of winding streets and dense buildings was studied with the utilization of natural water resource and geographical height difference. A three-level
system of “basic firepath-convertible firepath-expandable firepath” was proposed in the field of firepath system. The functional needs of daily emergency
treatment and rapid disposal during sudden fires were studied facing the reality of the historical towns and villages in mountainous areas. At last, in the
field of building fire protection system, a series of flexible building fire protection measures were proposed based on current national standards, with the
comprehensive evaluation of building fire protection, protection scheme of internal electrical lines in traditional buildings, and improvements of traditional
building lightning protection.
Zhongshan Ancient Town in Jiangjin District of Chongqing was chosen as a study case for the practice of the systemic planning method above. The“6·4
Fire Event” was deeply analyzed on fire safety problems, and the adaptive fire planning methods and countermeasures were put forward for Zhongshan
Ancient Town. Firstly, a small scale fire compartment system was set up for mountainous historical towns and villages, considering the reality of complicated
and volatile situation and densely buildings in Zhongshan. Secondly, a 4-level fire water source and facility system was lay out with the characteristics that
built on the waterfront and with multi-platform in Zhongshan. Especially, a standard fire station was arranged in the new town area of the third platform.
Thirdly, a three-level firepath network was built up with the combination of daily functions and emergency functions, with the comprehensive consideration
of street pattern, terrain characteristics, building quality and other factors in Zhongshan Town. Last, the measures about fire retardant treatment of traditional
buildings were worked out with different levels and types. The integrity and authenticity of traditional buildings was prioritized, refering to the local fiscal
capacity in Zhongshan Town.
The planning method of fire planning for historical towns and villages in mountainous areas meets the needs of development and construction in
underdeveloped areas, and is also suitable for the actual operation of local governments. The method still needs to be further tested and optimized in specific
practical projects to form experience that can be used for the further promotion. |
| Key words: mountainous historical towns and villages fire-fighting planning adaptation planning methods Zhongshan Ancient Town |
