| 摘要: |
| 社区建成环境的微观尺度评估方法
在公共健康研究、社区更新实践中被广泛应
用。本文梳理社区建成环境微观尺度评估的
特征，探讨目前研究与实践的不足之处，进一
步提出能够自由整合多元目标的模块化评估工
具框架。以“高密度城市社区建成环境评估工
具（HEAT）”的“无障碍通行环境”模块为
例，开发并检验模块化评估工具的可行性与信
度。应用这一评估工具，在重庆选取典型十五
分钟生活圈，验证“确定目标—生成工具—实
施评估—发现问题—解决方案”的精细化社区
更新路径。在此基础上，探讨社区建成环境微
观尺度评估方法对健康社区政策、实践与研究
的重要价值。 |
| 关键词: 社区建成环境 微观尺度评估 公共健康 健康社区 社区更新 模块化 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240407 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（52308010）；中央高校基本
科研业务费项目（2024CDJXY014）；重庆市建设科
技计划项目（城科字2023第6-7号） |
|
| Development framework for micro-scale assessment tools of neighborhood builtenvironment: Based on a modular perspective王 |
|
WANG Chunyu,ZHANG Kangrui,ZHANG Junjie,MOU Yanchuan
|
| Abstract: |
| The World Health Organization (WHO) has emphasized the crucial role of urban
planning in public health since 1997, and the release of the “Healthy China 2030” outline further
integrates health considerations into all aspects of urban and rural planning. The neighborhood built
environment serves as a fundamental physical carrier for neighborhood spaces, supporting residents’
daily lives and significantly influencing urban public health outcomes. Micro-scale assessments
of the neighborhood built environment focus on specific environmental elements’ characteristics
and quality, providing g uidance for effective i mplementation of neighborhood renewal i nitiatives.
This method is widely recognized and applied globally as a refined approach to assess healthy
neighborhoods due to its utilization of detailed evaluation indicators, systematic operational
procedures, and flexible target selection criteria. Despite more than two decades of research
particularly in developed regions such as Europe and North America, challenges persist including
tool redundancy, neglected assessment needs, and divergent objectives within single tools. Therefore,
there is a need for a new framework that addresses these issues in assessment tools.
In the context of neighborhood planning, core public health goals encompass age-friendliness,
child-friendliness and accessibility, etc. It proposes a modular framework for assessment tools that
allows for the integration of multiple objectives in a flexible manner. During tool development, it
consists of a “basic module” covering fundamental requirements for a well-designed neighborhood
built environment, as well as “additional target modules” focusing on specialized assessment
objectives aligned with diverse public health goals. When applying the tool, users can combine the
“basic module” with relevant “additional target modules” to create customized assessment tools
tailored to specific needs. This modular approach enables selective customization of assessment
targets and eliminates the need for repetitive tool development when conditions change.
The study serves as a prime example of the development process employed in creating a
modular assessment tool, specifically utilizing the “Accessible Pedestrian Environment” module
within the framework of the “High-Density Environment Assessment Tool (HEAT)”. The scope
of assessment was defined as the “15-minute walkable neighborhood”, with segments (sidewalks)
and crossings (intersections) constituting the objects under evaluation. Initial assessment items
were formulated based on design codes, standards, guidelines, literature reviews, and focus group
discussions. These items underwent further refinement through pilot assessments and expert
evaluations to determine their final version.
The on-site assessments were conducted in two “15-minute walkable neighborhoods” located
in t he central downtown a rea of Chongqing, representing both mountainous a nd relatively flatland
urban forms. A total of 103 segment samples and 105 crossing samples were randomly selected
from these two neighborhoods and independently assessed by two raters. All assessments followed
standardized procedures to ensure result independence and accuracy. Subsequently, the inter-raterreliability was tested using Kappa/Weighted Kappa statistics as well as percentage agreement. The results indicated a satisfactory overall reliability, with
more than 91.7% of items demonstrating “very good” or “good” inter-rater reliability.
The study demonstrates that the modular assessment approach meets reliability requirements while offering flexibility and applicability in addressing
diverse public health goals, enhancing assessment efficiency and precision. Modular tools facilitate problem-solving-oriented, refined neighborhood renewal.
Customized assessment tools can be tailored to specific neighborhood needs, enabling precise and targeted neighborhood built environment renewal with
reduced redundant tool development efforts. It enables a pathway of “setting goals-generating tools-implementing assessments-identifying problems-finding
solutions” for neighborhood renewal.
The complete items are publicly accessible for ongoing refinement, considering the challenge of ensuring absolute accuracy in item formulation within
a limited development timeframe. The advances in artificial intelligence and virtual assessment methods, along with potential automation through machine
learning techniques, gradually suggest the possibility of replacing manual assessments for streetscape image evaluation.
In summary, the framework has significant theoretical and practical value as it provides a refined and customizable assessment methodology for
evaluating the neighborhood built environment. This contributes to enhancing its overall quality, promoting healthy behaviors, and improving residents’
quality of life. Given the growing emphasis on public health, micro-scale assessment of the neighborhood built environment offers a precise approach
to urban renewal by decentralizing indicators in neighborhood assessments while comprehensively and systematically evaluating microenvironments.
It establishes a long-term mechanism of “assessment, analysis, and renewal”, thereby contributing to constructing healthier and more livable urban
environments. |
| Key words: neighborhood built environment micro-scale assessment public health healthy neighborhood neighborhood renewal modular |
