| 摘要: |
| 军屯作为典型的军事防御型传统聚落，
认知其空间形态和营建智慧对其科学保护和可
持续发展具有重要意义。文章以青海省同仁市
的保安四屯为研究对象，借助数理方法对其空
间形态特征进行了探析，结果表明：第一，军屯
边界形状均为紧凑度高的指状，形态呈强结构
化；第二，中心区域的全局集成度高、可达性强，
但局部空间的协同度整体偏低，由连通性感知
整体空间的能力较弱；第三，内部空间的相互控
制程度较低，但遮蔽性好。藉此可透视出中国古
人在建设军屯时的高超智慧，即构建紧凑的空间
围合形态、营建通达性高的军屯中心和塑造防
御性强的街巷布局，这有利于青藏高原古军屯
的价值认知、合理保护和传承性发展。 |
| 关键词: 古军屯 空间形态 营建智慧 青藏高
原 保安四屯 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230523 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（51208243）；教育部人文社
科青年基金项目（14YJCZH212） |
|
| Spatial Morphological Characteristics and Construction Wisdom of Ancient Cantonment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:Taking Baoan Four Cantonments in Tongren City as an Example |
|
ZHANG Xinhong,CHEN Yueyi,LIU Benteng
|
| Abstract: |
| As a typical traditional military defensive settlement, cantonment is of great significance
to recognize its spatial form and construction wisdom for its scientific protection and sustainable
development. The article takes Bao’an four cantonments in Tongren City as the research object,
and analyzes their spatial morphological characteristics by several mathematical methods. Bao’an
four cantonments, namely Bao’an, Wutun, Nianduhu and Guomari, are located in the valley area of
Longwu River, a tributary of the upper Yellow River. They not only carry rich historical and cultural
heritage, but also are typical representatives of ancient cantonment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
In the early stage of the study, the formation history and current situation characteristics of
Bao’an four cantonments were briefly summarized. Then, through AutoCAD software, the outer
contour lines of buildings and public activity places, the street road network and the border of Tunpu
are digitized, and their building bottom, public space bottom and road axis are obtained.
The boundary shape index and the fractal dimension of public space are used to determine
the geometric shape of the military camp boundary, and to quantify the degree of compactness
and structure of the internal space form of the cantonment. Although the boundary of Bao’an four
cantonments is fingerlike, its shape tendency is different. The Nianduhu cantonment is banded, while
the other three cantonments are clumpy (Tab.2). Generally speaking, the finger-shaped boundary
shape means that the security four cantonments have a high spatial compactness, which is due to the
need of military defense function and the influence of local natural geographical environment. There
are few agricultural lands around cantonment, and the finger-shaped layout can not only reduce the
occupation of cultivated land, but also facilitate the development of agricultural production activities.
The fractal dimension values of public space in Bao’an four cantonments are all greater than 1.5
(Tab.3), and the cantonments are strongly structured. This shows that although they are located in
different areas, the cantonments are all confined by the fortress wall, and they rely on less public
space to organize more residential buildings and public buildings, which is compact.
At the same time, Cantonment is a kind of densely distributed settlement of construction
groups, so it is suitable to use the axis analysis method in space syntax to analyze and calculate
the degree of integration, coordination and control of Bao’an four cantonments, and analyze the
spatial similarity and difference between them. The axis of the warm color system of the overall
integration degree of Bao’an four cantonments (Fig.6) is mainly concentrated in the central area of
the cantonments, indicating that the center of most cantonments is the most accessible and dynamic
area, which is closely related to the daily life of residents. The warm color axis of local integration
(Fig.7) is mainly distributed in the main entrance and exit of cantonments and its connected streets,
or the main movable nodes and their connected streets. For example, Bao’an cantonment is mainly
distributed in Dusi Yamen, Chenghuang Temple, Guandi Temple, etc. These spaces have the
function of defending the enemy and guarding the passage. The coordination degree of Bao’an four
cantonments (Fig.8) is less than the highly correlated level of 0.7, that is, the fitting level of local integration and global integration is not high as a whole. This shows that in order to ensure the safety and defense of the military barracks, attention should be
paid to the diversity and difference of local spatial forms during construction, so as to avoid the overall spatial forms being easily recognized and understood.
The control degree (Fig.9) of Bao’an four cantonments is mostly blue and light blue in cool color, accounting for more than 65% of the total number of axes,
indicating that the mutual control degree and influence of each space in the cantonments are low, and the shielding of a single space is good. The reason is
that there are no clear primary and secondary roads, many narrow and tortuous streets and lanes, and many lanes are dead ends, and most intersections are
T-shaped, forming a more complicated spatial form, which makes the space of the military camp more private and defensive.
The results show that the border shapes of the Fortress are finger-shaped with high compactness and strong structure. The central area has high global
integration and accessibility, but the coordination degree of local space is low as a whole, and the ability to perceive the whole space from connectivity is low.
Although the degree of mutual control of the interior space is low, it is well sheltered. From these, it can be perspective that the superb wisdom of the ancient Chinese
in the construction of cantonments is to construct a compact space enclosure, a center with high accessibility and a strong defensive street layout. These conclusions
are conducive to the value recognition, reasonable protection and inheritance development of ancient cantonment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. |
| Key words: Ancient Cantonment Spatial Form Construction Wisdom Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Bao’an Four Cantonments |
