| 摘要: |
| 无障碍出行环境是社会文明的标尺，
随着社会老龄化，无障碍设施使用需求不断增
长，城市出行面临新的挑战，街道环境无障碍
建设有待提升。本文立足城市街道空间，从视
障人群类型与需求分析出发，以基于视障人群
需求的无障碍设施为研究对象，归纳出街道环
境中无障碍设施的三种类型，包括触觉补偿设
施、残余视觉补偿设施、听觉补偿设施。结合
美、英、日三国建设经验，通过对比三国街道环
境视觉无障碍设施建设理念及做法差异，提出
包容性设计理念引导下的设施建设更具动态性
与有效性。基于此，借助包容性设计的原则与流程，提出营造街道视觉无障碍环境建设的包容性设计框架。最后结合我国城市街道建设现状提
出若干发展启示。 |
| 关键词: 街道环境 无障碍设施 视障人群 包容性设计 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230510 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:黑龙江省高等学校智库（省双创智库）开放课题（ZK
KF2022187）；哈尔滨工业大学研究生教育教学改革研
究项目（22HX0602） |
|
| A Review of the Inclusive Trend of Accessible Facilities for the Visually Impaired in the Street Environment: Comparison and Enlightenment Based on the United States, Great Britain and Japan |
|
DAI Jian,CHEN Xinlang,SONG Yan
|
| Abstract: |
| The accessible travel environment is the yardstick of social civilization. With the
deepening of social aging, the construction of an accessible environment is more closely related to
the vital interests of the people, the demand for accessible facilities is increasing, urban travel is
facing new challenges, and the accessible construction of street environments needs to be improved.
First of all, based on the urban street space, the research takes the visual accessibility facilities
in the accessible facilities as the research object. According to the degree of visual impairment,
visually impaired people are divided into three categories: blind people, low-vision people, and
visually restricted people, and the visual impairment performance and ability characteristics of
these three types of visually impaired people are analyzed. Combined with the sensory type of
sensory compensation of visually impaired people, three types of accessible facilities for visually
impaired in the street environment are summarized, including footpath facilities based on tactile
compensation, signage guidance facilities based on tactile compensation, and visual supplement, and
acoustic signal facilities based on auditory compensation. Secondly, combined with the construction
practice of accessible facilities for the visually impaired in three types of street environments in the
United States, Britain, and Japan, the characteristics and design points of accessible facilities for the
visually impaired are summarized. From the three aspects of the development of relevant laws and
regulations, social context, and construction concept, this paper makes a comparative analysis of the
different construction modes of visual impairment facilities in the three countries. In the construction
of accessible facilities for the visually impaired in the street environment, the United States adopts
an equal opportunity model guided by the general principles to protect the interests of the whole; the
UK is a multi-integration model guided by inclusive design, focusing on integrating public opinions
and fully considering the needs of the largest user groups; Japan is a special difference model under
the guidance of high welfare, focusing on the differences between vulnerable groups and healthy
people. There are also some differences in the applicable population of visual accessibility facilities
in the street environment under the three models. The American model is mainly applicable to
the mainstream population of the user pyramid; the Japanese model mainly focuses on the special
population of the three layers of the user pyramid, while the British model emphasizes that the
differences need to meet the needs and tries to take into account all the layers of the pyramid.
Therefore, the construction of facilities guided by the concept of inclusive design has more dynamic
and effective advantages, and with the continuous development of the concept of sustainable
development in the world, the three countries have introduced the concept of inclusiveness into the
practice of accessible environment construction in recent years. The practice of building visually impaired facilities in the street environment gradually presents an inclusive development trend of diversified types, diversified service groups, and improved
power guarantees. Based on the construction trend of visually impaired facilities in the street environment of the United States, Britain, and Japan, it can be
seen that the inclusive concept is not only conducive to achieving high-quality street space construction, but also reshaping the rights of visually impaired
people by emphasizing the maximization of the needs of applicable people and forming specific plans according to local conditions, which is in line with
China’s current urban governance concept and social development concept. Therefore, based on the principles and processes of inclusive design, this paper
proposes an inclusive design framework for the construction of street accessible environment. The framework is divided into four levels: determining the
target population, containing multiple suggestions, updating the overall plan, and developing innovative advantages. Combined with the core content of the
four levels, the specific design process of the four stages of inclusive demand-transformation concept-formation plan-perfect guarantee is proposed. Based
on the framework, the optimal combination of visually impaired facilities in the street environment can be realized through the survey of crowd needs, to
save construction funds to the greatest extent and effectively promote the free travel of more visually impaired people. Finally, combined with the reality that
China’s accessible environment construction system has been initially formed, but the cognition is not comprehensive, the type is relatively simple, and the
system is not perfect, combined with the current situation of China’s urban street construction, aiming at the inclusive mainstream trend of China’s future
docking internationalization, this paper carries out the systematic construction of street environment visual impairment facilities, and puts forward several
aspects that need to be considered, such as changing the concept of using people, including the difference of people’s needs, innovating the design of visual
impairment facilities and deepening the system management. |
| Key words: Street Environment Accessible Facilities Visually Impaired People Inclusive Design |
