| 摘要: |
| 人类文明的发展进程与所处的环境密
不可分，探讨洞庭湖区新石器中晚期聚落时空分
异特征及影响因素有利于深入了解该时期人地
关系的演变，对史前文化遗产保护具有重要的
价值和意义。运用ArcGIS分析工具，结合因子
分析、地理探测器等方法探讨聚落时空变化规
律。得到结论：第一，新石器中晚期聚落倾向于
在地势平坦且距水较近的区域分布。气候特征
依次表现为大暖期、气温下降、气温回暖、恶化
期，聚落集中分布在年降水量1 150~1 250 mm、
等温21~23 ℃区域。三个文化时期可耕地区域主要分布在坡度0~25°，步行距离0~40 min范围内；第二，工具技艺进步为古人生产、生活及交通
提供了便利，聚落文化重心主要为大型聚落城址，且重心由洞庭湖西北向南迁移；第三，聚落选址
主要受地形因素影响，聚落规模空间分布受地形位指数和年均降水量因素的影响，并随时间变化
地形位指数因素的影响力逐渐减弱而年均降水量因素的影响力逐渐增强；第四，随着农业技术的
进步，聚落之间的社会矛盾激化，北方游牧民族南下，中原文化南迁，对长江流域社会文化发展产
生了重要的影响。 |
| 关键词: 聚落遗址 新石器中晚期 时空分异 ArcGIS 洞庭湖区 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20220619 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:湖南省高等学校“双一流”学科（风景园林学）建设项
目（湘教通[2018]469号）；国家林业和草原局重点学科
（风景园林学）建设项目（林人发[2016]21号）；湖南省
社会评委会课题（XSP21YBC408） |
|
| Spatio-Temporal Differentiation of Middle and Late Neolithic Settlements and Its Influencing Factors in Dongting Lake Area |
|
DU Xinyu,HU Xijun,JIN Xiaoling,GONG Wei,CAO Shiyi
|
| Abstract: |
| The development process of human civilization is closely related to the environment.
Settlement sites are the activity places of production, life and social communication of ancient
humans. The site selection is often subject to the natural environment and closely related to
the natural environmental factors. It is of great value and significance to the preservation of
prehistoric cultural heritage to explore the spatio-temporal differentiation and influencing
factors of the middle and late Neolithic settlements in Dongting Lake area.
Since prehistoric people had little ability to change the natural environment, ancient
people chose their settlements according to the natural environment conditions. The climate
characteristics of the middle and late Neolithic experienced four changes successively, namely,
the great warming period, the temperature decline period, the temperature warming period
and the deterioration period. By using the multi-value extraction to point tool of ArcGIS
analysis tool, environmental factors such as elevation, slope, slope direction, topographic relief,
topographic potential index, distance from water, annual average precipitation and temperature
were superposed with the coordinates of settlement sites. The results show that the settlements
tend to be distributed in areas with flat terrain, relatively close to water, annual precipitation
of 1 150~1 250 mm and isothermal temperature of 21~23 ℃. Using the site resource domain
analysis method to analyze the changes of the settlement farmland pattern in the middle and late
Neolithic period, the cultivated land area in the three cultural periods was mainly distributed in
the range of slope 0~25° and walking distance 0~40 minutes.
With the rapid development of rice farming in the middle and late Neolithic period, it
also led to the transformation of production tools and transportation tools, and the heavy
stone tools such as chopping tools and scrapers in the early Neolithic period were gradually
transformed into grinding tools such as shovel and pestle for agricultural production. However,the development of agriculture led to the development of handicraft industry. The technology of fast wheel making and slow wheel dressing made
pottery more refined, and greatly improved the aesthetic taste of pottery. With the development of pottery industry and production tools, the social
production phenomenon of male plowing and female weaving has gradually become prominent, and the social nature has changed. In addition, the
ancient people tended to “live by water”, which also had a great impact on the cultural exchange among the settlements. The invention of canoe not
only expanded the activity area of the ancient people, but also played an important role in the social and cultural exchange and the transformation of
the social structure of the region. By using the gravity analysis model, the attraction between the settlements in Dongting Lake area is analyzed. The
main center of gravity is the large scale settlement site, and the center of gravity migrates from the northwest of Dongting Lake to the south.
From the perspective of environmental factors, by using factor analysis and geographical detector method to analyze the influence of
environmental factors, the settlement site is mainly affected by terrain, production conditions, climate and resource radiation. In addition, the
settlement site selection is mainly affected by topographic factors, and the spatial distribution of settlement scale is affected by topographic position
index and annual precipitation. With the change of time, the influence of topographic position index gradually weakens while the influence of annual
precipitation gradually increases. However, slope factor has a weak influence on the spatial distribution of settlement scale. From the perspective
of human factors, the progress of agricultural technology, tribal integration and war had an important impact on the development of the middle
and late Neolithic settlements. As ancient people gradually became familiar with water diversion, irrigation and storage technology, agricultural
production increased, raising livestock, rice farming and fishing and hunting became the main economic production activities of ancient people.
With the development of economy and the growth of population, great changes have taken place in the organizational structure of settlements, with
the emergence of hierarchical organizations and intensified conflicts for land contention among settlements. At the same time, it was also influenced
by the southern migration of northern nomads. Especially after the deer chase, the southern migration of northern culture had an important impact
on the settlement society in the Yangtze River Basin. |
| Key words: Settlement Sites Middle and Late Neolithic Age Spatio-Temporal Differentiation Arcgis Dongting Lake Area |
