| 摘要: |
| 物理环境是保证住区环境品质的必要
条件。城市老旧住区环境存在生态受损和退化
现象，美好生活与现有环境矛盾较为突出，无法
满足健康舒适的生活要求。本文尝试对城市老
旧住区物理环境进行定量评判，以上海中心城
区的典型老旧住区为例，系统调查其物理环境
现状，借助层次分析法构建老旧住区涵盖声、
光、热、风等方面的物理环境评价指标体系，并
通过构建判断矩阵确定各指标的系统权重。通
过现场实测、软件模拟和问卷调研等方式，获
取老旧住区物理环境的各类参数数据并进行综
合评价运算，就老旧住区室外物理环境的总体
评价、要素耦合、修复重点与修复限度进行讨
论，并提出若干改善策略。研究结果表明，老旧
住区的各环境要素存在一定耦合关系，系统关
系较为复杂。本文给出的评价指标、评价方法与结论可为城市老旧住区改造与更新提供决策依据。 |
| 关键词: 物理环境 老旧住区 层次分析法 综合评价 评价体系 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20220412 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目（51778424） |
|
| Comprehensive Evaluation System of Outdoor Physical Environment of Old ResidentialDistricts: Taking Three Old Residential Districts in Shanghai as Examples |
|
SONG Dexuan,BU Meimei,ZHOU Yili
|
| Abstract: |
| The physical environment is a necessary condition to ensure the environmental
quality of the settlement. There are ecological damage and degradation in the environment
of old urban residential districts, which cannot satisfy a healthy and comfortable life. The
number of old settlements is large and widely distributed, with high population density, and the
contradiction between the good life and the real environment is prominent, so the restoration
of physical environment is very urgent. However, there are certain gaps and deficiencies in
the existing research, and the key is lack of an effective and quantifiable physical environment
assessment system for old settlements, which made it difficult to start physical environment
restoration. The types of old residential districts are diverse and the spatial forms are quite
different. This article attempted to quantitatively evaluate the physical environment of old
residential districts in the city, selected typical old residential districts in the central area of
Shanghai, systematically investigates the current physical environment, clarified the physical
environment problems in old residential districts, and established the index system for the
evaluation of the physical environment by means of the analytic hierarchy process, including
the degree of isolation and noise reduction, equivalent noise level of scattering, road lighting
effect, daylighting effect, shading rate of hard ground and structures, reflectivity of paving and
covering materials, wind speed in pedestrian areas around buildings in winter, involving the
sound, light, heat, wind of the residential districts. Impact ratio of each index is determined by
constructing a judgment matrix.
Through field measurement, software simulation and questionnaire survey, various parameter
data of the physical environment of the old residential area were obtained, which become the
empirical basis for the index evaluation level and assignment, and then conducted comprehensive
evaluation calculations. The research results showed that: 1) road traffic noise was the main noise
source, and the sound insulation and noise reduction performance of old residential districts was
poor; 2) the noise level in the central area was slightly lower than that in the peripheral area, and the
noise level at night was also slightly lower than that in daytime; 3) the nighttime road lighting in old
residential areas was insufficient and unevenly distributed, and residents have poor evaluations; 4)thesunshine of old residential areas were in good conditions generally, but the trees lack the necessary pruning, which affected the natural lighting of the living
space on the ground floor; 5)the shading rate of hard ground and structures in old residential areas varied greatly, mainly depending on the existing greening
conditions in the residential area, especially the distribution of tall trees; 6) asphalt pavement and cement pavement absorbed more heat in summer, which
was not conducive to the outdoor microclimate; 7) the simulation results of the residential wind environment in winter and summer show good results, and
the measured data in winter also verified the simulation results.
Based on the comprehensive evaluation system, they were discussed in this article about the overall evaluation, the coupling of elements, the key
points and limits of restoration. From the overall score of the evaluation, the comprehensive evaluation score of the outdoor physical environment of
the small-scale old residential area is lower, and the improvement needs are more urgent, while the evaluation score of the large-scale old residential
area is slightly higher, and there is more room for improvement. There is a certain coupling relationship among various environmental elements
in the old residential area, and the system is relatively complex. Environmental restoration in old residential areas focuses on thermal and acoustic
environments. Based on the conclusions, several priority restoration strategies were proposed in this paper. 1) Strengthen the daily maintenance and
scientific pruning of tall trees in old residential areas, taking into account the needs of different seasons. 2) Retain tall trees for shading effects in the
renovation of parking spaces, and the ground use permeable pavement such as grass-planting bricks. 3) Lighter-colored roofing materials are used
in the roof renovation, which forms strong reflection of solar radiation and reduces heat gain. 4) It is recommended to set a thick “green wall” on the
side of the road, combined with trees and shrubs to form a natural sound barrier. |
| Key words: Physical Environment Old Residential Districts Hierarchy Analysis Comprehensive Evaluation Evaluation System |
