| 摘要: |
| 健康影响评估是一种专注于人类健康
状态的分析研究方法和思维范式，健康影响评
估作为评估提案健康影响的工具，为在城市规
划中兼顾公共健康提供了有效途径。国内外研究
中对于城市规划的系统评估方法研究较为匮乏，
尤其是缺乏系统评估健康影响的定量评估方
法，而其中关键在于城市规划影响公共健康的作
用机制尚未明晰，无法构建城市规划影响健康
影响评估的框架。本研究以萨卡尔（Sarkar）提
出的城市健康位理论为基础，明确了城市规划通
过宏观、中观、微观尺度健康定义过程作用于公
共健康的基本作用机制，确定了城市规划在中观
健康位作用于公共健康的影响路径，在公共设
施、土地利用与道路交通三个方面确定了健康
决定因素，构建了城市规划的健康影响框架，基
于此在城市尺度与街区尺度上建立了适用于总
体规划与详细规划的评估指标体系，并根据建
成环境特征提出了定量的评估方法。本研究在
借鉴国外健康城市研究与评估方法的基础上结
合我国城市规划基本情况进行了评估机制与评估方法的探索，为定量测度城市规划的健康影响提供了方法借鉴，对于我国开展健康影响评估研
究与相关实践具有重要意义。 |
| 关键词: 城市规划 公共健康 健康影响评估 健康城市 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20220411 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目（51678288） |
|
| Study on Mechanism and Methods of Health Impact Assessment of Urban Planning |
|
GE Yifu,HE Zhongyu
|
| Abstract: |
| Health impact assessment is an analytical research method and thinking paradigm
focusing on human health status. As a tool for assessing the health impact of proposals, health
impact assessment provides an effective method to take public health into account in urban
planning. There is a lack of research on the systematic evaluation methods of urban planning.
Among them, fewer pieces of research focused on the quantitative methods for systematic
health impact assessment of urban planning. The key is that the mechanism of urban planning
affecting public health is not yet clear. Based on the research on the healthy city and evaluation
methods and combined with the basic situation of urban planning in China, the evaluation
mechanism and evaluation methods are explored in this research. We provide a method for
quantitatively measuring the health impact of urban planning, which is of great significance for
the research and practice of health impact assessment in China.
We define the basic mechanism of urban planning influencing public health through the
health-defining process at the macro, meso, and micro scale based on the theory of urban health
niche proposed by Sarkar. Drawing on the definition of ecological niche, Sarkar proposed the
concept of “urban health niche”. According to the definition, each individual is part of the
urban health niche, and the individual’s urban health niche is essentially the spatiotemporal
expression at multi-level spatial scales (micro, meso, and macro scales) at which the health-
defining processes function. Urban health niche is a thinking paradigm that comprehensively
considers the time process, stage, and level to explain the cause of disease. Urban planning, as
a part of urban governance and decision-making system, can directly affect the urban built-up
environment and natural environment at the macro scale. After that, through the interaction
between macro and meso subsystems, this impact will be transformed into an indirect impact
on the behavior and lifestyle of residents. Through the interaction between the meso and micro
subsystems, the internal factors of individuals at the micro-scale are finally affected, resulting
in changes in individual health status.
On this basis, we define the influence path of urban planning on public health in the
urban health niche at the meso scale, determine the health determinants in public facilities,
land use, and road traffic, and construct the framework of health impact assessment of urban
planning. We summarize the understanding of many scholars on the influence path in theurban health niche at the macro-meso scale, and identify four impact paths of urban planning on public health, including access to public services,
reducing negative health impacts, promoting physical activity and promoting social interaction. Road traffic and land use are very important in urban
planning. These two factors have a profound impact on almost all travel behaviors in the city, promoting physical activity and reducing health risks
in the middle level of health. And public facilities can provide public services and increase social interaction for residents in the middle level of
health. Therefore, we determine the health determinants from the aspects of public facilities, land use, and road traffic, and construct the framework
of health impact assessment of urban planning.
To accurately measure the health impact of urban planning, we propose a quantitative method based on the characteristics of the built-up
environment. The characteristics of the built environment provide the specific perspective to measure the impact of health determinants on public
health, which makes it feasible to carry out a quantitative health impact assessment of urban planning. According to the theory of three principal
dimensions (3Ds) proposed by Cervero and Kockelman on the characteristic of the built environment, the dimensions of the built environment
include density, diversity, and design. Density refers to the measurement of scale, such as the area of green space and public facilities. Diversity
refers to the diversified health needs satisfied by the mixed degree, such as the mixed degree of land use. Design refers to the spatial layout and form,
such as road network form and traffic flow line. In combination with the discussion of the health determinants at the macro meso scale in the health
impact assessment framework of urban planning, we construct the evaluation index system suitable for the master plan and the detailed plan at the
city-level and neighborhood-level and provide the quantitative method for reference. When the influence path is relatively simple, one option is to
convert the estimated health impact into an amount or disability-adjusted life year (DALY). When multiple influence paths exist, another feasible
way is through meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis can be used as parameter inputs in the health impact assessment framework. |
| Key words: Urban Planning Public Health Health Impact Assessment Healthy City |
