| 摘要: |
| 在20世纪80年代，城镇住宅现代化加
速发展，集合住宅居住模式不断更迭，最终在
20世纪80年代末形成了中国现代居住模式的基
础框架。为了究明20世纪80年代居民生活变化
对住宅空间演变的影响，本文围绕卧室、厨卫、
起居室三个代表性空间，梳理城镇集合住宅设
计方案发展的脉络与趋势，同时横向对比住宅
建设方面的政策、经济、观念变化，将住宅套型
设计方案演变的内在原因归为户内人均居住面
积、住宅商品化与大众居住观念三个因素。在
大众生活方式快速改变的当下，本文关于20世
纪80年代住宅套型演变过程的研究，将对中国
城镇居民居住观念及住宅居住模式发展研究具
有借鉴意义。 |
| 关键词: 集合住宅 套型设计 住房政策 住房
商品化 居住观念 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20220313 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家社会科学基金艺术学项目（21BG116） |
|
| The Origin of China’s Modern Residential Mode: A Study on the Collective Housing Suitin the 1980s |
|
YU Aokun,JIN Qiuye,XU Yuejia
|
| Abstract: |
| In the 1980s, China’s reform and opening up promoted the modernization of urban
housing. Policy adjustment, economic development, and people’s living concept accelerated the
rapid evolution of China’s condominiums, and the framework of the residential suite design was
almost completed during this period.
The paper divides the development of China’s collective residential suites into three
stages based on Takamasa’s claim, and people’s daily activities can be classified into three
levels. Correspondingly, the development process of China’s collective housing from
the founding of the People’s Republic of China to the end of 1980s is divided into three
stages. And bedroom, kitchen and bathroom, living space are selected as representatives
to show the changing process of residential suites. In the process of developing residential
condominium, bedrooms can be regarded as the representative of “Level 1” space, which
is the most important one in the first stage. In the beginning of residential development,
sleeping space occupies a major position in the living room. The boundaries between
bedrooms and other living spaces are very ambiguous. With the development of living
space, the sleeping space in the main bedroom comes to decrease. In the third stage of
residential development, the number of living rooms increases and individual rooms
undertakes the sleeping function. Sleep is completely separated from daily living activities
and space privacy is guaranteed as well. The entrance of kitchen and bathroom into the
housing starts the “Level 2” stage of developing residential condominium; kitchen and
bathroom are separated from the outdoor public space, their function and equipment being
gradually improved, and their layout being transferred from the outside to the inside. The
improvement of living space corresponds to the realization of “Level 3” in residence. In
the second stage of housing development, family life is separated from collective life,
which creates an opportunity for the emergence of living space. In the stage of residential
development, living space has two tendencies: one is the living room evolving from the
square hall; the other is the living room evolving from the independent room. In the process
of China’s collective housing development, these three types of space also show their own
development trend. At the same time, the space quality of kitchen and toilet and living
room is constantly improved. The most obvious fact is that the living room appears in theresidential space and constantly improves, and finally becomes the core space in the residential suite.
By analyzing the adjustment of policies, the transition of economy, and changes of people’s living concept, the research found that variation of
residential suites is caused by the per capita living area, housing commercialization, and the people’s living concept. Firstly, the adjustment of the
following policies, the quantity of urban residential construction, the standard of residential area and family planning, resulted in the increase of per
capita living area of households in 1980s. The improvement of standard of residential building area directly leads to the improvement of per capita
living area in the household, which brings about a series of changes in housing type. Meanwhile, the number of household population is decreasing
continuously, which further increases the per capita living area in the household. The change of the standard of residential building area becomes
the symbol of the transition of residential condominium type to the next stage. Secondly, the commercialization of housing affects the public space
in the housing layout. Commodity attributes of residential buildings require clear division of ownership of space, which has a great impact on public
space in the residential layout in the 1980s. The public service space disappears, the kitchen and bathroom entering the house, which satisfies the
public demand for the complete function of residential space. The pattern of entering the house through the corridor was gradually replaced by the
residential layout of direct access from the staircase platform. As a commodity, housing needs to improve its quality of space to get involved in
market competition. The completion of infrastructure and function helps residential space move forward to fine design. Thirdly, the change of public
living concept is mainly caused in two results: first, the economic recovery makes the public yearn for a better modern life; second, the increase of
information about foreign living space broadens the public’s horizons. Under the influence of three aspects, the development of China’s collective
housing in 1980s has gone through three stages, and the modern housing type with living space as the core has come into being. Therefore, urban-
residential, public-private, collective-individual relationships all affect housing in times of social change.
The change of people’s living concept is the principal reason for the change of housing type in 1980s. However, the fixed public living
concept in 1980s makes the design framework still in use. In the information age, some new living concepts are trying to change the layout
of China’s collective housing. Compared with the development process of China’s urban collective housing in 1980s, it might step into a new
residential mode reform. |
| Key words: Collective Housing Residential Housing Design Scheme Housing Policy Housing Commercialization Living Concept |
