| 摘要: |
| “十四五”时期是我国碳达峰的关
键期、窗口期，乡村人居环境建设中的能源
浪费和舒适度等问题越来越受到关注和重
视。如何通过建筑和规划手段实现低碳建设
目标并改善人居环境品质，成为迫在眉睫的
问题。建筑除了自身能耗以外，还需要通过
额外消耗能量进行采暖或保温等以应对外界
环境侵袭，以创造内部相对舒适的环境。乡
村相较于城市，抵御外界环境侵袭的能力更
差，而东北严寒地区的乡村则需要更多的额
外能量输入如烧煤、烧炭等来保证建筑体内
部在严寒条件下的基本使用需求。因此，笔
者尝试从风环境模拟和住居环境优化等视角
探讨解决上述问题的路径。基于CFD建筑风
环境模拟，发现冬季寒风对东北严寒地区院落型民居的作用机制，进而针对性的提出设计优化方案。文章基于我国东北严寒地区冬季
的风环境特性，以常见的东北乡村围合式院落作为研究对象，提取出四种典型合院类型，
根据“围合”关系组织要素分为一合院式、单厢房式二合院、双厢房式三合院和内外院。
通过实地测量、调研和软件模拟，分析对比了不同类型院落院风环境的作用情况，并进行
冬季最冷月的风环境适应性评价，得出三合院为冬季院内风环境最优的结论。以三合院类
型为样本对院落风环境问题展开研究，并结合当地居民使用需求，确定优化设计布局方
案。最后提出乡村住宅优化设计的方法，可以拓展乡村人居环境改善之路径，并为我国东
北严寒地区乡村住居优化设计提供参考。 |
| 关键词: 东北严寒地区 乡村住居 环境实测 CFD模拟分析 优化设计 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20220120 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:十三五国家重点研发计划课题（2019YFD1100801） |
|
| Study on Optimization Design of Rural Residence in Northeast China Based on OutdoorWind Environment Simulation in Winter |
|
LI Shifen,DONG Weiche,LIU Daiyun,YU Canning
|
| Abstract: |
| The 14th Five-year Plan is the critical period and window period for carbon peak in
China. Building clean and low carbon safe efficient energy system to control the total quantity
of the fossil energy and increase the use efficiency of the implementation of renewable energy to
replace operation becomes the trend of The Times. Building energy consumption accounts for a
high proportion of energy consumption. In addition to its own energy consumption, the building
also needs to use extra energy for heating or heat preservation to cope with the invasion of the
external environment, so as to create a relatively comfortable internal environment. Compared
with cities, rural buildings are less able to resist the invasion of the external environment.
However, rural areas in the cold region of northeast China need more additional energy input,
such as coal burning and charcoal burning to ensure the basic use requirements of the building
body in the cold condition. Therefore, studying the mechanism of the cold wind in winter on the
courtyard dwellings in the cold region of northeast China, and then putting forward the targeted
design optimization scheme and improving the building’s ability to resist natural invasion
through technical and design means can reduce the energy consumption of buildings to a certain
extent, help save energy, and improve the comfort of living in the cold region of northeast China.
Using CFD technology to study wind environment is an important method of building wind
environment simulation. CFD can visually express the wind environment around the building
through model building and wind speed simulation calculation, and intuitively describe the wind
environment in the yard after obtaining the color gamot map of wind speed. The wind speed
color gamut graph can visually depict the wind environment within the compound. Based on the
characteristics of wind environment in winter in the cold region of northeast China, four typical
courtyard types were extracted from the common enclosed courtyards of rural settlements in northeast China. According to the organization elements of “enclosed” relationship, they could be divided into one enclosed courtyard, two enclosed
courtyard, three enclosed courtyard and front and back yard. Through field measurement, investigation and software simulation, it is verified that the
yard wind speed data measured in the field has a high fitting degree with the CFD software simulation data, which proves the reliability of CFD wind
environment analysis. Then, the effects of wind environment in different types of courtyards were analyzed and compared, and the adaptability of
wind environment in the coldest month in winter was evaluated with the local meteorological data obtained in Ladybug as the limitation of climate
conditions. By using the control variable method, the influence of five factors on the wind environment in the courtyard was analyzed, including the
width of the main room, the height of the building, the height of the courtyard wall, the position of the entrance and the form of the entrance. The
characteristics of the wind environment in the courtyard were determined under different changes of different influencing factors, and the characteristics
of the wind environment under a certain change law were summarized, so as to summarize the optimal conditions. By comparing the simulation results,
it was found that the west side of the courtyard could resist the attack of the northwest cold wind to the inside of the courtyard to a certain extent.
Moreover, because of the higher enclosing degree of the courtyard, the freedom of the spatial wind inside the courtyard was relatively reduced, and it
was more difficult to form a high-speed wind zone in the courtyard. Therefore, the three-courtyard courtyard is more excellent in the ability to resist
the cold wind in the northwest in the cold region of northeast China, and can create a more suitable courtyard wind environment for people’s life.
Therefore, it is concluded that the three-courtyard courtyard is the best courtyard wind environment in winter. Finally, taking the type of three closed
courtyard as the sample, the environmental problems of courtyard wind were studied, and combined with the use needs of local residents, the optimized
rural residential design of family hotel was carried out. According to the basic shape of the courtyard and people’s basic living needs, the optimal design
layout scheme is determined. At the same time, THE CFD wind environment simulation is carried out again to verify and review the wind environment
of the optimization results, which proves the accuracy of the analysis and simulation. Finally, an optimal design method of rural housing is proposed,
which provides an idea for the optimal design of rural housing in the cold region of northeast China. |
| Key words: Northeast Cold Region Rural Housing Field Survey CFD Simulation Analysis Optimal Design |
