| 摘要: |
| 同一地域的不同乡村聚落有着相似
的地理环境与气候条件,由于民族发展历程
和社会结构的分异，不同民族的传统乡村在
结构形态上表现出多样化。文章基于人类学
与社会学的视角,选取东北地区不同民族的
传统村落,运用空间句法的图示与量化分析
方法,针对其乡村组织结构与生活空间层次
进行比较研究,从中探讨不同民族村落形态
的相似性与差异性的影响因素及作用机制。
研究结论显示，受多因素协同互动影响，各
民族村落结构组织方式形成不同程度的差
异，决定这种差异的主要原因是族群对自身
文化的认同以及针对社会变迁做出的适应性
调整，此部分也是对少数民族传统村落保护
的内涵所在。 |
| 关键词: 东北 少数民族 村落结构 空间句法 村落保护 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20220118 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（52078094）；十三五国
家重点研发计划课题（2019YFD1100801）；教育
部人文社科基金（21YJCZH021） |
|
| A Comparative Study on the Structure and Form of Traditional Ethnic Minority Villages inthe Northeast China |
|
ZHANG Yunrui,WU Heping,DONG Li
|
| Abstract: |
| Different rural settlements in the same region have similar geographical environment
and climate conditions. Due to the differentiation of ethnic development and social structure,
the traditional villages of different ethnic groups show diversity in structural forms. Based
on anthropological and sociological perspectives, this paper selects traditional villages of
different ethnic groups in northeast China, and classifies and summarizes their structural and
morphological characteristics. On the basis of qualitative analysis, the paper abstracts the spatial
relations of villages, establishes a model, and makes a graphical representation and quantitative
description of space syntax, conducts a comparative study on their rural organizational structure
and living space levels, so as to find the relationship between spatial structure and human social
activities. In a more intuitive and comprehensive way, this paper explores and explains the
influencing factors of village organizational structure and spatial level of residential houses,
discusses the influencing factors and mechanism of the similarity and difference of different
ethnic minority village forms. At the same time, the continuity of traditional culture is discussed
in order to solve the problems of the survival and development of traditional minority villages.
In order to study the development process and results of villages to present diversity
and comparability, this paper preferentially selects minority villages in the same region
covering similar geographical climate, social economy and development background as
typical samples. Using the principles of graph theory and topology, the axis model of sample
villages was imported into the Depthmap for operation, and the variables such as integration
degree, connection value, depth value and comprehensibility are analyzed. The morphological
characteristics of different village structures can be reflected by quantitative research. The paper
analyzes the traditional village forms of different ethnic groups from the following three aspects.
1) Ethnic characteristics and village form elements: affected by the characteristics of ethnic
groups, the functional elements and structural forms of sample villages form special patterns. The
Manchu ethnic group retained the traditional etiquette of the Manchu imperial family, the Korean
ethnic group retained its own uniqueness as a transit nationality, and the Mongolian ethnic
group had a strong sense of cultural identity in the social changes. 2) Social structure and village
organization structure: the layout of villages of Manchu ethnic group is obviously centralized
under the influence of traditional customs and etiquette; Forced by the primitive environment,
villages of Korean ethnic groups are small in scale and single in form. The layout of villages of Mongolian ethnic group is more influenced by national culture, and the form is free. These samples all reflect the morphological characteristics
of village organization structure caused by the social structure of different ethnic groups, and then highlight the diversified ethnic characteristics of
traditional villages. 3) Change of times and spatial hierarchy of villages: from the perspective of time, the generation of villages (prototype of ethnic
villages), development process (shaping of social environment) and future trend (expression of village meaning) are discussed by studying the overall
historical changes. At the same time, the correlation between village spatial level and social function transformation factor, production and life change
factor, national culture change factor is studied.
The research results show that the formation and evolution of traditional minority villages are synergistically influenced by regional characteristics,
customs and culture, social structure, history and culture, and their spatial structure is complex and diverse. Based on space syntax theory, this
paper analyzes the internal logical relations of complex settlement space, and its graphical and quantitative parameters can be used to compare the
morphological characteristics and forming factors of different spaces, so as to study the degree of consistency between people’s subjective feelings
and objective model of village and the existing problems. The results show that: 1) the differences of village site selection characteristics, the Manchu
and Korean ethnic groups are mostly near mountains and rivers, while the Mongolian ethnic groups are mostly on plains. 2) Differences in production
methods: the production methods of the above three ethnic groups are similar now—farming is the main method, but the traditional production methods
still have a heavy impact on the village structure, and thus form a space for ethnic tourism industry. 3) The different lifestyles of ethnic minorities are
influenced by religious belief activities of different ethnic groups, forming their own distinctive space. 4) The differences of ethnic cultural changes
and the process of “sinicization”. Different ethnic groups have different degrees of acceptance of foreign culture. The Korean ethnic group is the least
affected, followed by the Manchu and the Mongolian ethnic groups, so the village structure of Mongolian ethnic group changes most dramatically.
The structure and organization of traditional villages of Manchu, Korean and Mongolian ethnic groups have different degrees of differentiation,
which is mainly determined by ethnic groups’ recognition of their own culture and their adaptation to social changes. On this basis, it strives to improve
the spatial structure of minority villages and the quality of living environment, and explores the internal order and evolution law of the development of
spatial structure form. |
| Key words: The Northeast Minority Ethnic Groups Village Structure Space Syntax Village Protection |
