| 摘要: |
| 楹联匾额作为园林中表现“诗情”
和意境的主要手段，其连接文化和景观的作
用突出，是人文艺术的直接表现。在杭州西
湖成为文化景观的背景下，西湖楹联匾额展
示出文化与景观的统一性、中唐至两宋园林
典型的“壶天”特征。首先梳理了西湖楹联匾
额中残存古联的数量和空间分布；分析了楹
联匾额作为文化和景观的“桥梁”在西湖景
观中起到的构建作用。西湖楹联匾额作为西
湖园林的一部分，受到“壶中天地”境界追求
的影响以及南宋山水画对其诗意的深化。通
过对西湖典型楹联匾额案例的整理研究，归
纳出3方面“壶天”特征：以小见大、理及精
微、文辞写意。并由此展现两宋园林文化在
西湖文化景观中的遗留与影响。 |
| 关键词: 文化景观 西湖 楹联匾额 “壶
天”特征 两宋园林文化 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20200217 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:北京市财政项目“内蒙古及杭州的园林资源与历史
文化研究”(编号2019-YB-12)；浙江农林大学“校
发展基金人才启动”项目(编号2014FR080) |
|
| Study on the Characteristics of the “Miniature” of Couplets and Plaques in Hangzhou West Lake from the Perspective of Cultural Landscape |
|
ZHENG Qingqing,JIN Hexian
|
| Abstract: |
| As the main way of expressing “poetic meanings” and artistic conception in the
Chinese gardens, couplets and plaques have a prominent role in connecting culture and
landscape, which are the direct expressions of humanistic art. Since Song Dynasty, Hangzhou
West Lake has been highly respected by the royal and literati, who have written poems and
inscriptions. Under the background of Hangzhou West Lake becoming the world cultural
landscape, couplets and plaques have shown the unity of culture and landscape, and the typical
feature “miniature” of the Tang and Song Dynasty.
This paper firstly sorted out the number and spatial distribution of the surviving ancient
couplets in the West Lake. There were currently more than 3,000 couplets around the West
Lake, and more than 1,500 plaques involving more than 2,000 ancient and modern authors,
including 48 ancient couplets. Its spatial distribution in the West Lake was relatively dispersed,
partly concentrated in the northeast of the West Lake, and there were 5 places outside the
designated scope of the West Lake Cultural Landscape Heritage.
There were two main reasons for the analysis of couplets and plaques in West Lake. First,
after the middle Tang Dynasty, couplets and plaques began to have a profound meaning. The
culture of Song Dynasty inherited Tang, and the characteristics of "miniature" became the basic
spatial principle of classical gardens. Couplets and plaques were affected and valued, and it has
gradually became one of the expressions of scholar’s outlooks on the universe, life and values.
Then, affected by the landscape paintings of Southern Song Dynasty, the form of couplets and
plaques had developed rapidly. It din not only fully creat the elegant atmosphere in the garden, but
also reflected the gardener’s concept of gardening. It was a direct expression of the humanities
and arts in the garden landscape. The landscape paintings of Southern Song Dynasty deepened
the poetic meanings of couplets and plaques, and influenced their writing form and meaning.
The creation of West Lake couplets and plaques were constantly influenced by landscape
poetry and landscape paintings of the literati painters in Mid-Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty.
There are mainly three aspects of the pursuit of the realm of “miniature” : First, “reading the
whole partly” emphasized breaking through the limitation of the limited space and reaching a
wide mood; Next, “understanding the realms subtly” pointed out the needs to enrich the design
elements in the garden to achieve a subtle degree; Then, “expressing the inner feelings freely”
synthesized the meanings of the former and highlighted the spirit of couplets and plaques with the help of highly literary poems.
“Reading the whole partly” meant revealing the pattern of the West Lake through couplets and plaques and linking them with nature and
universe. As a form independent of literary creation, couplets and plaques could supplement the shortcomings of scenes and pictures, linking the
human mind and the aesthetics of the garden to the universe philosophy. Such as the Plaque “All the scenery in West Lake” “Wo Xin Xiang Yin
Pavilion” “A spoonful of the world”.
“Understanding the realms subtly” emphasized that with the help of couplets and plaques, the integration of garden culture was becoming
increasingly perfect. The chanting objects involved various elements in the garden. The two aspects of "tea appreciation" and "horticulture" were
the most prominent. Such as“Without stones, there is no beautiful gardens, either elegant rooms”.
“Expressing the inner feelings freely” referred to the “artistry” of couplets and plaques in the garden design elements. Based on literary
poetry, couplets and plaques could integrate people’s spiritual sustenance, garden aesthetics and universe philosophy in just two simple
sentences. Such as“Not a fish but know how it feels”. Couplets and plaques could break the limitation of the garden on the real space by
inspiring the psychological activities of the aesthetics, thereby introducing the garden aesthetics into a far-reaching and broader realm. |
| Key words: Cultural Landscape West Lake Couplets and Plaques “Miniature” Song Culture |
