| 摘要: |
| 综合诗文与多类文献，认为忠州东
坡绝非传统认识上的郡斋园林，而是元和
十五年（820年）白居易从治政、教化出发，
在城东坡地种花而成的公共性园林，呈自
然、野生状态。但东坡荒芜后，宋代重建者
因误读或方便之故，在郡圃中构东坡亭，产
生位置偏差，而明清时期公园精神的倒退强
化了东坡作为地方官独善其身之所的认识。
同时，随着文字的广泛传播，纸上的东坡更受
文人重视，已经作为典故，可以被随意“移”
至他处了。 |
| 关键词: 白居易 东坡 公共性园林 郡圃 城东 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20200216 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目: |
|
| Prefectural Residence and East of the City: Analysis on Bai Juyi Zhongzhou Dongpo |
|
JU Peiquan,HUANG Yiru
|
| Abstract: |
| It is well known that Su Shi named himself Dongpo after he was demoted to
Huangzhou, as Bai Juyi had ever planted flowers on Dongpo of Zhongzhou(now Zhong County
of Chongqing). Zhongzhou Dongpo has been a very famous and attractive landscape garden
for scholars in the past dynasties. However, there still exist many misunderstandings about
it, which include time, location and properties. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify
the historical facts and further explore the causes of those misunderstandings, which will be
beneficial to the research on Bai Juyi as well as the relationship between scholars and the
development of public gardens since the Mid-Tang Dynasty.
Planting Flowers on Dongpo written by Bai Juyi is the most detailed first-hand data. According
to what is described in it, Dongpo was a natural and “wild” landscape garden which followed the
trend of the slopes. In recent years, through a rigorous textual research, Mr. Zhu Jincheng believed
that the time when Bai Juyi planted flowers on Dongpo was not A.D. 819(the fourteen years of
Yuanhe, the reign title of Emperor Li Chun) proposed by Wang Liming, a famous scholar in the
Qing Dynasty, but instead, it was the spring of A.D. 820 (the fifteen years of Yuanhe), which was the
second year after Bai Juyi assumed office. When the flowers bloomed in late spring, Bai Juyi had to
leave Zhongzhou for Changan.
But there is still some doubt about the location of Dongpo. Since the Song Dynasty, according to the
mainstream view, Dongpo is a garden in prefectural residence. This statement may originate from Fang
Yu Sheng Lan, a geographical book written by Zhu Mu and Zhu Zhu in the Song Dynasty. However,
this opinion is not impeccable, but instead, there are obvious uncertain points. According to the record
in Zhongzhou Fu Gu Ji, a famous essay written by Huang Tingjian, many Bai Juyi relics in Zhongzhou
in the Song Dynasty were rebuilt by Wang Bizhi, prefecture chief at that time. There is a possibility
that the Dongpo Pavilion in the prefectural residence was built in this period as a landmark of Dongpo.
Nevertheless, Bai Juyi had no description of Dongpo Pavilion at all. Through time deduction combined
with a comprehensive analysis of literature including poems and local chronicles, it can be concluded that
Zhongzhou Dongpo should be located in the eastern slope of the city instead of the prefectural residence.
Then, does it matter where Dongpo is? Why was it built in public areas rather than in the
prefectural residence? Bai Juyi’s political identity as a prefecture chief can not be neglected. In
the Mid-Tang Dynasty, due to the implementation of the two-tax law, people could move freely
from one place to another. The increase of households had become the guarantee for the smooth collection of local taxes, and consequently, the landscape in public areas had become an important means for local officials to show their political
clarity and attract migrants. At the same time, as a Confucian teacher, Bai Juyi also placed hope on educating and changing customs by means
of the landscape construction of the barren mountain city. Therefore, Dongpo was by no means a garden in prefectural residence, but instead, it
served as a public garden developed by Bai Juyi on the sloping fields in the east of Zhongzhou, which was aimed at governance and indoctrination.
It can be seen that the public garden in the Song Dynasty was developed on this basis.
After desolation, re-builders in the Song Dynasty built Dongpo Pavilion in the prefectural residence because they misunderstood Bai Juyi’s
poems or just took convenience into consideration. In consequence, positional deviation took place. During the Ming Dynasty and the Qing
Dynasty, spirits related to public gardens went backwards, but another cognition was enhanced that garden was the place for prefectural officials
to keep their own moral uplift regardless of the thoughts of others. On the other hand, literary creations about Dongpo have been widely spread;
Dongpo with literary significance have been taken seriously by scholars and thus become a literary quotation. Therefore, it can be moved to other
places at people’s own will. In this way, the meaning of Dongpo has gradually replaced the scenery itself, which has now taken on a new life. |
| Key words: Bai Juyi Dongpo Public Garden Garden in Prefectural Residence East of the City |
