Social development has gradually transformed from an industrial society to a knowledge-based society, regarding innovation development as the basic organization and development form of a knowledge-based society. The creation, dissemination, and application of knowledge are important operating mechanisms for knowledge-based cities. Continuous innovation and knowledge renewal are essential for the orderly development of cities. Talents are an important carrier of the flow of knowledge elements, that is, talents play a key role in building a knowledge-based city, and is an important factor to promote social and economic transformation and development. As a carrier and creator of knowledge and innovation, the spatial distribution of talents will affect the spatial structure of knowledge-based cities. The concentration of talents has significant particularity and complexity, and is of great significance to China’s socio-economic innovation and development. Related research is mainly based on the perspectives of different disciplines, with a focus on the impact of certain factors on the concentration of talents. From the perspective of spatial planning, the research on the growth of urban talent scale and the evolution of spatial structure is still lacking. Therefore, on the basis of literature analysis, taking Hangzhou City as an example, this paper analyzes the population growth and spatial pattern of talent scale from 2000 to 2016 by using nuclear density analysis. Studying the spatial process and rules of talent agglomeration, and providing support for urban spatial planning and construction can effectively organize the flow and agglomeration of talents and then promote the development and construction of knowledge-based cities based on innovative development. The study finds that: 1) The speed of talent population growth is getting slow, and the trend of slower growth of talents in urban central areas is relatively obvious. 2) The concentration of talents shows regular development characteristics at the geospatial level, and its distribution pattern has experienced the same development process as the general urban space growth. The distribution pattern of talents has the trend of evolving from “single center structure” to “multi center structure”. While the concentration of talents has a multi-center development trend, the size of the concentration of talents is significantly different in different directions. 3) There is an imbalance between the high concentration of talents in the central area and the high concentration of innovation platform at urban fringe. On the one hand, the central area of the city is the core area of the multi-center distribution structure of talents. On the other hand, most of the innovation and development platforms are located outside the city. Urban central area is a highly concentrated area of talents, and urban fringe has become the main area for the growth of talents. Further judgements are put forward, and we think that urban geographical space plays a very significant role in the pattern of talents gathering, the main university, innovative enterprises and policy measures of the city also play an important role in promoting talent agglomeration. In the process of promoting the accumulation of talents and implementing the related spatial planning for innovative development, targeted research is also required from the micro perspective (spatial movement characteristics of individual talents) and the current status of urban innovation and development resources. Then we give some spatial suggestions on promoting the growth of urban talent population, optimizing the distribution pattern of talents to push innovation-driven development. Firstly, it is necessary to guide the formation of a polycentric structure for talent gathering. Active allocation of urban space resources, targeted guidance and promotion for talents to form a multi-center distribution structure are important space strategies to achieve the continuous growth of talents and to promote urban innovation and development. Research universities and innovative enterprise clusters are important areas for the development of talents. Therefore, cities should pay attention to the planning and construction of knowledge production space in the periphery of the city. In response to the preference of innovative talents, some measures should be taken to increase cities’ attractiveness to innovative talents, like optimizing transportation, improving related supporting service facilities, and implementing housing subsidies. Secondly, city should make full use of the stock space in the urban center. The urban central area is a highly concentrated area of innovative talents. In the process of Hangzhou’s innovation development, it is possible to cultivate or develop innovation platforms (spaces) in urban central areas through urban renewal or transformation, relying on low-efficiency land, and promote the innovation of urban areas through the of industry-city integration. This is not only conducive to revitalize the city center’s stock space, but also can show its highly concentrated resources of talent advantages. It is a balance of “stock optimization” and “innovative development”.