Relying on the science of human settlements, ancient Chinese capitals are elected as research case to study on the space formal structure, the spatial combination pattern and the spatial pattern from the perspective of human settlements. The results are shown as follows. Firstly, the space formal structure changes. The decentralized “mass structure” gradually evolves into a centralized “nested structure”, and the capital (settlement) of the fl at form evolves from irregular form to regular form and then to the irregular form. Secondly, the spatial combination pattern and the quantity of node element are more abundant. The path system evolves from a single structure to multi-layer, becoming the development axis of urban form, and meanwhile the spatial region evolves from the simple sub block region to the comprehensive spatial structure. Thirdly, the spatial pattern from the perspective of human settlements also changes. The axis law is used in the construction of human settlements in Qin and Han Dynasty, and the emergence of “planning map” indicates that the construction of urban human settlements has reached a new level in Wei-Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties. Human settlements reaches to the glory in Sui-Tang Dynasty, and the “lifang” becomes the residential functional area, and the real sense of the urban management system comes into being. In Song-Yuan Dynasty, the street system has replaced the “lifang”, the night fair emerges, and Chinese society begins a full-time living. In Ming-Qing Dynasty, siheyuan unit, the lane system, street system and axes city together constitute the most perfect human settlement construction system of Chinese feudal society.