Urban housing and living spatial pattern in cities, which is the important visual to recognize cities and their spatial structure, deeply reflects the society economy conditions. It is a new field of residential space analysis to study residential problems from the point of view of residential rents, which provides quantitative analysis method on spatial differentiation law of urban housing. Based on 964 homes’ transaction information in Xi’an’s seven central districts in July, 2014, this paper uses ArcGIS and Sufer software to explore the spatial distribution characteristics and its factors of residential rents in Xi’an’s seven districts, and uses SPSS software to discuss the factors affecting the residential rents. The conclusions from the analysis include: (1) The rental housing mainly concentrated within the central-south districts (Yanta, Beilin and Lianhu); (2) the spatial distribution of residential rents takes on a pattern of “center around the high low” and “ residence suburbanization”, Yanta District has generally high rents, the highest appears in Qujiang subdistrict; Chang’an district has generally low rents, the lowest appears in Yinzhen subdistrict; (3) By means of regression analysis, the main factors affecting the residential rents such as residential facilities, decoration and commercial service facilities have been found. This study has a practical significance, which can provide theoretical reference for policy making.