| 摘要: |
| 自然资源部推进海岸带综
合保护与利用规划，提出“公众亲
海空间”概念，与欧美国家的“滨
海公共通行”概念契合。欧美国家
一贯重视滨海公共通行权力，颁布
了相关法律并建设了自上而下的管
控体系，在实践中形成了适用于所
有岸线的公共通行形式，逐渐完善
建设原则，建成了连接城市与郊野
岸线的全域贯通行型滨海公共通道。
在规划管控层面，选取纽约和旧金
山案例，阐释区划法规与专项规划
管控方法。借鉴欧美经验，有助于
我国在海岸带规划框架下明晰公众
亲海空间管控体系，拓展亲海活动
类型，延申亲海空间研究地域，焕
新公众参与意义；并在滨海岸线更
新背景下，以公众亲海空间带动滨
海区域整体发展。 |
| 关键词: 公众亲海空间 滨海公共
通行 滨海区划条例 海岸带规划 滨海更新 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20251119001 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:辽宁省哲学社会科学规划基金项目（L24BSH003） |
|
| International experience in coastal public access and reference for public shorelinefriendlyspaces in China |
|
CHEN Fei,JIA Chenliang,LI Jian,NIU Jiahui,FENG Tianzhao
|
| Abstract: |
| The Ministry of Natural Resources promotes Coastal Zones Comprehensive Protection and
Utilization Planning, and issued technical planning documents. This document firstly introduces the concept of
public shoreline-friendly spaces, which refer to coastal activity areas that offer opportunities for sea views and
activities, are unconditionally open to the public, and can be easily accessed without special access methods.
This concept aligns with the coastal public access concept in Europe and the United States. Influenced by the
principle of public trust, these countries attach importance to the public right of access to the coast, and
enacted laws to protect coastal public access and established top-down regulatory systems. Taking the United
States as an example, at the legal level, laws guaranteeing coastal public access have been enacted at the
federal, state, and coastal cities. At the coastal zone planning level, required by the Coastal Zone Management
Act, coastal states develop Coastal Zone Management Programs to implement the construction of coastal
public access, and these programs are evaluated every five years. At the urban planning level, control
indicators for public access to coastal areas are incorporated into Zoning Regulations. Through the
aforementioned laws, coastal zone planning, and urban planning, coastal cities are implementing the coastal
public access construction in coastal land development. The types of coastal public access include horizontal
access, vertical access and visual access. In practice, the coastal access principles have gradually been
clarified, including public accessibility, availability, continuity, connectivity, and visual accessibility. Various
types of coastal public access have been established along the urban and suburban coastlines. For example,
Sweden built the High Coast Trail adapt to the coastal hilly terrain, Canada built the British Columbia Marine
Trail in inaccessible areas along the shoreline, and more rural coastlines combine with coastal villages and
rugged rock formations to create magnificent coastal landscapes that are unique from the urban landscape. The
article focuses on the U.S. planning control system, encompassing Zoning Regulation and Special Plan. The
article introduces planning control measures taking New York and San Francisco as examples respectively. The
chapter of Special Regulations Applying in the Waterfront Area in New York Zoning Regulation make detailed
regulation of waterfront public access, and the regulations propose four main contents, including shore public
walkway, upland connection, visual corridor, supplemental public access area, and the Zoning Regulation
details the size and scale requirements for different waterfront site conditions. The Zoning Regulation requires
that all waterfront land must prepare Waterfront Public Access Plan. Furthermore, Zoning Regulation increased
requirements for private waterfront land achieve public access. After more than 30 years’ development, New
York City has established a comprehensive waterfront public access system. San Francisco implements coastal
public access through Special Plan within the regulatory framework. Firstly, at the regulatory level, the San
Francisco Bay Plan established public access policies, and the BCDC issued the Public Access Supplement to
the San Francisco Bay Plan in 1979, continuously adjusting these policies in response to coastal climate
change. Secondly, at the level of Special Plan, San Francisco has advanced public access along its east coastal
through the Waterfront Special Zone Plan issued by BCDC. The Bayside History Walk connects historical
buildings along the San Francisco Bay. Finally, at the guidance level, the Public Access Design Guidelines forthe San Francisco Bay were issued to guide the development of waterfront areas. After multiple planning, the 7.5 mile “Portwalk” has been completed. A few
coastal cities in China issued urban design guidelines considered the requirements for the public shoreline-friendly spaces. The Ministry of Natural Resources
has released the Technical Guidelines for the Coastal Zone Planning Establishment, which clarifies that public shoreline-friendly spaces fall under the scope of
coastal zone planning and control. This also marks the public shoreline-friendly spaces construction into a more refined and legalized stage. Drawing on
European and American experiences will contribute to the construction of public shoreline-friendly spaces in China. Firstly, in terms of planning management,
the article proposes to ensure the construction of the coastal space system at the provincial technical guidelines, and to put forward control requirements based
on specific shoreline conditions at the municipal technical guidelines, and to identify the key points of management at the municipal level. For example, it
determines the minimum width of coastal passageways based on the natural and cultural conditions of coastal cities. Secondly, in terms of public shorelinefriendly
spatial, it proposes expanding coastal spaces from the urban coastal to the suburban coastal, and proposes the significance of combining public
shoreline-friendly activities with public participation in marine disaster early warning. It can expand the types of activities related to the sea, and it can also
improve the early warning system for coastal disasters through these activities. Finally, in terms of land development, it proposes use coastal spaces as linear
elements and cultural catalysts to drive the development of coastline space in the context of the current renewal of ports and industrial shorelines in China,
which will promote the integrated development of cultural tourism in coastal cities. |
| Key words: public shoreline-friendly spaces coastal public access Waterfront Zoning coastal zone planning coastal district renewa |
