| 摘要: |
| 荷兰古迹遗产预防性保护具有高效
和条理化的保护管理模式，策略与技术实施
要点主要体现在：保护组织架构与法规体系
的政策指引，专业技术与监测团队建设支
撑，专业化和标准化的日常照管，高效的古
迹信息化维护诊断管理系统建设，遗产本体
与环境风险的保护研究与实践，推广遗产教
育与公众化参与机制等方面。总结对比我国
与荷兰的状况，为我国遗产预防性保护和可
持续发展提供借鉴参考。 |
| 关键词: 古迹遗产 预防性保护 古迹管
理 监测与维护 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest. 20240319001 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目（23YJA760016） |
|
| Research on the preventive conservation strategy and technical practice in the Netherlandsand its insights：Taking Leiden Fortress as an example |
|
ZHENG Jing,YAN Shurui,CHEN Shunhe
|
| Abstract: |
| Preventive conservation, with its proactive, strategic, and cost-effective approach, has
become a central strategy in the field of heritage conservation. In the Netherlands, the preventive
conservation of heritage is characterized by an efficient and well-structured management framework,
with key strategies and technical implementations reflected in several areas: protective organizational
frameworks and policy guidance from regulatory systems; support from specialized technical and
monitoring teams; professional and standardized daily care routines; the development of an efficient
digital system for maintenance and diagnostic management; research and practical applications of
conservation and environmental risk factors; and the promotion of heritage education and public
engagement mechanisms. Currently, research and practice in preventive heritage conservation are at
the stage of conceptual understanding and advocacy in China. There is a lack of a systematic policy
and scientific approach, as well as insufficient effectiveness in the implementation of preventive
conservation measures. This paper explores the Netherlands’ years of experience in preventive
conservation of historical heritage. By implementing systematic policies and leveraging scientific and
technological approaches, the country has developed an operational pathway that prioritizes minimal
intervention for monitoring and maintenance while preserving the authenticity and integrity of
historical heritage to the greatest extent possible. Through methods such as literature review, policy
analysis and synthesis, and fieldwork, this paper provides an overview of the strategic framework and
practical exploration of preventive conservation in the Netherlands. Taking the conservation practices
of Leiden Fortress as a case study, it systematically summarizes the processes, methods, and
characteristics of preventive conservation and offers practical recommendations based on comparative
analysis.The operation of preventive conservation in the Netherlands is based on the government-led
conservation organizational framework. The national level organization Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel
Erfgoed(RCE) oversees the unified management of nationally designated cultural relics and
monuments, while each province has its own provincial heritage institutions and other independent
organizations. At the municipal level, each city has been responsible for the maintenance of cultural
relics and monuments within its jurisdiction since 1988. This hierarchical and specialized structure for
monument conservation forms a clear workflow and an interconnected system. In terms of legal
provisions and policy support, the Netherlands has enacted laws that establish a heritage registration
system and mandate the maintenance of historic monuments. The conservation policy is further
reinforced by stable annual funding, provided by both the government and social organizations. In
terms of supervision and management system, regular inspection and timely maintenance are the
cores of preventive conservation. Many significant monuments in the Netherlands are overseen by
Monumentenwacht (MOWA) and are preserved by monument wardens. Composed of professionals,
they are involved in all stages of conservation, including inspections, making recommendations,
assisting with repairs, and conducting annual and quarterly inspections. Conservation technicalpractice encompasses various aspects, including material research, standardization of monitoring processes, field research, informatization diagnosis, damage
surveillance, and risk prevention. The monitoring primarily focuses on the types, extent, and progression of physical, chemical, and biological damages to the
monuments. Diagnostic and control plans are developed based on analyses of human activities and environmental risks. In the development of conservation
technology, efforts are primarily focused on collaborating with research and educational institutions to implement conservation projects such as the Monument
en Kennis. It promotes the development of informatization diagnosis and cloud platform. The direct outcome is the Monument Diagnosis and Conservation
System(MDCS), setting up an online damage atlas database for the professional and the public. The monitoring process also helps to complete the monument
database. The damages are classified by materials including brick, mortar, natural stone, plaster and concrete, with pictures and caption. Damage surveillance
and risk prevention play a crucial role in ensuring that monuments remain in good condition, making them key aspects of conservation technology. Through
inspection, it shows that the main damages of Leiden Fortress are cracks, deposit, deformation, powdering, biological growth, etc. The monitoring and
recording of the fortress primarily focus on the location, width, and length of cracks, the distance and direction of deposition, the location and severity of
encrustation, and the location and extent of biological growth. These damages arise from the physical characteristics of the monument itself, as well as natural
environmental risks. Therefore, preventive conservation also includes research into optimal environmental conditions. The Netherlands is one of the earliest
practitioners of preventive conservation in the modern sense. The preventive conservation strategy runs throughout the entire process of monument and heritage
preservation and management. Its philosophy of addressing potential issues before they arise resonates with the core principles and requirements of historical
buildings conservation in China. Finally, the paper proposed that China’s monument conversation and management will draw on the experiences of the
Netherlands to put forward preventive conservation strategies. It is recommended that the conservation system be enhanced in the following ways:
implementing mandatory regulatory management, developing professional teams, standardizing daily operations, establishing information platforms,
conducting more in-depth conservation research, and prioritizing heritage education and public outreach. |
| Key words: monumental heritage preventive conservation heritage management monitoring and maintenance |
