| 摘要: |
| 晚明徽州乡村园林营建活跃并具有较高艺术水平，是特定历史时期城市乡居化的重要例证，现有研究对其关注度不够。本文通过系统整理和分析晚明徽州园林园记和园画，析缕其中的乡村园居生活、景境构成、居游体悟等的观察和思考，探讨其成因与影响，以期弥补对乡村造园历史认识的研究不足，并为现代大美乡村的建设提供参照。研究表明：晚明徽州士商返乡造园现象显著，选址乡野并演绎名人轶事、造园请记是其追求文士风流、塑造身份认同的重要方式；并带有强烈家族意识，造园以养亲；而徽州山多地少、村舍农田的乡野自然与社会特征同时影响着园林从选址、营景到传承的方方面面，形成不同于城市山林小中见大、壶中天地的别样特征，呈现“乡村-园林”空间互融共生的特征。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 晚明 园林书写 徽州 乡村园林意象 |
| DOI： |
| 分类号:TU986.1 |
| 基金项目:浙农林科研发展基金项目（编号2023LFR040）；教育部人文社科青年基金(编号24YJC760087) |
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| The Image of Rural Gardens in Huizhou during Late Ming Dynasty Based on Garden Literatures |
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Zhang Tingting1,2, Wang Xinyi3, Lu Zheming1,2
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1.Zhejiang A&2.F University;3.Nanjing Forestry University
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| Abstract: |
| The construction of rural gardens in Huizhou during the late Ming Dynasty (1573-1644) demonstrated remarkable dynamism, with its artistic achievements representing spatial practices of the "urban-rural integration" phenomenon in specific historical urban-rural interactions. This surge in garden construction bore profound connections to comprehensive transformations in late Ming socio-political, economic, and cultural structures while simultaneously reflecting differentiated characteristics within the Jiangnan garden system's regional development. As a critical transitional period in Chinese society, the late Ming exhibited a complex interplay between traditional order and emerging modern elements: the prosperity of commercial economy propelled agricultural commercialization and handicraft technological innovation, triggering social mobility among scholar-merchant classes and structural reorganization; The dissemination of Wang Yangming's School of Mind philosophy catalyzed cultural ideological shifts, compounded by aesthetic transformations from popular culture, jointly facilitating the normalization of bidirectional urban-rural migration patterns among literati.
Under these circumstances, Huizhou merchants established cross-regional trade networks through the Xin'an River water system, forming a commercial pattern characterized by salt, pawnbroking, and timber industries that embodied the adage "No town could prosper without Huizhou merchants". Through their "commerce-subsidizing-scholarship" strategy for capital conversion, these merchants' rural construction practices of "expanding residences and acquiring farmlands" precipitated the zenith of Huizhou garden architecture.
Despite limited physical remnants, Huizhou's distinctive documentary tradition as the "Confucian cultural stronghold in southeastern China" has preserved comprehensive records of garden spatial configurations and cultural connotations through systematic historical materials including garden chronicles and landscape paintings. This study employs systematic analysis of such archival sources, focusing on rural garden-dwelling lifestyles, landscape components, and spatial experience characteristics to elucidate their formative mechanisms and social impacts, thereby addressing research gaps in rural garden history and providing historical references for contemporary rural construction.
Key findings include: (1) Scholar-merchant groups constructed literati identities and cultural discourse power through wilderness garden-building practices that incorporated celebrity anecdotes and chronicle compilation strategies; (2) Clan consciousness permeated functional layouts, forming an ethical spatial paradigm of "gardening for parental care"; (3) Huizhou's natural topography of "80% mountains, 10% water, and 10% farmland" and agrarian social structure shaped a symbiotic "rural-garden" system integrating production, living, and aesthetics. Its siting principles transcended the miniature "world-in-a-pot" paradigm of urban gardens, developing distinctive open landscape structures.
The Huizhou rural gardens, which experienced a period of historical prosperity, provide enriched diversity to Chinese garden history through imagery studies of their late Ming Dynasty manifestations. Simultaneously, the spatial juxtaposition of traditional agrarian civilization and emerging commercial society within these gardens serves as a spatial representation of socio-economic-cultural dynamics during the late Ming period. This configuration highlights both the regulatory mechanisms and innovative potential inherent in cultural spaces during societal transitions, potentially offering novel perspectives for analyzing the early modern transformation of traditional Chinese society. |
| Key words: Landscape Architecture Late Ming Dynasty Garden Literature Hui Zhou Image of Rural Gardens |
