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影响视觉障碍患者在综合医院门诊寻路的空间环境要素 研究
周鹏博1,2, 马 航3, 王墨晗4
1.哈尔滨工业大学(深圳),硕士;2.中国移动通 信集团设计院有限公司,助理咨询设计师;3.哈尔滨工业大学(深圳),教授;4.( 通讯作者):哈尔滨工业大学(深圳),副教 授,wangmohan@hit.edu.cn
摘要:
综合医院门诊普遍存在寻路难的问 题,而视觉障碍患者由于自身健康状态限制,在 其中寻路更是难上加难。本研究旨在识别影响 综合医院门诊视觉障碍患者寻路的要素,解释 这些要素影响寻路的方式,建立这些要素之间 的联系,并将其整合为理论框架,以供医疗建筑 的设计者、研究者和管理者参考。本研究采用质 性研究的方法,首先获取并采用扎根理论分析 视障患者的半结构访谈资料。然后,请眼科工作 人员对患者提出的要素进行补充、剔除和调整, 进而提出影响视障患者在综合医院门诊中寻路 的要素框架。该框架中的要素包括空间、环境、寻路主体特征、他人行为、医院服务管理五类。在此基础上,将本研究所得要素与既有文献研究 结果进行对比分析,明确要素的全面性和特殊性。最终,根据多方资料的汇总提出视障患者友好 的综合医院门诊包容性设计建议。本研究所提出的通用设计建议包括控制空间的秩序和尺度,以 及保障环境的信息有效性。此外,本研究还针对视障患者从垂直交通、标识外观、感觉补偿和视 觉环境四个方面提出了特殊的设计建议。本研究为通过建筑设计手段改善综合医院门诊中视觉 障碍患者寻路难的问题提供了科学依据和理论指导。
关键词:  综合医院  门诊  寻路  视障患者  空间环境
DOI:10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20240402
分类号:
基金项目:国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(52008126); 深圳市高等院校稳定支持计划稳定支持面上项目(GX WD20220811163342003)
A study of spatial and environmental elements influencing wayfinding by visually impairedpatients in outpatient departments of general hospitals
ZHOU Pengbo,MA Hang,WANG Mohan
Abstract:
This study explores the intricate challenges of wayfinding that visually impaired patients encounter within the outpatient departments of general hospitals. Addressing this aspect is essential for bolstering the inclusivity and functionality of healthcare environments. In the face of an escalating prevalence of visual impairment, which poses considerable public health concerns, the imperative for meticulous and inclusive design in healthcare facilities has never been more critical. As visually impaired individuals traverse the complex maze of hospital corridors, departments, and services, the architectural design of hospitals bears the responsibility to cater to their distinct requirements. The research employs a qualitative approach, commencing with semi-structured interviews of visually impaired patients to identify the spatial and environmental elements impacting their wayfinding experience. These interviews provide an in-depth look at the challenges faced, from navigating large open spaces to interpreting complex layouts, which might be effortlessly navigated by those possessing full visual acuity. Employing the process of Grounded Theory, the study meticulously codes and dissects the textual data derived from these interviews. This analytical process leads to the construction of a foundational framework that encapsulates the key elements influencing the wayfinding process. This methodological choice is pivotal as it guarantees that the study’s conclusions are fundamentally anchored in the authentic experiences and viewpoints of the patients themselves, lending a voice to their unique navigational journeys within the healthcare setting. Subsequently, ophthalmology staff engages in a rigorous review process of the emerging framework, facilitated through online discussions. This collaborative effort is pivotal, ensuring that the framework is not only practically relevant but also enriched with professional insights. The expert feedback from these discussions is instrumental, effectively bridging the divide between the nuanced needs of patients and the pragmatic implementation of design solutions within the existing architectural constraints of hospitals. The study identifies five principal categories of influencing elements: spatial elements, environmental elements, characteristics of the navigators, behaviors of others, and hospital service management. Spatial components are characterized by the organization and form, emphasizing theclarity of the layout and the distinctiveness of spatial landmarks. This encompasses the strategic placement of departments, the prominence of landmarks, and the fluidity with which patients navigate the various sectors of the hospital. Environmental elements include the signage and navigation systems, environmental accessibility, and the indoor auditory and visual environment. These elements are crucial in compensating for the lack of visual cues and include the use of tactile and auditory signals to assist in navigation. The study also highlights the importance of lighting, color contrasts, and the overall sensory experience within the hospital environment. The study is fortified by a comparative literature review that lends additional credence to its findings. This review accentuates the universality of key elements that consistently affect the wayfinding experience of visually impaired patients, regardless of the architectural typology. Simultaneously, it pinpoints the specificity of certain elements that are particularly relevant within the context of healthcare environments. The review brings forth established theories and practices in the field, allowing the study to situate its findings within a broader discourse on wayfinding and design. The study contributes to the discourse by offering a more systematic integration and detailed classification of these elements, clarifying their complex interrelations. Based on the findings, the research presents design recommendations tailored to enhance wayfinding for visually impaired patients. These include controlling spatial order and scale, ensuring effective environmental information, and addressing specific needs related to vertical circulation, signage appearance, sensory compensation, and the visual environment. Practical and executable, these recommendations delineate a strategic approach for healthcare institutions to enhance their facilities. In conclusion, this research stands as a pivotal advancement in the quest to fully comprehend the wayfinding challenges that visually impaired patients encounter within hospital settings. It offers actionable, insightful guidance to architects, designers, and healthcare administrators, empowering them to forge more inclusive and navigable healthcare environments. These environments are meticulously designed to be sensitive to the diverse needs of all patients, with a special consideration for those navigating with visual impairments. By integrating these insights, hospitals can evolve into spaces that are not only more accessible but also exude a sense of welcome and ease. This transformation ensures that every individual, irrespective of their visual capabilities, can seek and receive the care they require without being encumbered by unnecessary difficulties or emotional strain. The research thus paves the way for a more empathetic approach to healthcare design, championing universal accessibility and patient-centric solutions.
Key words:  general hospital  outpatient department  wayfinding  visually impaired patient  space and environment