| 摘要: |
| 城市发展增加了人为热和空气污染物
的排放，高密度的城市结构又抑制其排出，城市
热环境和空气质量日益恶化。本文综述了城市
热环境和空气质量改善相关研究，主要包括城
市空间形态指标、植被、城市建设材料、水体、
新技术应用等方面。并基于热环境、空气污染物
与优化措施之间的内在关系，分析了优化措施
的共通性和矛盾性。结果表明，城市热环境与空
气污染物浓度分布有着很强的相关性，虽然以
上措施均能有效改善热环境和空气质量，但在
应用时还应注意措施的负面影响，避免顾此失
彼。由于热环境与空气污染物相互作用机理尚
不明确，以及耦合模型的缺失，综合优化措施
发展受到限制。因此，建立基于两者相互作用机
理的耦合模型，提出综合改善措施将成为该领域的重要方向，对城市可持续发展至关重要。 |
| 关键词: 气候 空气污染物 优化措施 城市空间形态 综合策略 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230215 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然基金青年科学基金项目（52008132）；
广 东 省 基 础 与 应 用 基 础 研 究 基 金 项 目
（2019A1515111194）；深圳市优秀科技创新人才培
养项目（RCBS20200714114921062） |
|
| Review on Comprehensive Optimization Measures of Urban Thermal Environment andAir Quality |
|
WANG Meilin,MA Hang,SHEN Pengyuan
|
| Abstract: |
| Anthropogenic heat and pollutant emissions rise with urbanization progress, while high-
density structures act as catalyst in aggravating the concern. Many researches in environmental
epidemiology have demonstrated that personal exposure to heat events and air pollution
simultaneously leads to adverse health effects including elevated risks of cardiovascular and
respiratory diseases and human mortality and morbidity. However, comprehensive reviews of studies
on two-way interactions and mitigation measures between air pollutants and thermal environment
parameters remain rare. This work addresses this gap by systematically reviewing related studies
from the past two decades. In this paper, the research on the urban thermal environment and air
quality improvement is reviewed, mainly including the urban morphology, vegetation, urban
construction materials, blue measures, and application of new technologies, etc. It also focuses on
the interactions between air pollutants and the thermal environment, and critical factors are air
temperature, wind, relative humidity, solar radiation, and concentrations of air pollutants. Thus, the
action mechanisms and specific practices of various mitigation strategies to improve air quality in
the urban thermal environment are as follows.
Urban morphology can significantly alter air temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and air
pollutant concentrations are indirectly influenced by changes in the wind field. The shading effect
of urban morphology is easy to implement and has a significant effect on thermal comfort. Urban
morphology has more obvious mitigation impacts on the thermal environment than other measures,
which is constrained by many other factors in practice. Since most studies were conducted in warm
weather, compact urban structures were recommended, such as higher aspect ratio, building height,
and density. By contrast, open design guidelines are often used to improve ventilation and air quality,
such as higher SVF and setback design.
Vegetation modifies micro-climatic parameters in terms of air temperature, relative humidity,
wind and solar radiation. Meanwhile, vegetation can directly absorb some gaseous pollutants and
provide a large amount of coarse deposition surfaces for fine particulate matter. However, vegetation
design and planting plans should balance cooling and wind resistance and adjust to the characteristics
of different seasons. In general, large, cylindrical, shaded trees contribute to improving the thermal
environment, while sparse, low vegetation is good for removing air pollutants from high-traffic
streets. Moreover, diversification is recommended to improve the quality of the urban environment
in a comprehensive manner.
Cooling materials reduce urban surface temperature and atmospheric pollution emissions.
The properties of high solar reflectivity and high thermal emissivity of cooling materials raise the
radiation temperature, causing more thermal discomfort and a higher concentration of ozone in hot
weather. In addition, some beautiful and eco-friendly materials act as “urban umbrellas” to reduce
the reception of sunlight.
Water bodies are cooler than the upper atmosphere and surrounding urban surfaces. Water
bodies are considered to be one of the most cost-effective means of cooling. The size of urban waterbodies, the characteristics of the surrounding buildings and the combination with vegetation is all important factors influencing the cooling effect of blue
measures. The cooling and dust elimination effect of the spraying system are important, but it is important to note that excessive humidity can cause thermal
discomfort.
The best way to improve air quality is through reducing emissions. The use of clean energy, terminal control technology for pollutant emissions, and
photosynthetic materials are effective in reducing air pollution.
All these mitigation strategies have the potential to enhance the urban environment. Notably, compromises between strategies are necessary in practice,
particularly for urban morphology and plant design. However, current research focus on one aspect of the urban thermal environment and air pollution,
which leads to the limitation and incompleteness of the conclusions. At the urban block scale, the one-way effect of air temperature and solar radiation
on air pollutant concentration is a hot spot for research, and the reverse effect of urban air pollutants on the thermal environment is ignored. Conversely,
the one-way effect of air pollution on air temperature, underlying surface temperature and solar radiation is the point of interest in urban regional scale
and global scale. Thus, the “two-way feedback” model between urban thermal environment and air pollution involved different scale is critical to predict
urban environment and guide urban design. It’s conducive to the development of more scientific and reasonable mitigation strategies to create a healthy and
comfortable urban environment. |
| Key words: Microclimate Air Pollution Optimization Measures Urban Morphology Comprehensive Strategy |
