| 摘要: |
| 目前，社区居家养老模式承担着主要
的养老服务职责。作为该模式的重要组成部分，
助餐设施的空间分布与老年人口需求是否相匹
配，事关老年人能否享受到便捷价廉的用餐服
务。当前我国关于养老助餐的研究较少，尤其是
关注养老助餐设施与老年人口匹配程度的研究
仍然存在一定程度的空缺。本文拟解决的科学
问题在于：基于生活圈尺度视角，研究上海市助
餐设施的服务能力与老年人口现实需求匹配程
度，划定分割标准进行助餐可达性评价，并且计
算各小区目前的助餐设施缺失数量。基于以上
研究问题，本研究使用高斯两步移动搜索法，分
别对9种不同时间阈值的研究单元，计算助餐设
施数量与老年人口的匹配程度，同时对单元尺
度进行敏感性分析和适宜性评价。对于可达性
计算数值，进行描述统计、精准划定、多行政层
级集计以及空间集聚模式分析。研究发现，上海
市各小区的助餐服务的建设极不均衡，助餐服务与老年人口的适配体现出空间分异的特点：呈现高值分布的小区主要集中在嘉定区附近，而低
值分布主要以中心区为主；在不同空间作用域的阈值设定下，有部分小区会受到较大影响，主要分
布在城市边缘区域，而中心区受影响较小。本研究从社区尺度出发，立足于在地养老的助餐服务
问题，揭示了上海市小区生活圈内助餐设施分布的不均衡问题，为完善社区助餐服务、维护社会
公平提供了重要的依据，也为相关公共资源分配的定量研究提供了可借鉴的范式。 |
| 关键词: 养老助餐 两步移动搜索 空间自相关 可达性 生活圈 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230205 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金青年基金项目（52208039）；国家
重点研发计划“科技冬奥”重点专项（2020YFF0304
900）；北京市教育委员会科学研究计划资助项目（K
M202210009008） |
|
| Research on the Matching and Spatial Distribution of Meal-Aid Service for the Elderly inShanghai |
|
HUANG Xiaoran,GONG Pixin,ZHANG Bo
|
| Abstract: |
| At present, the community-based home care model bears the main responsibility for elderly
care services. The distribution of meal service facilities, as an important part of this model, matching
the needs of the elderly population is crucial for seniors to enjoy convenient and affordable dining
services. However, related research is still limited in China, particularly in terms of the matching degree
between meal service facilities and the elderly population. This study aims to resolve the following
scientific problems: from a life circle scale perspective, whether the capacity of the meal service facilities
matches the actual needs of the senior population in Shanghai; how to define the segmentation criteria
for evaluating meal service accessibility levels, and how to calculate the current meal service facility
deficiencies in each community. Using the Gaussian two-step floating search method, we calculated the
matching degree between meal service facilities and the elderly population for nine research units with
different time thresholds. We also conducted sensitivity analysis and suitability evaluation for different
research unit scales. For accessibility calculation values, descriptive statistics, accurate delimitation,
multi-administrative level aggregation, and spatial agglomeration analysis are carried out. The study
reveals that: there is spatial differentiation in the accessibility distribution of elderly meal assistance
facilities in Shanghai. Elderly meal assistance facilities in residential areas located at the city’s periphery
have relatively better accessibility, while those in the city center have lower accessibility values. Even
when the research unit scale is expanded, many residential areas still have poor accessibility to meal
assistance facilities; after comparing nine research unit scales, we found that a time threshold of 40
minutes for evaluating meal assistance accessibility is less affected and more suitable than using a
15-minute life circle threshold; although the number of meal assistance facilities constructed in Shanghai
is generally high, deficiencies still exist in the effective numbers within the life circle. According to three
designated dividing lines, most residential areas fall below the meal assistance accessibility standard.
Based on the backward calculation of the deficiency quantity of facilities within a 15-minute life circle for
each residential area, it is found that to meet the accessibility standard line, each residential area needs to
supplement 2-14 meal assistance facilities (upper and lower quartiles) with a maximum of 20 facilities.
Overall, the discrepancy in the required number of supplementary facilities across residential areas is
approximately 5.79. In terms of distribution, the shortage of meal assistance facilities is more severe in
Puxi District Seven, especially in the east side near the Huangpu River. Other surrounding areas require
fewer supplementary facilities under each level of dividing lines; as the research unit scale changes,
communities that are less affected mainly concentrate in the city center area but exhibit low levels of
stability and resilience, while those that are more affected are mainly distributed in Jiading District;
based on the aggregation of accessibility in three administrative levels, when the calculation resultsare aggregated and analyzed at different administrative district scales, the regional differences are erased as the administrative unit expands. compared with the
guidance policy of Shanghai’s elderly care service plan, which is formulated by county and district as a unit, the calculation results of this study can identify regions
more thoroughly and in greater detail; from the perspective of spatial agglomeration, areas with high accessibility values mainly concentrate in Jiading District,
while areas with low values mostly are located in the city center and Qingpu District. Overall, the northwest area performs better than other regions, showing a
situation of stronger west and weaker east. Residential areas exhibiting low-low agglomeration of accessibility values are mainly concentrated within the second
ring road of Shanghai, while those displaying high-high agglomeration mainly concentrate in Jiading District. The area at the juncture of the southern part of Xuhui
District and Minhang District becomes an abnormal area exhibiting low-value agglomeration, and over a hundred residential areas in this region exhibit a high-value
agglomeration distribution. Expanding the research unit scale does not significantly affect the current agglomeration status. From a community perspective, this
study reveals the uneven distribution meal service facilities in Shanghai’s communities, providing important evidence for improving community-based home care
and maintaining social equity. It also provides a paradigm for quantitative research on the distribution of relevant public resources. |
| Key words: Catering Service for the Elderly Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method Spatial Autocorrelation Accessibility Life Circle |
