| 摘要: |
| 可持续城市移动性规划是全球城市解
决城市交通污染问题，应对全球气候变化，实
现城市可持续发展的重要战略之一。移动性调
查是制定城市可持续移动性规划的重要数据及
基础。本研究首先对移动性和交通概念和区别
进行了辨析与讨论，并进一步解析了可持续移
动性概念。其后，以德国为例，对比分析其2002
年、2008年和2017年三次的移动性调查内容的
差异与更新。继而，在概述德国可持续移动性
规划的政策发展基础上，以具有高品质城市生
活质量的三个代表城市慕尼黑、杜塞尔多夫和
法兰克福为例，简述了三个城市的移动性战略
规划，并比较了城市移动性规划的改善成果。最
后，重点探讨了德国汉堡市的移动性调查与可持
续移动性规划。该研究显示德国通过定期、系
统的全国移动性调查，为德国各城市制定可持
续移动性战略规划提供了重要的基础数据信息
和指导方向，德国各城市开展的可持续城市移动
性规划策略，呈现出显著的数字化时代、全民化和生态化的特征。该研究将为我国城市开展科学与系统的移动性调查，制定符合我国国情的可持
续城市移动性战略规划提供可资借鉴的经验。 |
| 关键词: 移动性调查 可持续城市移动性 德国 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20220309 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目（51778099）；中央高校
基本科研业务费资助（DUT21RW404） |
|
| Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning and Mobility Survey in Germany |
|
LIU Lianlian,YANG Yi,CAI Jun
|
| Abstract: |
| Sustainable urban mobility planning is one of the important strategies for global cities
to solve urban traffic pollution problems, cope with global climate change, and achieve sustainable
urban development. Mobility surveys are an important data base for making sustainable urban
mobility planning. This study firstly identifies and discusses the concepts and differences
between mobility and transport, and further analyzes the concept of sustainable mobility.“Traffic
management” and “ensure mobility” are the core tasks of sustainable mobility development.
Secondly, this study takes Germany as an example, and compares and analyzes the
development of the three mobility surveys in Germany in 2002, 2008 and 2017. The comparison
results show that the most obvious changes are in the survey content for residential structure, family
and personal characteristics. In particular, the content of the mobility survey in 2017 reflects the
significant impact of new energy, new technologies, new social structures and new life concepts on
personal and family travel. For example, among personal and family travel modes, three types of
new travel tools, multi-modal and single mode transport are proposed; the survey on travel barriers
in an aging society is emphasized; three contents of home office, online shopping, and digital
transportation services in the digital age have been added. The mobility survey results in 2017 show
that car travel still dominates, walking is second, and proportion of bicycle and public transport
travel has increased. In terms of car sharing, people who do not have a private car use more shared
car, and their proportion of walking, cycling and public transportation is much higher than those
who have a private car; people who do not use a car and own car obviously travel mainly by car, and
use public transport significantly less than others.
Thirdly, on the basis of outlining the policy development of sustainable mobility planning
in Germany, Munich, Düsseldorf and Frankfurt as representative cities with high quality of
urban life in Germany are taken as examples, the urban mobility strategies and improvement
outcomes of the three cities is described and compared. Their obvious commonalities are
reflected in: 1) the combination of mobility and urban development; 2) Considering the current
and future travel needs of all people; 3) expanding the space for non-motorized transport; 4)
Attaching importance to clean energy transport methods and innovative technologies, new
traffic modal and digital forms of mobility.
Finally, the focus is on mobility surveys and sustainable mobility planning in the city ofHamburg, Germany. A comparison of the results of the three mobility surveys in Hamburg shows that the proportion of sustainable traffic modes
(public transport, cycling and walking) in Hamburg has increased significantly by more than 60%. Overall, the mobility of Hamburg faced the
following situations: 1) auto traffic still dominates traffic; 2) improving public transportation and improving the efficiency of car traffic (infrastructure,
space occupancy, traffic volume optimization, etc.) are the main means to improve the traffic environment. 3) cycling, walking, and new travel modes
(eg car sharing, bicycles, etc.) have an impact on people’s ideology and thus may also change travel behavior in the long run. In 2013, Hamburg
developed the Sustainable Mobility Plan, which defines its specific action targets in terms of economy, ecology, society and health, urban space and
mobility. The overall guiding principles include ensuring the accessibility of Hamburg as a world trading city, strengthening public transport as the
backbone of transport, strengthening the networked and efficient management of mobility, and emphasizing the rational integration of traditional and
new travel modes. The expected sustainable urban mobility planning goals include: the first is upgrade of rail transit system services and promotion
of bicycle-to-public transit system; the second is to promote bicycle traffic across the entire city of Hamburg and reduce carbon dioxide consumption.
In general, this study shows that through regular and systematic national mobility surveys, Germany has provided important basic data
information and guidance for German cities to formulate sustainable mobility plan. The sustainable urban mobility planning strategies carried out in
German cities are presenting the characteristics of digital age, nationalization and Ecologicalization. This research will provide useful experiences
for Chinese cities to carry out scientific and systematic mobility surveys and formulate sustainable urban mobility strategies in line with our national
conditions. |
| Key words: Mobility Survey Sustainable Urban Mobility Germany |
