| 摘要: |
| 人员应急响应行为是建筑火灾安全
研究的重要课题，提高人员安全疏散效率的
前提是明确建筑环境物理因素与社会互动因
素的耦合作用机制。基于火灾行为心理学，
首先从建筑、火灾、人群、管理四个特征单
一视角，指出现有研究内容与方法的不足；
然后以复合视角对多因素的耦合研究展开述
评，分析涵盖多种变量耦合研究的方法及其
特点，指出细化研究应急响应各阶段特征、
扩展完善建筑火灾影响因素数据库、深化研
究影响因素的耦合作用机制、推动精细化仿
真模型的应用与发展是未来研究需要深入拓
展的方向。 |
| 关键词: 火灾应急响应 安全疏散 行为心
理学 影响因素 研究综述 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20220213 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目: |
|
| Research Review of Influencing Factors of Human Emergency Response Performance inBuilding Fire |
|
ZHANG Qingshun,ZHOU Hang
|
| Abstract: |
| The primary goal of building fire safety is to ensure occupants’ safety, and the most
crucial aspect of occupants’ safety in the face of fire is the possibility of safe escape. Human’s
fire response performance is jointly determined by building physical factors (composed of
building features and fire features) and social interaction factors (composed of human features
and management features). The difficulty of fire response performance research lies in the
influence of multiple factors on occupants’ complex behavior, and the key is to clarify the impact
of building physical factors and social interaction factors on behavior and psychology, and how
to show these effects in the fire situation as truly as possible.
In terms of building features, the existing studies analyze the impact of the overall layout
of buildings on behavioral psychology from a macro and theoretical perspective. Although they
are involved in space separation, space scale, equipment and materials, they do not consider
the systematic relevance of space. The key local spaces inside the building include: special
space types (atrium, exhibition space, refuge floor, etc.) and basic elements of space (exits,
stairs, corridors, emergency evacuation signs, etc.), and the research of these spaces should be
incorporated into the overall space system for analysis.
In terms of fire features, the existing studies involve visual, tactile and auditory characteristics,
mainly through the inquiry of fire survivors and surrounding insiders, combined with the dynamic
simulation of fire spread, the reliability of the conclusion is limited by the authenticity of the data and
the number of sets. The fire resistance design of structures and components, fire load, combustion
state and position, and active and passive fire prevention methods will affect the spread of fire and
smoke and personnel evacuation, and the non simulatability of fire reflects that the research can only
be as close to the real situation as possible.
In terms of human features, different individual factors affect evacuation efficiency,
and the evacuation behavior of children, the elderly and the disabled often does not meet the
preset situation. Specific research of individual factors needs a comprehensive, detailed and
differentiated personnel behavior psychological database to support systematic research. The
research on group behavior psychology is relatively comprehensive, but there is less research
on the interaction of various groups, so it is necessary to further study the influence of different
groups and group members. Moreover, the available databases for evacuation simulation are
relatively backward and lack of updated statistics.
And in terms of management features, the existing studies show that training personnelthrough traditional methods (such as videos, posters, courses or evacuation exercises) cannot effectively disseminate knowledge and information of
fire response performance. Applying big data, the Internet of things and cloud computing technology to establish a 3D dynamic fire management
platform including comprehensive management platform of fire facilities, intelligent fire information management platform and independent
emergency support system platform is an important direction of future research on management features.
The features of building, fire, human and management work together on human’s emergency evacuation. Clarifying the linkage influence of
various influencing factors and analyzing their coupling effect is an important direction of research and development in the stage of comprehensive
simulation. The existing research results of human behavior in fire include the coupling of relevant characteristics, but the management
characteristics should be included in the system research. At present, the coupling methods include influencing factor data collection and fire
response behavior simulation. The research goal of the future fire response simulation models are to reflect the emergency response effect of the
group based on the comprehensive factor coupling, and try to realize the evacuation simulation close to the real fire scene. The research directions
include: 1) refine the behavior characteristics of each stage of fire response, 2) expand and improve the construction of fire influencing factor
database, 3) deepen the research on the coupling mechanism of influencing factors, and 4) promote the application and development of refined
simulation model. |
| Key words: Emergency Response Performance in Fire Safety Evacuation Behavioral Psychology Influencing Factors Research Review |
