| 摘要: |
| “健康中国”背景下，人民对健康
的需求为城市规划的方式与方法提出了新要
求，呼吸系统疾病是危害健康的主要疾病之
一，其受到所属地域空间环境的多方层面影
响，传统规划一方面在城市发展建设的实际
过程中缺乏对呼吸健康的防控，另一方面面
临着缺少相关指导理论的困境；对呼吸系统
的健康防护，形成空间环境致病防控的系统
方法，对建设健康城市具有重要意义。研究
以呼吸系统疾病的致病特征为出发点，分析
总结呼吸系统疾病致病的主要环境诱因，梳
理呼吸系统疾病与气候环境、生态环境和空
间环境之间的潜在关系，总结影响呼吸系统
健康的空间环境要素。在此基础上，提出了
由风险评估、动态监测和规划控制构成的城
市规划应对呼吸系统疾病管控策略，并从生
产空间、生活空间与生态空间三个方面展开
论述，最终形成了“防控致病源—阻断致病
途径—保护易病人群”的综合防护体系。 |
| 关键词: 空间环境 呼吸系统疾病 致病诱因 规划对策 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20210506 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金青年科学基金（52008267） |
|
| Effects of Urban Space on Respiratory System Health and Planning Strategies |
|
LI Zhenxing,SHI Yu,HUANG Na,SHI Tiemao
|
| Abstract: |
| In the context of the “Healthy China” strategy, the people’s demand for
health has put forward new requirements for urban planning approaches or methods,
and respiratory diseases caused by environmental changes in the past decades have
posed serious risks to human health. Scholars at home and abroad have mostly studied
the dispersal mechanisms and pathogenic effects of pollutants from an epidemiological
and ecological perspective. The main focus of research has been on the pathogenicity
and pathogenicity of various pollutants, but the results have been very different. The
composition of pollutants in China is complex and the demographic characteristics are
different from those of other countries. The validity of foreign research results needs to be
further verified.
Respiratory diseases, as an external system of the human body, are influenced by
environmental pollution and climate. The urban spatial environment affects the health of urban
dwellers by influencing the environment in which people live and their behavioral patterns. In
different urban space, residents are exposed to different health risks. The three main functional
spaces of urban production, living and ecology are the basic carriers of people’s material
and spiritual lives. The state of utilization of the three types of space is a spatial reflection
of human activities under specific conditions and technological contexts, and is the basis of
urban development and one of the root causes of urban problems. The urban production space
releases a large amount of toxic and harmful gases, causing serious pollution to the urban air
and thus threatening the respiratory health of the residents; the urban living space includes
various architectural spaces and transportation spaces. This space has a complex structure, is
densely populated and has a high content of atmospheric pollutants. Its spatial environment
and microclimatic conditions play an important role in the spread of pollutants, and is the
main space for pathogenic exposure in cities. Urban ecological spaces provide ecological
goods and services to the city. A systematic, networked layout of ecological spaces can reduce
atmospheric particulate matter, reduce the risk of human exposure, promote physical activity,
and improve the spatial climate and enhance respiratory health.
Depending on the factors inherent in the influence of the environment on human
respiratory health, urban planning has two effects on respiratory health. Firstly, respiratory
health is actively protected through spatial environmental planning: the aim is to reducethe impact of adverse environmental issues on respiratory health. Secondly, public health is actively intervened through spatial environmental
planning by creating spatial environments that promote public outdoor fitness and social interaction activities. Therefore, in order to improve
respiratory health, urban planning should establish a strategic system of “risk assessment-dynamic monitoring-planning control”.
Urban planning for the prevention and control of respiratory diseases must begin with an urban respiratory risk assessment, which analyses
the basic conditions and potential pathogenicity of the city and identifies the potential pathogenic risk points of the city. It identifies the main
respiratory pathogens facing the city and the spatial and temporal distribution of pathogenic risk points and the transmission risk pathways, and
develops an urban respiratory disease risk map to support urban planning decisions.
It should establish a modern disease monitoring and early warning network based on the results of disease causing risk assessment. Before
the occurrence of disease, urban planning provides early warning of impending diseases and risk sources based on past experience, patterns and
monitoring of probable precursors to minimize the damage caused by hazards. The respiratory disease monitoring and early warning system
should be dynamically updated in real time according to the different stages of risk warning, risk occurrence, risk spread and risk removal.
Through comprehensive, systematic and real-time monitoring and comparison with the planning objectives, targets, strategic directions and
disease development situation, the direction, progress and extent of planning implementation can be tested, and the planning implementation
strategy can be adjusted in time to correct planning implementation deviations and it will enable timely adjustment of the implementation
strategy, correction of deviations and effective implementation of the plan.
Through disease risk assessment and monitoring and early warning, the specific respiratory health situation of different regions can be
judged and the vulnerable groups can be profiled, forming the basis for the implementation of planning and control and making the response
measures for planning and health more operable. The key to planning and control is to shape the climatic, ecological and spatial environment
with low pathogenicity by means of urban planning, to reduce the disease rate of end-users through point prevention and control of pathogenic
sources, line blocking of pathogenic routes and surface protection of vulnerable populations.
These solutions can provide a scientific basis and a realistic means of managing current urban respiratory health problems, provide a
scientific basis for effective management of high respiratory risk areas by management authorities, and have important practical implications
for the development of urban planning based on environmental management. |
| Key words: Space Environment Respiratory Diseases Pathogenic Inducement Planning Countermeasure |
