| 摘要: |
| 呼伦贝尔草原地区草畜双承包责任
制 ① 实施以后形成了定居定牧的居住生活 ② 方
式，由于牧民生产生活方式的被动改变，传统
草原社区结构发生巨大的变化，继而引发牧
民居住生活、传统文化、草原生态环境等各
个层面的变化。本研究将共生理论引入到草
原社区的研究中，从居住生活、文化传统以
及草原环境三个方面对传统草原社区和当前
草原社区进行比较分析，同时通过对典型草
原社区滚诺尔嘎查 ③ 的田野调查，依据共生
三要素，建立草原社区中“居住生活共生、文
化共生、环境共生”的共生关系，提出具体共
生措施，构建共生型草原社区，旨在为草原地
区社区建设提供借鉴，从草原社区建设的角
度探寻提高牧民生活水平、传承草原传统文
化以及草原环境可持续发展的路径。 |
| 关键词: 共生型草原社区 居住生活共生 文化共生 环境共生 滚诺尔嘎查 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20200416 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:内蒙古自然科学基金项目（2019MS05080）;
内蒙古工业大学乡村发 展与乡村规划学科团
队（PY202050） |
|
| Research on Grassland Communities Based on Symbiosis Theory: Taking Gun NuoerVillage as an Example |
|
BAI Jie,YAN Han,HU Xiaohai
|
| Abstract: |
| In the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the issue of “pastoralism, pastoral
areas, and herdsmen” is a fundamental issue that concerns the livelihood of the autonomous
region as well as national unity and stability. The grassland area in Inner Mongolia is an
important ecological line of defense in northern China, and it is also an area with a weak
ecological environment. Production and living activities in the grassland directly affect
its environment, and unreasonable use has accelerated grassland degradation. After the
establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, changes in the pasture use system
changed the production, lifestyle and social organization of herdsmen. The subject of
traditional grassland values lost its voice, the living and production space for herdsmen was
squeezed, the original cooperative organization relationship between herdsmen weakened
and there were serious environmental problems in the grassland.
Under this policy background and environmental background, this study, from the perspective
of grassland community construction, sorts out the development and changes of grassland
communities under the influence of the policy, and finds out the outstanding problems in the
construction of grassland communities after settlement. The author uses the symbiosis theory to
propose the symbiotic relationship of “residential and living symbiosis, cultural symbiosis and
environmental symbiosis” from the three aspects of the residential and living of herdsmen, the
continuation of the traditional grassland culture and the grassland environmental protection.
In the residential and living symbiosis, the production cooperation form of animal
husbandry cooperation is proposed. A production cooperative consists of 5-8 herdsmen
households. The grassland area of each cooperative reaches 23km 2 -33km 2 . The original living
space of the herdsmen is restored on a small scale to form small residential and living groups
among households. Within the scope of cooperatives, pasture division, camp construction
and mutual assistance are realized to save the construction cost of fences, and of camps,
which reflects a certain scale of benefit and adapts to pastoral production, thereby forming
cooperative system between herdsmen and establishes the residential and living links between
them. The residential and living symbiosis focuses on maintaining a dynamic balance between
the living form, pasture resources, and the number of livestock. The symbiotic units cooperate and coordinate with each other to promote the benign development of the symbiotic model, forming an effect of 1 + 1 greater than 2, that is, the
integrated symbiosis is larger than the superposition of individual symbiotic units.
Traditional culture can become an important driving force for regional construction and development. Due to religious influence and the
constraints of relevant laws and regulations, the herdsmen have established their care and responsibility for nature from their inner emotions,
and expressed it through regional culture, nature worship, taboos, etc. The contribution of this non-material form of ethics to the protection of
the grassland environment cannot be left unrecognized. In the construction of symbiotic grassland communities, the importance of culture is
strengthened continuously. Cultural symbiosis is taken as an important part of the symbiosis system. Traditional cultural customs are extended
through community organization activities to form the expansion of various symbiotic units, and to cultivate regional social soil. On the one
hand, it strengthens the sense of identity and cohesion among herdsmen through the power of traditional grassland culture, and stitches up the
network texture of the community; on the other hand, it continues and strengthens the environmental protection awareness of herdsmen through
the grassland ecological culture. Cultural symbiosis plays an important role in the sustainable development of the grassland environment, which
is one of the cores of the development of a symbiotic grassland community.
Environmental symbiosis is the foundation and core essence of the establishment of a symbiotic grassland community and the most
important part of the symbiotic system. Through the residential and living as well as cultural symbiosis, a production model and regional social
soil suitable for pastoral production is formed, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the grassland environment; at the same
time, strict system construction in the grassland community is carried out to prevent the environment that the herdsmen rely on from large-scale
development and destruction, to guarantee the carrying capacity of grassland from the micro level and to form a scientific and dynamic grassland
environmental supervision system. According to the real-time monitoring of the environment, the relationship between the grassland area and
the number of livestock is dynamically adjusted. The pasture is operated flexibly and diversely without any destruction according to the will of
the cooperatives. Modern grazing facilities are implanted in traditional pastoral production to improve the comfort of the herdsmen’s living. The
systems at macro and micro levels are established to guarantee the environmental symbiosis of grassland communities. Figure 2 illustrates the
evolution of the symbiotic relationship between grassland communities.
By constructing a symbiotic grassland community from three aspects of residential and living symbiosis, cultural symbiosis and
environmental symbiosis, and by integrating grassland community elements, the core is to effectively organize the main body of the community,
environmental resources, animal husbandry production, and organizational methods into the construction of grassland communities. Its primary
goal is to guarantee the long-term well-being of the grassland community. It also gives power to the herdsmen, respects traditional culture,
improves the herdsmen’s quality of life, and moves towards a community of residential and living, forming a goal vision of environmental, social,
and economic sustainability in the grassland community.
From the perspective of the grassland community, the grassland community can be regarded as the basic unit of the grassland ecosystem,
so that it has the dual attributes of residential life and grassland environmental protection. Constructing a symbiotic grassland community from
the three aspects of “residential and living symbiosis, cultural symbiosis, and environmental symbiosis” shows the respect for the herdsmen
(main body of community), traditional culture, and grassland environment, which reflects the essence of the ideology of the harmony between
herdsmen’s residential life and the grassland ecological environment. Through the creation of a symbiotic grassland community, we can establish
a path under the current policy, reconstruct a union of grassland communities and establish connections between herdsmen. We can improve
the life, protect the environment, and inherit the culture by inspiring the initiative of the herdsmen to form the spontaneous virtuous circle
mechanism of the grassland community of symbiosis nature, thereby realizing the revitalization of pastoral areas. |
| Key words: Symbiotic Grassland Communities Residential and Living Symbiosis Cultural Symbiosis Environmental Symbiosis Gun Nuoer
Village |
