| 摘要: |
| 传统建筑有着丰富的应对气候环境
的绿色经验。利用软件工具对青海河湟地区
的气候数据进行定量分析，通过设计策略的
有效性对传统庄廓的绿色经验进行验证。并
从气候要素和建筑层次两方面对其绿色策略
进行拆解，通过列表法建立气候特征与具体
技术之间的联系，利用模式图对其绿色原理
进行解析，总结传统庄廓有着“厚重墙体保
温蓄热，院落内部得热，檐廊调节光热环境，
高院墙防风”的绿色策略。 |
| 关键词: 气候分析 传统建筑 绿色策略 河湟地区 庄廓 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20200214 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划课题（2017YFC0702403） |
|
| Studies on Green Strategies of Traditional Zhuangkuo in Hehuang Area Based on Climate Analysis |
|
WANG Xuefei,LEI Zhendong
|
| Abstract: |
| The energy crisis and global climate change in the 20th century caused the academic
community to re-examine the relationship between architecture and the natural environment.
The climate response of regional traditional architectures makes them became focus in
architecture research again. The traditional dwellings in Hehuang area, named Zhuangkuo in
this paper, are selected as the research objects. The climate data in this area is quantitatively
analyzed through comparing the analysis tools and boundary conditions. It disassembles the
ecological strategies from the climate and architectural factors, establishes the links between
climate characteristics and specific technologies through tabular method, and analyzes its
design principle by pattern diagram for exploring the internal dynamic mechanism of the
development of traditional buildings.
The CSWD (Chinese Standard Weather Data) climate data of Xining, the largest
city in Hehuang area, is analyzed as the representative, including hourly data of typical
meteorological years such as temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and speed, solar
radiation, and rainfall. Using Climate Consultant as a climate analysis tool for research,
it provides four thermal comfort models, analyzes the results of 13 passive strategies, and
explains the boundary conditions of various strategies. Among them, the ASHRAE handbook
of fundamentals comfort model up through 2005, which integrates the changes of outdoor
seasons, humidity, user activities, etc., is suitable for the research on traditional dwellings,
because of reflecting the complexity and adaptability of human thermal comfort relatively.
The Hehuang area belongs to the semi-arid climate of the continental plateau, with an average
altitude of 2 500 m. There is no hot summer but it is severey cold in winter. The annual
temperature variations are little but the diurnal temperature range is large, especially in winter.
Solar radiation is intense and lasts long. There is less precipitation but more evaporation. In
addition, dusty wind is a critical factor in this region which is unstable and intense all year
round.
Through the analysis of psychrometric chart and the effective time of the strategies, it can
be seen that the climate in Hehuang area is severe y cold, and thermal comfort could only be
achieved in a little time (5.1%). The heating strategies should be considered throughout the year,
most of the time needs to rely on active heating (76.5%), and passive solar + direct gain high
mass can be used as a supplementary heating strategy (15.9%). Outdoor wind protection (1.4%)
should be considered in winter and window shading (2.6%) should be considered in summer.The climate response strategies in this area are mainly cold prevention, heat preservation and wind prevention. It should strengthen the insulation
and air tightness to reduce the loss of heat and strive for sunlight to maximize the heating effect of solar radiation.
For dealing with severe coldness and windy climate, the traditional Zhuangkuo villages generally adopt a stepped layout with high
in the north and low in the south, so as to reduce north wind erosion and increase solar radiation to the south in the layout of settlements.
The form of Zhuangkuo is neat and compact with the courtyard of four sides encircling, and the figure coefficient is small. The courtyard
is surrounded by tall and thick walls, with no openings except for the gate to reduce heat loss. The building is low in height, reducing
unnecessary indoor heating space.
The main living space is mostly located in the south direction. The stove is arranged in the center of the building to make full use of the
heat. The rooms in north and west are used as the auxiliary space for storage, kitchen, etc. to form a temperature buffer zone. The whole space
is organized according to the temperature gradient. In terms of building envelop, the external walls are rammed with raw soil with high thermal
resistance and specific heat capacity. They absorb heat in the day and dissipate heat at night, reduce the temperature fluctuation, and effectively
deal with the large diurnal temperature range.
Solar resources can be fully utilized as a supplement for active heating of Zhuangkuo. The form of courtyard is shallow and open inside. All
rooms face the courtyard with wooden walls and large windows. The solar radiation is fully utilized in the relatively stable courtyard environment,
making the whole building like a solar heat collector. The eaves corridor around the courtyard can effectively adjust the sunlight, and prevent the
discomfort caused by exposure and glare.
Based on the quantitative analysis of climate data and the typological study of traditional Zhuangkuo in Hehuang area, it summarizes the
ecological strategies of thick wall with thermal insulation and storage, courtyard with solar heat gain inside, eaves corridor adjusting light and heat
environment and windproof high courtyard wall. Further research will be focused on the quantitative research to effectiveness of these strategies,
and summarize their morphological and spatial scale of environmental performance optimization in the future. It’s expected that it will provide a
scientific basis for the modern transformation of ecological strategies of traditional building in Hehuang area. |
| Key words: Climate Analysis Traditional Architecture Green Strategies Hehuang Area Zhuangkuo |
