| 摘要: |
| 我国快速城市化所带来的社会、交
通安全和环境污染等问题，使得儿童在城市
户外空间的游戏活动受到极大限制。创建具
有吸引力的城市户外公共儿童游乐场，保障孩
子自由游戏的权利是儿童友好型城市规划的
重要内容。本文首先对儿童游戏空间相关定
义、游乐场发展历程和研究现状进行了解读
与回顾；进而，以德国为例，详述了德国儿童
户外游乐场的规划过程、建设标准和设计特
征；最后，概述了德国儿童户外游乐场的服务
与管理措施。借鉴德国城市户外儿童游乐场
的规划、设计与管理经验，将为我国城市推进
儿童户外游戏空间建设，实现儿童友好型城
市与社区，提供有效的指导依据。 |
| 关键词: 儿童友好城市 户外公共游乐场 儿童游戏权利 德国 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20190513 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金青年项目（51608089）；
中国国家留学基金委资助项目
（201706065005） |
|
| Experiences of Management and Planning of Outdoor Public Playgrounds in Germany |
|
LIU Lianlian,GAO Ying
|
| Abstract: |
| Problems from the social, traffic safety and environmental pollution caused by the
rapid urbanization have greatly restricted children’s activities in outdoor spaces in most of cities.
It is an important part of child-friendly urban planning to create the attractive public outdoor
playground and protect children’s right to play freely.
This paper firstly carried out relevant theoretical research on children’s outdoor playground,
and interpreted the definition and type of children’s outdoor playgrounds, and reviewed the
development and research of children’s playgrounds in Germany.
Then, taking Germany as an example, based on the detailed explanation and promotion
policy on children’s play rights, the design and management of outdoor playgrounds in Germany
were analyzed. The planning process of playgrounds includes: 1) setting the general planning
objectives and spatial planning quality objectives; 2) analyzing and assessing the site; 3) child
participation; 4) developing a playground plan design goals and specific measures.
Furthermore, planning and design standards of playgrounds in Germany were reviewed.
Since 1971, the first edition of “Residential Area Playgrounds-Outdoor Game Zones and
Equipment- Design Principles” has been revised in multiple editions. In September 2012, the
latest standard of DIN-18304 was released as “Playgrounds and open spaces—requirements
for planning, construction and operation”. Plan, safety and maintenance requirements are more
rigorous than previous versions. Until now, Germany has successively released DIN 18040-3
(2014-12), which covers the planning requirements for barrier-free traffic and outdoor facilities
in public transportation and open spaces, as well as DIN 33942 (2016-04) which is standard
for accessible playground equipment. These standards form an important design basis for the
construction and maintenance of facilities in the playgrounds.
Subsequently, the eight criteria for creative playground are outlined as the design principles
for children’s outdoor playgrounds in Germany as follows: 1) child participation; 2) nature
environment as a model; 3) a rest area; 4) space for children’s idea; 5) imaginative diversity; 6)
meeting points; 7) the feeling of nature; 8) enriching the status quo.
The four main design features of the outdoor public playgrounds were concluded as
following. Firstly, playgrounds resembles the natural environment. In Germany, children are
seen as part of nature that promoting their creativity and imagination. In the context of the
urbanization, on the one hand, the natural environments must be protected to provide children
with natural open spaces. On the other hand, it is important to plan and design the attractive and
multi-generational playgrounds to make up for the lack of children’s space. The combination of
nature and playground has become the consensus of German environmental design. Based on the
principle of being close to nature, in planning, playgrounds are usually integrated with parks and green spaces in urban or community; in the design of venues, attention is paid to natural elements.
Secondly, the game equipment is dominated by dynamic and autonomous movements. Many children complain that there are no challenges
even for new and modern equipments in artdoor public playgrounds. Children want to challenge, stick to themselves and experience the natural
environment. They like mounds, sand and water, and hide and seek. The survey from the playgrounds in Germany showed that the core of design is
based on preference for children’s activities. Moreover, it helps to promote children’s active sports, fun and challenges.
Thirdly, Children participate in design of playgrounds. The participation of children is protected and supervised by law, and children have the
right to participate in decisions that affect them. As an expert, children can bring their expertise into playground planning. Children can express
their thoughts and aspirations during the planning seminar or construction. We can create safe, stimulating, changeable and attractive places that
meet the needs of children by ensuring the full participation of children.
Fourthly, Barrier-free playground. Playground for all means that the rides and venues are designed to be barrier-free so that all children can use
the playground regardless of physical and mental condition, The concept of barrier-free games attempts to make children with disabilities feel that
they are actively involved in the activity
Finally, the service and management of outdoor public playgrounds are summarized. Citizens can find any playgrounds by network channels,
such as official network and the professional playground portal. The maintenance and management of outdoor playgrounds were led by the
government and assisted by the public. Germany has ensured the basic rights and interests of children to play by planning of children’s outdoor
public playgrounds with an adventure, game and natural space.
Drawing on the experience from the planning, design and management of outdoor children’s playgrounds in German cities, it is of great
practical significance to promote the construction of children’s outdoor public playgrounds, and to realize the child-friendly cities and communities
in China.
Keywords: |
| Key words: Child-Friendly Cities Outdoor Public Playgrounds Children’s Right for Play Germany |
