| 摘要: |
| 文人园林的审美是古典园林研究的
重要问题。在传统文化的熏陶下，我们强调
对文人园林的诗性感悟和外形模仿，缺乏对
园林审美本质的追问。本文运用格式塔心理
学整体论和同型论的观点，从园林主题、造
园手法和园林题咏方面分析文人园林网师园
的审美特点，认为园的主题的确立与消隐是
审美心物场逐渐转变的外在表现；造园手法
是知觉组织原则的综合应用；园林题咏唤起
了“心”与“物”的同型，营造了丰富的景观意
象，促使着审美经验的完形。研究认为，格式
塔心理学原理有助于理解文人园林意境的生
成，但在分析个人和群体的审美知觉差异方
面较为不足。 |
| 关键词: 文人园林 审美 格式塔心理学 整体论 同型论 |
| DOI：10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20190110 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目: |
|
| The Aesthetic Interpretation of Literati Garden From the Perspective of Gestalt Psychology—Taking the Master of Nets Garden as an Example |
|
XU Yanmei,GUAN Yue
|
| Abstract: |
| The aesthetics of literati gardens is an important issue in the study of classical
gardens. Under the influence of traditional Chinese culture, we praise the beauty of literati
gardens and imitate the shape of classical gardens for landscape design, but seldom study the
aesthetic nature of gardens. Gestalt psychology holds that people tend to organize pieces of
empirical material into meaningful whole in a certain form, that is to say, perception has a
gestalt tendency. For example, when we see a semicircle, we can use our imagination to fi ll in the
missing parts and “see” a complete circle. Chinese classical literati gardens are famous for their
implicit beauty. Many sceneries are not entirely present in front of the audience, but half hidden.
However, the scenery people feel is still complete. This aesthetic process is very similar to the
gestalt trend, so with the help of Gestalt Psychological Principle, we can fi nd the aesthetic law of
literati gardens.
Taking the Master of Nets Garden as an example, this paper analyzes the theme of gardens,
gardening techniques, and the art of naming the landscape from the viewpoints of Gestalt
Psychological Holism and Homogeneity. The establishment and disappearance of the theme of the
garden indicates the change of aesthetic psychophysical fi eld. For literati gardens, the name of the
garden represents the theme of the garden, and the scenery in the garden is the refl ection of the
theme. The Master of Nets Garden was named by song Zongyuan. At that time, there was a large
area of water in the garden, thus setting the theme of “To live in seclusion like a fi sherman”. QU
Yuancun uses the original name. Although he has made some renovations to the buildings and
plants in the garden, he has not changed the overall layout. They live in a similar era background,
social stability and harmony. LI Hongyi not only reduced the water surface, built more tall
buildings, but also changed the name of the garden. During this period, social unrest and lack of
aesthetic interest of the owners led to the gradual disappearance of “To live in seclusion like a
fi sherman”.
The principle of perceptual organization is applied in the gardening techniques. The
gardening process of literati gardens is like painting. For example, the decorative open work
windows in the Peony Study looks like a landscape painting. This design uses the group principle
of perception, blurs the dividing line between interior space and garden space, and connects
interior and outdoor space into a whole. Creating space by overlapping is a unique technique of
Chinese landscape painting. By building curved roads, running water and bridges, overlappingspaces in gardens can be created. For example, curved bridges stationary on the water surface can enrich the water landscape and provide a variety
of viewing points. Bending streams disappear behind stones, giving people an endless feeling. The square doorway in front of the corridor is like a
picture frame. Winding path leads to a secluded quiet place. From the perspective of Gestalt Psychology, overlapping designs make people confuse
graphics and backgrounds, and create rich illusions and prolong tour time.
The art of naming the landscape give rise to the homotype of “mind” and “object”, thus creating a rich landscape image and promoting the
gestalt of aesthetic experience. Ancient scholars often thought about life when they appreciated gardens. They not only see the beauty of the scenery,
but also feel artistic conception. For example, the meaning of the name of Netmaster Garden is very far-reaching. It not only summarizes the scenery
in the garden, but also reflects the literati’s reflection on the social status quo. Watching the moon in the pavilion can not only see the moon, but also
associate the scene of family reunion.
With the changes of the times, the layout of classical literati gardens has changed repeatedly, and the theme of “live in seclusion” has gradually
disappeared. However, its critical, innovative literati interest and love for the beauty of nature are still the inspiration source for contemporary
landscape architecture. It is believed that Gestalt Psychology is helpful to analyze the artistic conception of literati gardens. However, it unilaterally
emphasizes the role of intuition, ignores the influence of personal experience and social environment, and there are great deficiencies in the analysis
of aesthetic perception differences between individuals and groups, which needs to be supplemented by the study of history, culture and social
psychology. |
| Key words: Literati Garden Aesthetic Psychophysical Field Gestalt Psychology the Master of Nets Garden |
