| 摘要: |
| 在“健康中国”与“双碳”战略背景下，提升寒冷季节村落户外热舒适水平成为人居环境优化的研究热点。文章选取昆明市滇池东岸的7个村落为研究对象，村落皆距离滇池1km以内。首先筛选出村落建筑体量、空间开敞度和三维能量交换特征的三类空间形态指标，然后采用实地测量的方式收集每个村落的气温、湿度、风速和太阳辐射等物理环境数据，并计算得到热舒适指标生理等效温度（PET），接着通过现场测绘结合地理信息系统（GIS）计算的方法，采集和统计各类空间形态指标参数，最后定量分析不同村落形态的人体热舒适的调控效应。结果显示：建筑密度、平均街道高宽比和建筑表面积与平面面积比值是影响PET的主要指标，尤其平均街道高宽比具有显著性和稳定的调控阈值。研究揭示了高原湖泊村落空间形态对PET的动态调节机制，为冬季热舒适优化与村落空间更新提供了科学依据。 |
| 关键词: 高原湖泊 村落形态 人体热舒适 热环境调控机制 PET |
| DOI： |
| 分类号:TU981 |
| 基金项目:云南省哲学社会科学规划项目（ZK2025YB12）；中国矿业大学“未来杰出人才助力计划”项目（2022WLJCRCZL314） |
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| Research on the regulating effect of plateau lake village morphology on human thermal comfort: a case study of the east bank of Dianchi Lake in Kunming City |
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Liu Heng1, Zhou Fengyue2
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1.Kunming University of Science and Technology，Faculty of Architecture and City Planning;2.Kunming University of Science and Technology
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| Abstract: |
| In the context of the "Healthy China" and "Dual Carbon" national strategies, improving outdoor thermal comfort in rural human settlements during cold seasons has emerged as a critical research frontier for achieving sustainable and healthy living environments. This study addresses a significant gap in the existing literature, which has predominantly focused on urban settings, by investigating the regulatory effects of spatial morphology on human thermal comfort within the unique context of plateau lake villages during winter. The research is grounded in a case study of seven traditional villages situated along the east bank of Dianchi Lake in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, all located within a 1-kilometer distance from the lakeshore to ensure exposure to similar macro-lake climate influences while exhibiting morphological diversity.
The methodological framework was designed to integrate precise field measurements with spatial quantification. First, three comprehensive categories of spatial morphological indicators were selected based on their physical relevance to microclimatic processes: building volume characteristics (mean building height-BH, building density-BD, floor area ratio-FAR), spatial openness (mean street height-to-width ratio-λs), and three-dimensional energy exchange features (complete aspect ratio-CAR, frontal area index-FAI, building surface area to plan area ratio-λB). These parameters were calculated using data from detailed on-site surveys combined with Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis, carefully adapting standard formulas to account for the irregular layouts typical of natural villages. Second, concurrent microclimate data collection was conducted via mobile transect measurements during three consecutive days in mid-December, capturing air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and black globe temperature at key morning (8:00-9:00) and evening (17:00-18:00) periods. The Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) index was then computed using the RayMan model, with standardized input parameters for clothing insulation (1.68 clo) and metabolic rate (80W) to represent typical winter activity. The resulting PET data were normalized for comparative analysis. Finally, a robust multi-method statistical analysis was employed, including Redundancy Analysis (RDA) to quantify explanatory power, Hierarchical Partitioning to discern independent contributions, Pearson correlation, and nonlinear regression with threshold detection using Hansen's method to identify critical inflection points in the morphology-PET relationship.
The analysis yielded several key findings. The three morphological categories collectively explained a substantial portion of PET variance: 68.24% in the morning and 73.46% in the evening. Hierarchical Partitioning identified BD, λs, and λB as the most influential individual parameters across both time periods. Crucially, λs (mean street height-to-width ratio) was the only parameter showing statistically significant correlation with PET (p<0.05), and its relationship was best described by a nonlinear regression model. Contrary to findings from some high-latitude urban studies, λs exhibited a positive correlation with PET in this plateau lake environment; lower λs values were associated with lower PET and higher comfort. This is interpreted as a result of the unique local climate interplay: intense high-altitude solar radiation combined with heat retention from relatively dense building clusters featuring darker surface materials, and the potential humidifying effect of lake breezes, collectively amplifying the thermal storage effect of narrower streets. Furthermore, threshold analysis revealed specific efficiency breakpoints for λs: 1.06 in the morning (95% CI: 0.94-1.25) and 1.18 in the evening (95% CI: 0.99-1.21). Beyond these thresholds, the rate of PET increase diminishes markedly, indicating a transition from an efficient to an inefficient heating response zone. The regulating mechanism demonstrates a distinct temporal shift: in the morning, when solar altitude is low, parameters like BD play a more dominant role in providing shade and delaying warming, whereas by evening, λs and λB become more significant in moderating the release of accumulated heat, despite the relatively low observed wind speeds limiting the role of ventilation-based indicators like FAI.
Based on these empirical insights, the study proposes targeted, evidence-based strategies for village spatial optimization aimed at enhancing winter thermal comfort. The core recommendations involve a synergistic approach: moderately increasing building density to improve thermal mass and collective shading; strategically controlling the mean street height-to-width ratio within a suggested range of 1.0 to 1.2 to optimize the balance between desirable winter solar penetration and necessary shelter from cool winds; and enhancing the building surface area to plan area ratio through architectural design considerations (e.g., modulated facades, pitched roofs) to boost passive solar heat absorption capacity. The research concludes that the thermal comfort dynamics in plateau lake villages are governed by a dynamic coupling between specific spatial forms and local radiative, moisture, and airflow conditions. This study provides a vital scientific foundation and quantitative toolkit for climate-adaptive planning and retrofitting in ecologically sensitive rural areas, moving beyond generic urban models. Limitations, including the sample size of seven villages and the winter-specific observational period, are acknowledged, pointing to the need for future research with expanded temporal and spatial scales to further generalize these findings and explore seasonal variations. |
| Key words: Plateau lakes Village morphology Human thermal comfort Thermal environment regulation mechanism PET |
